This document discusses a report prepared by Alexandra Longo exploring whether leisure activities can be an effective method for treating occupational stress in police officers. The report was prepared for a university course and examines the issue of stress in policing and the potential benefits of leisure as an alternative therapy. It provides background on the Ontario Police College where the author completed a work term and defines stress. The report then reviews literature on the physical and psychological benefits of leisure, how it can build resilience, and its role in coping with job stress. It also examines the sources and effects of stress for police officers and different strategies for relieving stress, including reactive counseling programs and proactive strategies like leisure activities.
My research on psychological distress in health professionals unclosed tables...hidayat ullah
This document discusses psychological distress in health professionals and examines its relationship to prolonged and irregular duty hours. It begins by reviewing previous literature that found high levels of psychological distress in 28% of doctors, paramedics and nurses, compared to 18% in the general working population. The document then describes a study conducted with 75 health professionals in Pakistan that used the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The results found a significant association between psychological distress and long working hours in the health professionals. Specifically, likelihood ratio and Phi tests revealed a severe association between distress and working hours. The study supported the hypothesis that prolonged and irregular duty hours can lead to psychological distress in health professionals.
“FLASH BACK GLIMPSES AND PROFILES OF A CULTURE FROM A TO Z” SCRATCHES THE SURFACE OF SOME OF THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THIS CULTURE [REGGAE]. THE ENTERTAINERS, THE MUSICIANS, THE LIFESTYLE AND THE FASHION [DANCEHALL] ARE ALL PART OF THIS CULTURAL REVOLUTION THAT HAS TAKEN THE WORLD BY STORM. THIS IS A PREVIEW COPY OF THE BOOK.
Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) são infecções que podem ser transmitidas através de relações sexuais. Algumas das DSTs mais comuns incluem clamídia, gonorreia, sífilis e HIV/AIDS. É importante que as pessoas se protejam usando preservativos ou evitando relações sexuais para prevenir a transmissão dessas doenças.
The document discusses various aspects of translation methodology with special reference to translating from Sanskrit to Persian. It begins by defining translation and outlining its purposes. It then describes different types of translation based on material, means used, and functional basis. It discusses computer-aided translation and machine translation. It identifies eight common translation techniques - word-for-word, literal, communicative, adaptive, free, idiomatic, semantic, and faithful translation. It also outlines linguistic and cultural problems in translation and conditions for good translation and translators. It concludes by stating there is no single translation method and free translation is useful for literature.
The Dangers of old alcoholic or Heavy Drinking Environments and people by Chr...Christopher olsen
This document discusses the dangers of heavy drinking and alcoholism, and provides advice for recovering alcoholics. It warns that returning to old environments and socializing with previous heavy-drinking friends can undermine recovery. It recommends finding new social activities and support groups that don't involve alcohol. The document also stresses that life is difficult for recovering alcoholics, who must be prepared to make lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers and high-risk situations in order to maintain sobriety.
O sistema digestório humano é responsável por digerir e absorver nutrientes de alimentos ingeridos. Ele é composto por órgãos como a boca, esôfago, estômago e intestinos delgado e grosso, que trabalham juntos para quebrar os alimentos em moléculas menores que podem ser absorvidas pelo corpo. A digestão começa na boca e termina no intestino grosso, onde os resíduos não digeridos são eliminados.
MUET Essay -Should fast food be ban completely?Qinyu Low
With an increasing of people eating fast food which can cause health issues, some think that the only solution is to ban it completely. What is your view on this
My research on psychological distress in health professionals unclosed tables...hidayat ullah
This document discusses psychological distress in health professionals and examines its relationship to prolonged and irregular duty hours. It begins by reviewing previous literature that found high levels of psychological distress in 28% of doctors, paramedics and nurses, compared to 18% in the general working population. The document then describes a study conducted with 75 health professionals in Pakistan that used the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The results found a significant association between psychological distress and long working hours in the health professionals. Specifically, likelihood ratio and Phi tests revealed a severe association between distress and working hours. The study supported the hypothesis that prolonged and irregular duty hours can lead to psychological distress in health professionals.
“FLASH BACK GLIMPSES AND PROFILES OF A CULTURE FROM A TO Z” SCRATCHES THE SURFACE OF SOME OF THE PEOPLE INVOLVED IN THIS CULTURE [REGGAE]. THE ENTERTAINERS, THE MUSICIANS, THE LIFESTYLE AND THE FASHION [DANCEHALL] ARE ALL PART OF THIS CULTURAL REVOLUTION THAT HAS TAKEN THE WORLD BY STORM. THIS IS A PREVIEW COPY OF THE BOOK.
Doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (DSTs) são infecções que podem ser transmitidas através de relações sexuais. Algumas das DSTs mais comuns incluem clamídia, gonorreia, sífilis e HIV/AIDS. É importante que as pessoas se protejam usando preservativos ou evitando relações sexuais para prevenir a transmissão dessas doenças.
The document discusses various aspects of translation methodology with special reference to translating from Sanskrit to Persian. It begins by defining translation and outlining its purposes. It then describes different types of translation based on material, means used, and functional basis. It discusses computer-aided translation and machine translation. It identifies eight common translation techniques - word-for-word, literal, communicative, adaptive, free, idiomatic, semantic, and faithful translation. It also outlines linguistic and cultural problems in translation and conditions for good translation and translators. It concludes by stating there is no single translation method and free translation is useful for literature.
The Dangers of old alcoholic or Heavy Drinking Environments and people by Chr...Christopher olsen
This document discusses the dangers of heavy drinking and alcoholism, and provides advice for recovering alcoholics. It warns that returning to old environments and socializing with previous heavy-drinking friends can undermine recovery. It recommends finding new social activities and support groups that don't involve alcohol. The document also stresses that life is difficult for recovering alcoholics, who must be prepared to make lifestyle changes such as avoiding triggers and high-risk situations in order to maintain sobriety.
O sistema digestório humano é responsável por digerir e absorver nutrientes de alimentos ingeridos. Ele é composto por órgãos como a boca, esôfago, estômago e intestinos delgado e grosso, que trabalham juntos para quebrar os alimentos em moléculas menores que podem ser absorvidas pelo corpo. A digestão começa na boca e termina no intestino grosso, onde os resíduos não digeridos são eliminados.
MUET Essay -Should fast food be ban completely?Qinyu Low
With an increasing of people eating fast food which can cause health issues, some think that the only solution is to ban it completely. What is your view on this
Making the Most of Build to Rent - LB Barking & Dagenham - Dubravka Polic futureoflondon
On 17 August, Future of London organised a field trip to LB Barking & Dagenham to explore three borough-led Build to Rent schemes. Dubravka Polic, Senior Regeneration Professional at LB Barking & Dagenham gave a presentation and led the visit.
Driving Performance Excellence in the Regulatory Affairs Function at Medical ...Best Practices
This document summarizes research from a benchmarking study of regulatory affairs practices at 32 leading medical device companies. Key findings include:
- Regulatory affairs structures are most commonly centralized, though some utilize decentralized or hybrid models. Larger companies tend towards more decentralized structures.
- Portfolio complexity, defined as the ratio of class III products, influences but does not solely determine staffing needs.
- On average, companies file over a dozen submissions annually with European regulators and over 60 submissions with Japanese regulators.
- Regulatory staff spend significant time (over 20% for most companies) managing change notices and documentation.
STPM P2 Sejarah Kepentingan Zakat dan perlaksanaanyaQinyu Low
Huraian utk setiap main point tengok sini: https://www.slideshare.net/QinyuLow/stpm-p2-sejarah-kepentingan-zakat-dan-perlaksanaanya-66068592
Bab 2: Pembangunan dan penerokaan
2.1 Ekonomi
Huraikan kepentingan zakat dan perlaksanaannya pada zaman Khulafah al'Rasyidin
Este documento describe los criterios de evaluación para la asignatura de Educación Plástica y Visual de 2o de ESO en el IES Heliche. Se evaluarán los conocimientos adquiridos, el uso correcto de materiales, y la resolución adecuada de actividades propuestas. La calificación se basará en pruebas, trabajos individuales y de grupo, y en el cuaderno de clase. Los contenidos conceptuales supondrán el 35% de la nota, los procedimientos el 50%, y las actitudes el 20% restante.
Este documento es un formato para registrar la información de un estudiante de 1o de ESO en la asignatura de Expresión Plástica Visual y Audiovisual. Incluye secciones para registrar los datos personales del estudiante, las fechas de evaluaciones y entregas de trabajos a lo largo del curso, las calificaciones y notas obtenidas, así como observaciones sobre el rendimiento y progreso del estudiante.
Este documento presenta la introducción de un curso de arte para estudiantes de primer año de la escuela secundaria. Explica que los estudiantes aprenderán sobre artistas contemporáneos, trabajarán en proyectos en grupo utilizando herramientas digitales y diferentes materiales artísticos, y aprenderán sobre la importancia del reciclaje. También describe las expectativas de comportamiento, el sistema de evaluación, y la dinámica de la clase.
Strategies to Increase Medical Affairs' Role in Health Outcomes Data Generati...Best Practices
With the shift toward evidence-based medicine and value-based pricing, many bio-pharmaceutical companies are transitioning their Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) function away from the Commercial organization to Medical Affairs. This has some major implications towards the interactions with key stakeholders, the way interactions are documented and the skill sets & activities that may be required. Development of strong health outcomes capabilities within Medical Affairs organizations requires an increase in that function’s involvement with health outcomes groups, development of field-based health outcomes capabilities, customization of health outcomes data by stakeholders and building real world data capabilities to generate and utilize health outcomes information.
Best Practices, LLC undertook this study to identify strategies to increase MA’s role in Health Outcomes data generation and utilization. Specifically, the study highlights the role of Medical Affairs function in HO activities, industry drivers and resource levels for HO groups, challenges of MA’s involvement in HO activities and strategies for effective HO data communication and utilization.
Download Full Report: http://bit.ly/2dGFAbz
Survey on health related physical fitness components among middle aged police...Sports Journal
Aim: The purpose of this study was to find out the status of the health related physical fitness
components among middle aged police Professionals.
Methodology: For the purpose of the study 100 subject were selected from Coimbatore. The subject’s
age group ranged from 35 to 45 years. After a detailed orientation the selected Physical Fitness
Components test were conducted to all the subjects. With help of the Physical Education teachers and the
other police officers, the investigator was able to collect the data from the police Professionals. The trails
were given and name, age, and performance scores were recorded for each and every individual.
Procedures: The following variables were determined for the study: Muscular strength endurance,
flexibility, Cardio respiratory endurance and body composition.
Statistical Tool: The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was calculated to measure the
status of health related physical fitness components of middle aged police Professionals.
Conclusion: The result of the study shows that there was significant changes of health related physical
fitness components of middle aged police Professionals.
(Student name Jason Mendez) The need for and the propriet.docxgertrudebellgrove
(Student name: Jason Mendez)
The need for and the propriety of employment drug testing
The need and convenience of drug tests in employment, are several measures or tests used by
employers to assess the ability and behavior of their employees or future candidates to whom
they
will use, normally these tests are performed before hiring and normally They are analyzed
through In the urine of people, small samples are taken that will undergo immediate tests that
will give
the diagnosis. These types of tests measure the drug and alcohol in the blood; However, other
tests, such as blood tests, measure the truthfulness and amount of substance in the body. Of the
person, these tests are performed to measure the ability of people, since the use of drugs or
alcohol can decrease a person's work performance.
Some of the tests used are: random lie detection tests, amphetamines, genetic tests to detect
diseases in high-risk employees, but these tests are used as well for competitions as they measure
athletes and their skills in such a way that play well and don't make mistakes or win a race
without justification or effort
References
UPCOUNSE, PRE-EMPLOYMENT DRUG TESTING RECOVERED FROM
https://www.upcounsel.com/pre-employment-drug-testi
https://www.upcounsel.com/pre-employment-drug-testing
(Student name: Yelena Contreras)
Many employers require their employees to submit to drug testing before and after being hired.
Most of the time after being hired an employer requires reasonable suspicion before having an
employee take a drug test. Even with the recent legalization of marijuana in some states,
employees in those states can still be punished for testing positive. The punishments for a failed
drug test can include rehabilitation, termination, and losing unemployment benefits.
Drug testing is becoming more critical for the hiring process year after year. It is important for
employers to conduct drug test for background screening and re-screening because workplace
drug use and abuse can come with serious consequences for business owners.
Many federal employees, such as those who handle classified information, those who work in
national security, law enforcement officers, employees with duties to protect property, life,
health and safety, and even the President are subject to drug testing . The Supreme Court has
ruled that while drug testing does infringe on an employee's privacy, it may be necessary in order
to protect the health and safety of others . Most state laws are similar to federal laws and
generally maintain the legality of drug testing for state employees.
Employees that abuse drugs in the workplace cause major disruptions due to their lack of
productivity, poor performance, potential for work place injuries and their negative impact on
other employees. In developing and enforcing an effective drug testing policy, compliance with
applicable federal and ...
The document discusses the effectiveness of Autogenic Training (AT) for improving occupational health, safety, performance and well-being in high-risk industries like mining and policing. It describes how AT teaches self-regulation of the autonomic nervous system to induce relaxation and reduce stress. Studies show AT reduces stress, improves sleep, and can improve psychomotor performance and safety in high-risk jobs. The document also discusses the author's experience using AT with police clients to treat mental health issues from workplace stress like PTSD, depression and anxiety.
This document provides information about sports/fitness therapy. It discusses the history and areas of focus in sports psychology, including peak performance and injury rehabilitation. It defines sports therapy and the role of a sports therapist, outlining techniques they use like massage, taping, and rehabilitation programs. The document also covers the health benefits of physical activity in reducing risks of conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer. It provides information on the job of a sports therapist, including assessing injuries, treating players, and designing rehabilitation programs. Finally, it discusses resources from the Association for Applied Sports Psychology regarding professional development, health and fitness, athletes, and injury rehabilitation.
Abstract: This research paper identified many of the stresses that are placed on police officers in Rajasthan Police. This research explored some of the various stressors and the effects that they may have on the police officers. Stress can easily be defined as, a response to something in the environment (a stressors when the) environment changes.
The purpose of this research paper was to investigate how job stress can negatively affect the officers in police department in Rajasthan. Information regarding police officers stress relating to the officer was difficult to locate and all forms of stress could not be identified.
The research method used for this paper upon articles, magazines and internet sources. The police officers are stressed by the many of things including their high authority, shift work resulting in loss of time with their families, fellow officers and citizens at large.
Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
Mind-Body Skills for Regulating the Autonomic Nervous System[1]Dr. David G. Brown
This document reviews 13 mind-body skills for regulating the autonomic nervous system that may help military service members manage stress and promote resilience. It compares techniques in the categories of breath exercises, body-based tension modulation exercises, and mindfulness/meditation practices. Breathing techniques like paced breathing and diaphragmatic breathing aim to calm stress responses by regulating breath. Mindfulness practices like meditation target stress by cultivating present-moment awareness. The review aims to identify integrative strategies that service members can learn from peers to help prevent psychological issues from stress.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH LITERACY IN ADULT POPULATION WITH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on physical activity and health literacy among adults in Kanyakumari District, India. The study aims to measure satisfaction and health awareness among adults due to the impact of physical activity and health literacy. It involved collecting primary data through questionnaires from 200 respondents. The results showed that most adults maintain lifestyle changes and understand the causes of health conditions. In terms of physical activity, most preferred morning walks or outdoor games. Regarding health literacy, many gained knowledge from media or read about disease prevention. The study found physical activity helped adults access correct health information and choose foods without preservatives.
A Study on Occupational Stress Among Bus DriversIJMREMJournal
Professional driving is a very demanding task. According to the recent scientific evidence, Bus drivers tend to
report high levels of occupational stress, burnout and occupational traffic accidents. Health has always been
closely linked with occupation. Occupation related stress among working people is drastically increasing
worldwide. Stress at work place has become an integral part of everyday life and is referred as ‘worldwide
epidemic’ by the World Health Organization. This would have impact on the body and discomfort reflected in
various parts of the body bringing about certain health problems. This study is an attempt to analyze the various
factors that lead to stress among bus drivers and to examine the prevalence of health problems.
This document discusses sport and exercise psychology. It covers the history and development of the field, key topics studied such as motor performance and psychological development through physical activity. It outlines the roles of sport psychologists and therapists in areas like peak performance, injury rehabilitation, and health promotion. It also discusses how sport and physical activity can benefit mental health and reduce risks of diseases.
Performance Coach: Health Advocate for Enhancing Career Longevity of Special ...Krista Austin
This paper describes the need for coaching to improve resiliency of Special Operations Forces and discusses a means for evaluating readiness in military populaions.
This document provides an overview of chapters in a paramedic studies course, covering topics such as professionalism, human factors, communication, sociology, ethics, psychology, leadership, and safeguarding. The chapters discuss defining concepts, identifying relevant factors, and answering questions related to paramedic practice. Key points addressed include the themes of professionalism, causes of stress and fatigue, types of communication, applying sociological imagination, ethical principles, applying health psychology, distinguishing leadership and management styles, defining vulnerable persons, and signs of abuse. The document concludes with reviewing vital signs assessment.
Mental Stress Evaluation using an Adaptive ModelIDES Editor
Chronic stress can have serious physiological and
psychological impact on an individual’s health. Wearable
sensor systems can enable physicians to monitor physiological
variables and observe the impact of stress over long periods of
time. To correlate an individual’s physiological measures with
their perception of psychological stress, it is essential that
the stress monitoring system accounts for individual
differences in self-reporting. Self-reporting of stress is highly
subjective as it is dependent on an individual’s perception of
stress and thus prone to errors. In addition, subjects can tailor
their answers to present their behavior more favorably. In
this paper we present an adaptive model which allows recorded
stress scores and physiological variables to be tuned to remove
biases in self-reported scores. The model takes an individual’s
physiological and psychological responses into account and
adapts to the user’s variations. Using our adaptive model,
physiological data is mapped efficiently to perceived stress
levels with 90% accuracy.
Strategies to Overcome Fatigue in Air Traffic Control Based on Stress Managementtheijes
Safety and health at work are extremely important, yet they still appear to be one of the most neglected factors in the aviation industry. Almost 90% of accidents that occur in the workplace are due to human errors. While studies suggest that the lack of skills and experience among workers can significantly increase the prevalence of human errors, few studies actually investigate how stress and fatigue can affect human error. Hence, this study aims to explore the significance of the effects of stress and fatigue and work on human error in aviation industry. Questionnaires were developed and distributed to several air traffic control units across China and Eastern Europe. A total of 73 questionnaire responses were collected. The responses were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics. It was found that fatigue and stress play a major role in the work of air traffic controllers. Research showed that pressure with 58.90%, fatigue with a total of 60.30%, and shift work with 76.70% are the main stressors among ATCOs. The results of this study are highlighting main areas of concern and can act as useful guidance for further research
Making the Most of Build to Rent - LB Barking & Dagenham - Dubravka Polic futureoflondon
On 17 August, Future of London organised a field trip to LB Barking & Dagenham to explore three borough-led Build to Rent schemes. Dubravka Polic, Senior Regeneration Professional at LB Barking & Dagenham gave a presentation and led the visit.
Driving Performance Excellence in the Regulatory Affairs Function at Medical ...Best Practices
This document summarizes research from a benchmarking study of regulatory affairs practices at 32 leading medical device companies. Key findings include:
- Regulatory affairs structures are most commonly centralized, though some utilize decentralized or hybrid models. Larger companies tend towards more decentralized structures.
- Portfolio complexity, defined as the ratio of class III products, influences but does not solely determine staffing needs.
- On average, companies file over a dozen submissions annually with European regulators and over 60 submissions with Japanese regulators.
- Regulatory staff spend significant time (over 20% for most companies) managing change notices and documentation.
STPM P2 Sejarah Kepentingan Zakat dan perlaksanaanyaQinyu Low
Huraian utk setiap main point tengok sini: https://www.slideshare.net/QinyuLow/stpm-p2-sejarah-kepentingan-zakat-dan-perlaksanaanya-66068592
Bab 2: Pembangunan dan penerokaan
2.1 Ekonomi
Huraikan kepentingan zakat dan perlaksanaannya pada zaman Khulafah al'Rasyidin
Este documento describe los criterios de evaluación para la asignatura de Educación Plástica y Visual de 2o de ESO en el IES Heliche. Se evaluarán los conocimientos adquiridos, el uso correcto de materiales, y la resolución adecuada de actividades propuestas. La calificación se basará en pruebas, trabajos individuales y de grupo, y en el cuaderno de clase. Los contenidos conceptuales supondrán el 35% de la nota, los procedimientos el 50%, y las actitudes el 20% restante.
Este documento es un formato para registrar la información de un estudiante de 1o de ESO en la asignatura de Expresión Plástica Visual y Audiovisual. Incluye secciones para registrar los datos personales del estudiante, las fechas de evaluaciones y entregas de trabajos a lo largo del curso, las calificaciones y notas obtenidas, así como observaciones sobre el rendimiento y progreso del estudiante.
Este documento presenta la introducción de un curso de arte para estudiantes de primer año de la escuela secundaria. Explica que los estudiantes aprenderán sobre artistas contemporáneos, trabajarán en proyectos en grupo utilizando herramientas digitales y diferentes materiales artísticos, y aprenderán sobre la importancia del reciclaje. También describe las expectativas de comportamiento, el sistema de evaluación, y la dinámica de la clase.
Strategies to Increase Medical Affairs' Role in Health Outcomes Data Generati...Best Practices
With the shift toward evidence-based medicine and value-based pricing, many bio-pharmaceutical companies are transitioning their Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR) function away from the Commercial organization to Medical Affairs. This has some major implications towards the interactions with key stakeholders, the way interactions are documented and the skill sets & activities that may be required. Development of strong health outcomes capabilities within Medical Affairs organizations requires an increase in that function’s involvement with health outcomes groups, development of field-based health outcomes capabilities, customization of health outcomes data by stakeholders and building real world data capabilities to generate and utilize health outcomes information.
Best Practices, LLC undertook this study to identify strategies to increase MA’s role in Health Outcomes data generation and utilization. Specifically, the study highlights the role of Medical Affairs function in HO activities, industry drivers and resource levels for HO groups, challenges of MA’s involvement in HO activities and strategies for effective HO data communication and utilization.
Download Full Report: http://bit.ly/2dGFAbz
Survey on health related physical fitness components among middle aged police...Sports Journal
Aim: The purpose of this study was to find out the status of the health related physical fitness
components among middle aged police Professionals.
Methodology: For the purpose of the study 100 subject were selected from Coimbatore. The subject’s
age group ranged from 35 to 45 years. After a detailed orientation the selected Physical Fitness
Components test were conducted to all the subjects. With help of the Physical Education teachers and the
other police officers, the investigator was able to collect the data from the police Professionals. The trails
were given and name, age, and performance scores were recorded for each and every individual.
Procedures: The following variables were determined for the study: Muscular strength endurance,
flexibility, Cardio respiratory endurance and body composition.
Statistical Tool: The descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was calculated to measure the
status of health related physical fitness components of middle aged police Professionals.
Conclusion: The result of the study shows that there was significant changes of health related physical
fitness components of middle aged police Professionals.
(Student name Jason Mendez) The need for and the propriet.docxgertrudebellgrove
(Student name: Jason Mendez)
The need for and the propriety of employment drug testing
The need and convenience of drug tests in employment, are several measures or tests used by
employers to assess the ability and behavior of their employees or future candidates to whom
they
will use, normally these tests are performed before hiring and normally They are analyzed
through In the urine of people, small samples are taken that will undergo immediate tests that
will give
the diagnosis. These types of tests measure the drug and alcohol in the blood; However, other
tests, such as blood tests, measure the truthfulness and amount of substance in the body. Of the
person, these tests are performed to measure the ability of people, since the use of drugs or
alcohol can decrease a person's work performance.
Some of the tests used are: random lie detection tests, amphetamines, genetic tests to detect
diseases in high-risk employees, but these tests are used as well for competitions as they measure
athletes and their skills in such a way that play well and don't make mistakes or win a race
without justification or effort
References
UPCOUNSE, PRE-EMPLOYMENT DRUG TESTING RECOVERED FROM
https://www.upcounsel.com/pre-employment-drug-testi
https://www.upcounsel.com/pre-employment-drug-testing
(Student name: Yelena Contreras)
Many employers require their employees to submit to drug testing before and after being hired.
Most of the time after being hired an employer requires reasonable suspicion before having an
employee take a drug test. Even with the recent legalization of marijuana in some states,
employees in those states can still be punished for testing positive. The punishments for a failed
drug test can include rehabilitation, termination, and losing unemployment benefits.
Drug testing is becoming more critical for the hiring process year after year. It is important for
employers to conduct drug test for background screening and re-screening because workplace
drug use and abuse can come with serious consequences for business owners.
Many federal employees, such as those who handle classified information, those who work in
national security, law enforcement officers, employees with duties to protect property, life,
health and safety, and even the President are subject to drug testing . The Supreme Court has
ruled that while drug testing does infringe on an employee's privacy, it may be necessary in order
to protect the health and safety of others . Most state laws are similar to federal laws and
generally maintain the legality of drug testing for state employees.
Employees that abuse drugs in the workplace cause major disruptions due to their lack of
productivity, poor performance, potential for work place injuries and their negative impact on
other employees. In developing and enforcing an effective drug testing policy, compliance with
applicable federal and ...
The document discusses the effectiveness of Autogenic Training (AT) for improving occupational health, safety, performance and well-being in high-risk industries like mining and policing. It describes how AT teaches self-regulation of the autonomic nervous system to induce relaxation and reduce stress. Studies show AT reduces stress, improves sleep, and can improve psychomotor performance and safety in high-risk jobs. The document also discusses the author's experience using AT with police clients to treat mental health issues from workplace stress like PTSD, depression and anxiety.
This document provides information about sports/fitness therapy. It discusses the history and areas of focus in sports psychology, including peak performance and injury rehabilitation. It defines sports therapy and the role of a sports therapist, outlining techniques they use like massage, taping, and rehabilitation programs. The document also covers the health benefits of physical activity in reducing risks of conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer. It provides information on the job of a sports therapist, including assessing injuries, treating players, and designing rehabilitation programs. Finally, it discusses resources from the Association for Applied Sports Psychology regarding professional development, health and fitness, athletes, and injury rehabilitation.
Abstract: This research paper identified many of the stresses that are placed on police officers in Rajasthan Police. This research explored some of the various stressors and the effects that they may have on the police officers. Stress can easily be defined as, a response to something in the environment (a stressors when the) environment changes.
The purpose of this research paper was to investigate how job stress can negatively affect the officers in police department in Rajasthan. Information regarding police officers stress relating to the officer was difficult to locate and all forms of stress could not be identified.
The research method used for this paper upon articles, magazines and internet sources. The police officers are stressed by the many of things including their high authority, shift work resulting in loss of time with their families, fellow officers and citizens at large.
Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
Mind-Body Skills for Regulating the Autonomic Nervous System[1]Dr. David G. Brown
This document reviews 13 mind-body skills for regulating the autonomic nervous system that may help military service members manage stress and promote resilience. It compares techniques in the categories of breath exercises, body-based tension modulation exercises, and mindfulness/meditation practices. Breathing techniques like paced breathing and diaphragmatic breathing aim to calm stress responses by regulating breath. Mindfulness practices like meditation target stress by cultivating present-moment awareness. The review aims to identify integrative strategies that service members can learn from peers to help prevent psychological issues from stress.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND HEALTH LITERACY IN ADULT POPULATION WITH...IAEME Publication
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Leisure as Alternative Therapy for Police Stress
1. UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
Faculty of Applied Health Science
LEISURE AS ALTERNATIVE THERAPY FOR POLICE STRESS
Ontario Police College
Physical Training Department
Aylmer, ON
Prepared by:
Alexandra Longo
ID 20302747
3B Recreation and Sport Business Management
May 9, 2013
2. 2
May 9, 2013
Dr. R. McCarville, Associate Dean
Applied Health Studies Undergraduate Studies
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario
N2L 3G1
Dear Dr. McCarville,
This report, entitled “Leisure as Alternative Therapy for Police Stress”, was prepared as
my fourth work report for my 3B term in recreation and sport business management. The main
objective of this report is to explore the issue of occupational stress in police officers and
investigate whether leisure may be a useful method of treating these conditions.
The Ontario Police College is and adult education facility which offers comprehensive and
modern training to police officers in order to prepare them to perform their duties safely and
effectively. The Physical Training Department is responsible for the fitness conditioning and
appraisal of recruits enrolled in the Basic Constable Training Program.
The Physical Training Department, in which I was a member of, was directed by the team leader,
Lori Neufeld. My role was to assist the full time physical trainers in delivering all aspects of the
fitness and conditioning program for basic constable recruits enrolled in the Winter 2012 intake
This report was written entirely by me and has not received any academic credit at University of
Waterloo or any other institution. I would like to thank Stella Majic for proofreading my report
and helping to improve its appearance. This was the only form of assistance I received in
completing this report.
Sincerely,
Alexandra Longo
ID 20320747
3. 3
Abstract
Police officers are no strangers to stressful situations – it comes with the job description.
Not only do officers place themselves in harm’s way every shift, they also bear witness to some
of the worst humanity has to offer. Chronic stress, whether it is the result of routine work
incidents or additional traumatic incidents, may be hazardous, even life-threatening to the overall
health of an officer. Persistent exposure to work stress can develop health problems such as,
depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), heart disease and other
stress related disorders.
Recent literature has shed some light on serious cases of work stress and to what extent
they can affect the wellness of police personnel. Failure to cope with short-term stress may
result in substance abuse, excessive alcohol intake, depression, anxiety and other health related
conditions. In addition, those suffering from acute stress fear they may be ostracized and
stigmatized within their respective service, thus discouraging them from seeking professional
help.
Several treatments are available to those suffering from severe forms of stress, including
counseling and rehabilitation programs. However, it has been hypothesized that leisure
participation is a safe and easy alternative for police personal to prevent and alleviate work
stress. Depending on the severity and complexity of the perceived stress of an officer, regular
participation in leisure activities has been found to improve short- and long-term physical and
mental health.
4. 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.................................................................................5
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................6
2. METHODS AND FINDINGS.......................................................................................7
2.1 Leisure Benefits and Stress Reductions.............................................................7
2.1.1 Physical and Psychological Benefits ..................................................7
2.1.2 Leisure Resiliency...............................................................................7
2.1.3 Job Stress and Leisure Coping............................................................8
3. STRESSORS OF POLICE WORK ...........................................................................10
3.1 Types of Stress.................................................................................................10
3.2 Reactions to Stress and their Outcomes...........................................................11
3.2 Effects of Stress ...............................................................................................12
4. STRATEGIES FOR RELIEVING POLICE STRESS ............................................14
4.1 Reactive Strategies...........................................................................................14
4.2 Proactive Strategies..........................................................................................15
4.3 Leisure Coping Strategies................................................................................15
4.3.1 Proactive/Preventative Strategies......................................................15
4.3.1 Reactive/Alleviating Strategies.........................................................16
4.3.1 Three Leisure Based Coping Strategies............................................16
5. LIMITATIONS............................................................................................................17
6. FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................18
7. CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................19
8. RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................20
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................21
5. 5
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables:
Table# 1: Leisure Related Protective Factors ......................................................................8
Table# 2:Overall Health Effects of Stress for a Police Officer .........................................13
Figures:
Figure #1: Average Critical Incident Exposure for Police Officers on Duty…….... ........11
Figure #2 Serious Family and Health Problems of 2,300 Police Officers.........................12
6. 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION
During the Winter 2012 work term, I had the privilege of working as an instructor in the
Physical Training Department (PT) at the Ontario Police College (OPC). The primary role of the
PT department is to teach new officers (recruits) the relevance and value of physical fitness as it
relates to the occupation of policing. During the three months stay at the college, it is mandatory
for the recruits to attend all fifteen PT classes, as well as completing twenty-five workouts on
their own time. During the class, recruits are taught basic fitness movements, strength and
conditioning, proper nutrition and the physiological effects of shiftwork. In addition, the PT
department is responsible for assessing the fitness level of each recruit. My role as a PT
instructor was to assist full time staff with the planning and delivery of the training classes, as
well as assessing the recruit’s physical fitness.
This empirical report highlights the consequences of work stress experienced by police
officers and the potential for developing serious mental and physical health problems. Stress in
this report is referred to as, the reactions/responses to the perceived relationship between stimuli
and outcomes (Anshel, 2000). Officers experiencing chronic work stress can develop health
problems such as, depression, anxiety, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and
other stress related disorders. Subsequently, this leads to job dissatisfaction and burnout forcing
officers to eventually leave the police profession.
Therefore, participating in leisure activities not only enables an officer to be more
capable of overcoming the physical challenges associated with policing, but may also provide
that officer an escape or intervention from job related stress. In addition, the psychological and
physical benefits of leisure and physical activity have therapeutic potential as an effective tool
against occupational stress.
7. 7
2.0 METHODS AND FINDINGS
2.1 Leisure Benefits and Stress Reduction
Leisure is an enjoyable activity in itself. People freely choose to engage in leisure
because it acts as a buffer to the stressors of daily life. There are numerous advantages to
participating in leisure activities, including: social interaction, sense of belonging, engagement in
fun, care-free activities and most importantly, long- and short-term health benefits.
2.1.1 Physical and Psychological Benefits
A study conducted by Linda Caldwell (2005) found that leisure can be restorative and
acts as a catalyst for improving ones physical and psychological well-being. Physical well-being
includes a stronger immune and cardiovascular system and provides a positive feeling of one’s
own body (Godbey, Orsega-Smith, Payne, Sasidharan, 2006). Psychological well-being is a
sense of meaningfulness, joy, happiness and increased life satisfaction (Godbey, et al., 2006).
The physical and psychological aspects of a person’s life are the two most important
determinants of an individual’s health and longevity.
2.1.2 Leisure Resiliency
A large portion of the population have adopted and maintained a healthy lifestyle, which
aids them to continually thrive, despite all the negative events that occur in their lifetime. Linda
Caldwell (2005) has coined this concept as resiliency. Although there are many stressors in one’s
life, a healthy lifestyle that includes leisure and physical activity, can develop what Caldwell
(2005) labelled as protective factors. The common protective factors that were developed in
Caldwell’s (2005) study are shown below:
8. 8
Table #1Leisure-Related Protective Factors (Caldwell, 2005)
▪ Benefits of personally meaningful and/or intrinsically interesting activity derived in leisure
▪ Need for social support, friendships, and social acceptance in leisure
▪ Competence and self-efficacy derived from leisure participation
▪ Experiences of challenge and being totally absorbed in leisure activity
▪ Being self-determined and in control in leisure
▪ Feeling relaxed, disengaging from stress, being distracted from negative life events through
leisure
▪ Ability of leisure to provide continuity in life after experiencing disability
The table above highlights how leisure can create these desired protective factors which act as
buffers to the stresses of daily life. Therefore, leisure and physical activity can improve the
mental and physical quality of an individual’s life.
2.1.3 Job Stress and Leisure Coping
Coping is a mechanism that people use to manage stressful situations and it can influence
the relationship between stress/illness and health. Leisure has recently become a common form
of coping, which helps balance mental and physical health while creating a foundation for
enhancing personal growth following a negative life event (Caldwell, 2005). Butcher, Iwasaki,
Mannell & Smale (2005) conducted a study on leisure coping mechanisms and there effects on
police and emergency response personnel. The study concluded that continuous participation in
leisure played an important role for maintaining good physical and mental health (Butcher, et al.,
2005). The study also found that the type of leisure activity better predicted adaptational stress
relief outcomes. For instance, physically active leisure, including running, biking, etc., was the
strongest predictor of long-term benefits, leading to improvements in physiological and
cardiovascular fitness, subsequently leading to long-term physical and mental health (Butcher, et
al., 2005). Whereas relaxing leisure, such as reading, watching movies, etc., was the best
predictor for immediate adaptational outcomes for stress relief (Caldwell, 2005). In conclusion,
9. 9
leisure is an effective and practical coping mechanism for relieving stress, which subsequently
improves ones mental and physical health.
10. 10
3.0 STRESSORS OF POLICE WORK
Law enforcement is deemed as one of the most hazardous and stressful occupations.
Police officers encounter a wide variety and severity of stressors on a daily basis. Stress, such as
acute stress, which is the fight or flight response to a dangerous or hazardous incident, has the
potential to cause serious psychological, physiological and behavioural damage (Anshel, 2000).
Failing to effectively cope with any source of short-term stress can lead to long-term chronic
stress and burnout (Alkus & Padesky, 1999). Police stress-related issues are not only harmful to
the individual, but also to their family, friends, colleagues and the general public.
3.1 Types of Stress
Police work consists of two sources of stress: the routine aspects police regularly engage
in and the dangerous/traumatic or critical incidents, which includes being seriously injured or
witnessing or confronted with death (Best, Fagan, Liberman, Marmar, Metzler, Weiss, 2002).
Research conducted by Best, et al., (2002), found that the routine work load is just as stressful as
the dangerous or traumatic incidents for an officer. Best, et al., (2002) identified that the most
common responses to routine stress were: administrative policies, court time, extra-duty
assignments, lack of support from upper management, varying work shifts and inadequate
equipment. Routine incidents are mentioned as a major source of stress because they occur
much more often than critical incidents, where critical incidents are seen as inherent to police
work (Best, et al., 2002). Therefore, police officers consider the stressors of routine work as
unnecessarily stressful.
The less commonly occurring source of stress are dangerous/traumatic or critical
incidents. On average, a police officer will encounter a critical incident for 6% of the calls they
respond to (Best, et al., 2002). The figure below shows the average number and severity of
11. 11
critical incidents a police officer will experience in their career, averaging about thirty-five years
of service.
Figure #1 Average Critical Incident Exposure for Police Officers on Duty for 35 Years
(Best, et al., 2002)
The graph above depicts the seriously disturbing incidents a police officer could encounter on the
job and are expected to actively cope with any emotional or physical reactions. The combination
of police work routine stressors with additional traumatic incidents can be hazardous, even life-
threatening to the overall health of an officer.
3.2 Reactions to Stress and their Outcomes
Coping with stress is not a top priority for a police officer. In addition to their busy work
schedules, filled with court dates, administrative paperwork and constant calls to incidents, they
have obligations to their spouse, children, retired parents and other responsibilities. Stressors not
only affect the officer while on duty, they can also affect their life outside of the job. For
example, a study conducted by Blackmore (1978), surveyed 2,300 police officers and their
perceived quality of life. The figure below illustrates their findings.
Encounter with Recently Dead
Bodies
Decaying Corpses
Sexuall Assulted Children
Colleagues Severly Injured
Accidently
Colleagues Severly Injured
Intentionally
Officers Themselves Being
Seriously Injured or Shot at
2%
25%
1%
2%
10%
14%
12. 12
Figure #2 Serious Family and Health Problems of 2,300 Police Officers (Blackmore, 1978)
The chart illustrates that marital and health problems were the most common issues resulting
from police stress. Stress that is not addressed can cause additional serious health and
relationship problems for police. Officers who resort to drinking, drug use, anger and
withdrawal are more likely to suffer from serious health problems, causing additional chronic
stress, which subsequently leads to job burnout and leaving the profession.
3.3 Effects of Stress
The human body is programmed to “fight of flight” as a response to a stressor, tension or
sense of danger. Police officers are not free to fight back, only to defend, they are not allowed to
display anger and fear, and they are to never run away (Alkus & Padesky, 1999). The adverse
role of an officer creates a tremendous amount of stress affecting them physically, mentally and
behaviourally (Alkus & Padesky, 1999). The figure below lists most, but not all effects of stress
on a police officer.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Serious Marital
Problems
Serious Health
Problems
Serious Alcohol
Problems
Serious Problems
with Children
Drug-related
Problems
10%
20%
23%
36%
37%
13. 13
Table #2 Overall Health Effects of Stress for a Police Officer (Alkus & Padesky, 1999)
Physical Effects ▪ Circulatory and digestive disorders
▪ Coronary heart disease
▪ Physiological disturbances: skin disorders, muscle
cramps, tension headaches, bronchial asthma,
hyperventilation, ulcers, genitourinary and endocrine
disorders
▪ Lower back pain
▪ Late onset of diabetes
Cognitive-Emotional Effects ▪ Guilt
▪ Anger
▪ Suspiciousness
▪ Depression
▪ Aggression
▪ PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Behavioural Effects ▪ Overeating
▪ Gambling
▪ Use of tobacco and tranquilizers
▪ Alcohol abuse
▪ Exhaustion symptoms
▪ Absenteeism
▪ Risk-taking
Failing to cope with stress and relieving any short-term symptoms can be detrimental to the
officers’ health. Evidently, police stress and avoiding its effects can carry over to the officers’
family and social life. Chronic and long term occupational stress can result in reduced
motivation, poor performance, and burnout, where eventually an officer will leave the police
profession (Anshel, 2000).
14. 14
4.0 STRATEGIES FOR RELIEVING POLICE STRESS
Police work is one of the most rewarding, yet stressful professions. The honour of
protecting and serving your community is a compelling goal for a hopeful police officer.
However, policing is recorded as one of the highest dropout professions, where officers develop
severe forms of acute stress, leaving them with job dissatisfaction and eventually leading to
burnout (Smith & Webb, 2005). Subsequently, this raises questions of whether police
departments are providing enough support and counselling for their officers and whether or not
these programs are effective (Anshel, 2000). A recurring theme in the police profession is the
negative stereotypical view that any officer who seeks counselling or shows signs of
psychological weakness is an indicator of personal weakness (Anshel, 2000). Therefore, police
personnel do not seek the professional help of counsellors and cope effectively with their stress.
4.1 Reactive Strategies
Reactive strategies are rehabilitation programs and counselling services aimed to alleviate
sign and symptoms of stress (Anshel, 2000). The more common reactive strategies are the
counselling and referral programs. These programs offer special counselling and discussion
therapy to officers who are experiencing psychological difficulties from a traumatic event (Webb
& Smith, 2005). Another common reactive strategy for police is alcohol rehabilitation programs.
As mentioned above, alcohol abuse is a common coping strategy among police and alcoholism is
seen as a major recurring problem for many police departments (Webb & Smith, 2005).
Alcoholics Anonymous is a commonly know rehabilitation program, which is aimed to provide
group therapy and support for anyone who is dependent on alcohol to cope with stress (Webb &
Smith, 2005). Reactive strategies are extremely beneficial to an officer who legitimately wants
15. 15
help to relieve stress and eliminate the consequences that led them to their unhealthy, hazardous
lifestyle.
4.2 Proactive Strategies
Reactive strategies are aimed to alleviate the symptoms of stress, whereas proactive
strategies are meant to prevent the development of stress (Anshel, 2000). The goals of these
programs are to educate and change an officer’s skills, knowledge and attitudes towards stress
and its consequences (Webb & Smith, 2005). The first type of proactive strategy is education
programs. These are meant to enhance an officer’s skill set and knowledge, preparing them for
the unexpected challenges of their profession (Webb & Smith, 2005). Whereas training
programs, also known as cognitive training, are aimed to provide an officer with more
information about themselves, their abilities and their reactions to certain stressful situations
(Webb & Smith, 2005). In conclusion, proactive strategies aim to build a police officer’s
confidence and sense of self-worth, enabling them to effectively cope with all types of work
stress.
4.3 Leisure Coping Strategies
As mentioned above, leisure participation and physical fitness are restorative and acts as
a catalyst for improving ones physical and psychological well-being. Physical fitness and leisure
participation have been proven to act as both proactive and reactive coping strategies for
alleviating stress (Webb & Smith, 2005).
4.3.1 Proactive/Preventative Strategies
Proactive strategies are known to prevent stress, whereas reactive strategies are meant to
alleviate stress. With regard to preventing stress, there is a considerable amount of evidence
indicating that a physically fit person is better able to cope psychologically and physiologically
16. 16
with various stressful events (Webb & Smith, 2005). Additionally, there is a profuse amount of
evidence that supports the fact that regular participation in aerobic fitness decreases the
susceptibility to heart disease and other stress related disorders (Webb & Smith, 2005).
4.3.2 Reactive/Alleviating Strategies
Reactive strategies regarding physical exercise, is more likely prescribed to alleviate any
forms of anxiety, tension and depression (Webb & Smith, 2005). Therefore, many police
departments encourage and even provide access to recreational facilities for their officers to
release any tension and give them time to participate in enjoyable recreational activities (Webb
& Smith, 2005). Regular participation in leisure and physical activity provides a safe avenue for
officers under extreme stress to calm down and refocus so they are mentally fit for their job.
4.3.3 Three Leisure Based Coping Strategies
In a study on police and emergency response workers, their stress, leisure participation
and their outcomes, Iwasaki and Mannell (2000) found that there are three types of leisure-based
coping strategies. The first being leisure palliative coping, which is a type of leisure, such as
running, that gives them temporary relief from daily life stressors in order to regroup and gain
perspective (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000). The second leisure coping strategy is leisure mood
enhancement, which is engaging in leisure that enhances ones mood, such as going to a comedy
act (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000). The last strategy is leisure companionship, which could be
spending time with friends over coffee or dinner (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000). The study found
that leisure coping positively predicted both immediate and long-term physical and
psychological wellbeing on police and emergency response workers (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000).
Therefore, the previous evidence supports the belief that leisure is beneficial in preventing and
alleviating the symptoms of stress among the policing community.
17. 17
5.0 LIMITATIONS
There were three main limitations that became apparent during the research and writing
of this report. The first being that every person is unique in their beliefs, skills, abilities,
reactions and perceptions and that these unique characteristics can be the determining factor of
how stress is perceived to each individual (Webb & Smith). Different perceptions of stress can
cause some individuals to react negatively and resort to unhealthy coping behaviours, such as
drinking, while others have a more positive reaction and deal with their stress in a healthy
manner like seeking counselling or engaging in pleasurable leisure activities.
A second limitation to this report is that being “physically fit” is not an adequate defence
or coping mechanism from stress (Webb & Smith, 2005). Participation in leisure does not
guarantee an individual from experiencing health consequences from job stress.
Lastly, this report found that leisure coping strategies were only beneficial if the
individual had the time and money to participate in leisure activities (Iwasaki & Mannell, 2000).
Time and money can be a huge limiting factor, and could therefore cause additional stress.
18. 18
6.0 FINDINGS
The report did meet the goals and objectives of suggesting that leisure participation is a
safe and easy alternative for police personal to prevent and alleviate work stress. Leisure has
also been proven to be an extremely effective coping strategy to prevent and alleviate the signs
and symptoms of work stress. Additionally, leisure participation was found to be a guilt-free
form of stress relief for officers who chose not to seek counselling and rehabilitation for fear of
showing personal weakness on the job (Anshel, 2000). Lastly, leisure and physical activity
provided short- and long-term physical and mental health benefits, improving happiness and
quality of life.
19. 19
7.0 CONCLUSIONS
Police officers are always expected be fit for duty – both mentally and physically. An
exercise program not only enables an officer to be more capable of overcoming the physical
challenges associated with policing, but may also provide that officer an escape or intervention
from job related stress.
However, leisure and physical activity is by no means a cure for police stress and every
individual suffering from severe symptoms of stress will need specialized treatment to fully
recover; however, leisure can possibly be used as a therapeutic tool to prevent elevated feelings
of anxiety or depression before these feelings persistently affects an officer’s mental well-being
– both on and off duty.
20. 20
8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
This report has identified leisure as a viable and effective method for alleviating the
symptoms of stress. Unfortunately, policing is unpredictable, and there is no way of anticipating
if an officer will remain psychologically healthy both during and after they serve the force.
Therefore, based on the evidence supplied by this report, police officers are encouraged to
actively participate in leisure throughout their career to ensure optimal occupational
performance.
Furthermore, officers should use leisure and physical activity as an alternative tool for
stress relief, rather than resorting to alcohol and substance abuse. In addition, the psychological
benefits of leisure cannot be ignored – its therapeutic potential used in conjunction with
professional counseling yields an effective tool against occupational stress. Therefore, police
departments need organizational structure that monitors officers coping strategies and continue
to provide stress management training.
Lastly, officers who are experiencing severe symptoms of stress, such as PTSD, anxiety
or depression are encouraged to seek professional help immediately, and not perceive this help as
a form of personal weakness.
21. 21
REFERENCES
Alkus, S., Padesky, C. (1999). Special problems of police officers: stress-related issues and
interventions. Social Science Collection, 11(2), 55-62.
Anshel, M.H. (2000). A conceptual model and implications for coping with stressful events in
police work. Criminal Justice and Behaviour, 27(3), 375-400.
Best, S.R., Fagan, J.A., Liberman, A.M., Marmar, C.R., Metzler, T.J., Weiss, D.S. (2002).
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police. Policing: An
International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(2), 421-439.
Blackmore, L. (1978). Are police allowed to have problems of their own? Police Magazine, (3)1,
47-55.
Butcher, J., Iwasaki, Y., Mannell, R.C., Smale, B.J.A. (2005). Contributions of leisure
participation in predicting stress coping and health among police and emergency response
services workers. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(1), 79-99.
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