The document provides an overview of the Indian financial system. It discusses that the Indian financial system comprises formal (organized) and informal (unorganized) sectors. The formal sector is regulated and includes various financial institutions, markets, instruments and services. It also discusses the evolution of the Indian financial system from the pre-1951 era dominated by money lenders and traders, to the post-1951 period which saw the development of public sector banks and institutions, and later privatization and globalization in the financial system from the early 1990s onward. Key components of the formal financial system like regulators, financial institutions, markets, instruments and services are also explained.

1. The Indian Financial System

2. Meaning of the Financial System
A set of sub systems of financial
institutions,
markets, instruments
and services
 Intermediates with the flow of funds
between savers and borrowers.
 Facilitates transfer and allocation of
scarce resources efficiently and
effectively

3. Indian Financial System
Indian
Financial
System
Formal
(organized
Financial
system)
Regulators;
MoF, SEBI,
RBI, IRDA
Financial
Institutions
(Intermediaries)
Financial
Markets
Informal
(Unorganized
financial
system)
Financial
Instrument
Financial
Services
Money lenders,
Local bankers,
Traders
3

4. Formal and Informal Financial
System
• The financial systems of most developing countries
are characterized by co-existence and co-operation
between the formal and informal financial sectors.
• The formal financial sector is characterized by the
presence of an organized, institutional and regulated
system which caters to the financial needs of the
modern spheres of economy.
• The informal financial sector is an unorganized, noninstitutional and non-regulated system dealing with
traditional and rural spheres of the economy.
4

5. Organised and un-orga
Organized
Non- Organized
Money lenders
Regulators
Financial Institutions
Financial Markets
Financial services
Local bankers
Traders
Landlords
Pawn brokers
Chit Funds

6. Organized Indian Financial System
Regulators
Financial
Instruments
Forex
Market
Financial
Markets
Capital
Market
Money
Market
Primary Market
Secondary Market
Money Market
Instrument
Capital Market
Instrument
Financial
Intermediaries
Credit
Market

7. Components of the Financial System
 Regulators
Financial Institutions
 Financial Markets
 Financial Instruments
 Financial Services

8. Regulators
• The formal financial system comes under the
regulations of the ministry of finance (MOF),
reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and
Exchange board of India (SEBI) and other
regulatory bodies.
8

9. Financial Institutions
Financial
Institutions
(Intermediaries)
Banking
Institutions
Non-Banking
Institutions
Mutual Funds
Public sector
Insurance
and
Housing
Finance companies
Private Sector
9

10. Types of Financial Institutions
 Banking: creators and purveyors of credit.
Types
Commercial Banks
Cooperative Banks
 Non-banking: purveyors of credit
Types
Developmental financial institutions
Mutual funds
Insurance companies
NBFCs

11. Functions of Financial Institutions
Provide three transformation services
 Liability, asset and size transformation
 Maturity transformation
 Risk transformation

12. Financial Markets
Types
 Money Market – A market for short-term debt
instruments
 Capital Market – A market for long-term equity and debt
instruments
Segments
 Primary Market – A market for new issues
 Secondary Market – A market for trading outstanding
issues

13. Link Between Primary and Secondary
Capital Market
 A buoyant secondary market is indispensable for
the presence
of a vibrant primary market.
 The secondary market provides a basis for the determination of
prices of new issues.
 Depth of the secondary market depends on the primary market.
 Bunching of new issues affects prices in the
secondary market.

14. Why Capital Markets Exist
• Capital markets facilitate the transfer of
capital (i.e. financial) assets from one owner
to another.
• They provide liquidity.
– Liquidity refers to how easily an asset can be
transferred without loss of value.
• A side benefit of capital markets is that the
transaction price provides a measure of the
value of the asset.

15. Role of Capital Markets
• Mobilization of Savings & acceleration of
Capital Formation
• Promotion of Industrial Growth
• Raising of long term Capital
• Ready & Continuous Markets
• Proper Channelisation of Funds
• Provision of a variety of Services

16. Financial Instruments
Financial
Instruments
Primary
Securities
Secondary
Securities
Equity,
Preference
shares, Debt
Time deposits,
MF units
Insurance policies
16

17. Financial Services
Major Categories
Funds intermediation
Payments mechanism
Provision of liquidity
Risk management
Financial engineering

18. Key Elements of a Well-functioning
Financial System
A strong legal and regulatory environment
Stable money
Sound public finances and public debt management
A central bank
Sound banking system
Information system
Well-functioning securities market

19. Indian Financial System – An Overview
PHASES
* Upto 1951
Pvt. Sector
* 1951 to 1990
Public Sector
* Early Nineties
Privatisation
* Present Status Globalisation
19

20. Pre 1951
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Control of Money Lenders
No Laws / Total Private Sector
No Regulatory Bodies
Hardly any industrialization
Banks – Traditional lenders for Trade and that too short
term
Main concentration on Traditional Agriculture
Narrow industrial securities market (i.e. Gold/Bullion/Metal
but largely linked to London Market)
Absence of intermediatary institutions in long-term
financing of industry
Industry had limited access to outside saving/resources.
20

21. 1951 to 1990
Moneylenders ruled till 1951. No worth-while Banks at that
time. Industries depended upon their own money. 1951
onwards
5 years PLAN commenced.
PVT. SECTORS TO PUBLIC SECTOR – MIXED ECONOMY
1st 5 year PLAN in 1951 – Planned Economic Process. As
part of Alignment of Financial Systems – Priorities laid
down by Govt. – Policies.
MAIN Elements of Fin. Organisations
i. Public ownership of Financial Institution
ii. Strengthening of Institutional Structure
iii. Protection to Investors
iv. Participation in Corporate Management
v. Organisational Deficiencies.
21

22. 1951-1990
Nationalization
RBI
1948
SBI
1956 (take-over of Imperial Bank of India)
LIC
1956 (Merges of over 250 Life Insurance Companies)
Banks
1969 (14 major banks with Deposits of over Rs. 50
Crs.nationalised)
1980 (6 more Banks)
Insurance 1972 (General Insurance Corp. GIC by New India,
Oriental, united and National.
22

23. POST 1990s
IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS
Development Financial Institutions : (DFIs)
• Started providing Working Capital also
• Set up CREDIT RATING AGENCIES
CRISIL(IPO IN 1993-94; standard & poor acquires 9.68% in 1996-97 S & P acquires
shares / holding up to 58.46%)
ICRA Set up in 1991 by leading FIs/Banks/Fin. Ser. Cos. And Moody’s CARE
Set-up by IFCI/Banks.
FITCH a 100% subsidiary of FITCH Group.
•
Privatisation of DFI
Reduction in Govt. holding & Public Participation e.g. IFCI Ltd., IDBI Ltd., ICICI Ltd.
• Conversion into Banking / Merger into Banking Companies IDBI Bank & ICICI Bank
• Issuance of Bond by DFIs without Govt.’s Guarantees to mobilize resources.
• Reduction in holding of Govt. in Banks, i.e. Public Participation / Listing
23

24. POST 1990
INDUSTRIES
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rise & Growth of Service Sector industries.
Reliance & Dependence on technology.
E-mail & mobile made sea-change in communication, data collection etc.
Computerization – a catch phrase and inevitable need of an hour.
Dependent on Capital Market rather than only Debts dependency.
Scalability of operations through globally competitive size.
Broad basing of Board.
Professional Management.
NBFC
•
•
NBFC under RBI governance to finance retail assets and mobilize small/medium
sized savings.
Very large NBFCs are emerging (Shri Ram Transport Finance, Birla, Tata Finance,
Sundaram Finance, Reliance Finance, DLF, Religare etc.
24

25. Thank You