The document provides information about the history of computers and different generations of computers. It discusses: - The first generation of computers from 1946-1959 which used vacuum tubes and had limitations like being unreliable, costly, slow, and generating a lot of heat. Examples included ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, and IBM 650. - The second generation from 1959-1965 started using transistors, making computers cheaper, more compact, reliable, and faster than the first generation. Magnetic cores, tapes, and disks were used for storage. Languages included FORTRAN and COBOL. - Further generations saw the introduction of integrated circuits, microprocessors, personal computers, and newer technologies

1. HISTORY
of
COMPUTER
ICT – 7
SSC and SPJ

2. LO 1
Definitions of
Computer

3. A computer is a general purpose electronic device that is used to perform
arithmetic and logical operations automatically.
In 1940s, the term “computer” was first used as “one who calculates.” Then in
1987, the term changed and got a new meaning, which is “calculating machine”. Finally,
in 1945, the term indicates as “programmable digital electronic computer.”
The word compute is derived from the Latin word ‘computare’ meaning
“arithmetic, accounting, reckoning”.
The Latin word computare itself comes from:
● Latin com, which means “with”, and
● Latin putare, which means “to settle, clear up, reckon”.
What is a Computer?

4. A computer is a digital device that stores information in memory using input
devices and manipulate information to produce output according to given instructions.
The actual machinery, the physical parts of a computer system is called hardware while
the instructions (a program) that tells the computer what to do or how to do is called
software. A computer is used to perform some sequence of instructions in fast and
accurate manner.
Techopedia defined computer as a machine or device that performs processes,
calculations, and operations based on instructions provided by a software or hardware
program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs.
Computers can also store data for later use in appropriate storage devices, and
retrieve whenever it is necessary.
Define Computer…

5. British dictionary defined computer as a device, usually electronic, that
processes data according to a set of instructions. It is a programmable machine that
performs high-speed processing of numbers, as well as text, graphics, symbols, and
sound. The digital computer stores data in discrete units and performs arithmetical and
logical operations at a very high speed.
Techterms defined computer as a programmable machine. This means it can
execute a programmed list of instructions and respond to new instructions that is given.
Collins defined computer as an electronic machine that can store and deal with
large amounts of information. It is an electronic machine or device which by means of
stored information, performs rapid, often complex calculations or compiles, correlates,
and selects data.
Define Computer…

6. Oxford defined computer as an electronic device for storing and processing
data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable
program.
Computer industry executive said that having the knowledge about computer’s
history gives an enormous advantage.
Define Computer…

7. ACTIVITY 1
How Much Have You Learned?
Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is TRUE and write F
if the statement is FALSE.
___1. Modern computers use electricity to run.
___2. A computer can store, process and retrieve information.
___3. Computers are God-made devices.
___4. A computer can perform arithmetic and logical operations at a very high speed.
___5. The word computer is derived from a Latin term.

8. LO 2
Computing Devices
that People Invented

9. Computing Devices Invented through the years
Quipa (15th and 16th centuries)
The Incas (from the Incan Empire was the largest
empire in pre-Columbian America) used complex chains
of knotted twine to represent a variety of data, including
tribute payments. lists of arms and troops, and notable
dates in the kingdom’s chronicles.
Abacus (4000 years ago to 1975)
The abacus is used by merchants throughout the
ancient world. Beads represent figures(data); by moving
the beads according to rules, the user can add, subtract,
multiply or devide. The abacus remained in use until a
world wide deluge of cheap pocket calculators put abacus
out of work, after being used for thousands of years.

10. Computing Devices Invented through the years
The Slide Rule (mid-16000s)
The Slide Rule, also known in U.S. as
slipstick, is an extremely complex ruler that functions
as a mechanical analog computer.
Napier’s Bone (1646)
An abacus (originally made from bone) created
by John Napier for carrying out multiplication and
division based on the principles of logarithms. This is
used by moving the rods with printed digits
Pascal’s Calculator or the Pascaline (1642)
An adding machine invented by French Mathematician
and philosopher Blaise Pascal, the son of an accounted,
to relieve the tedium of
adding up long columns of tax figures.

11. Computing Devices Invented through the years
Leibniz Calculator also known as the Step Reckoner (1673)
Invented by German mathematician-philosopher
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. The step reckoner is the first
mechanical calculator capable of multiplication by repeated
addition and shifting.
Jacquard’s Loom (1804)
The Jacquard’s loom was invented by French weaver
Joseph-Marie Jacquard. It is an automatic,
programmable weaving machine that creates fabrics with
richly detailed patterns.

12. Computing Devices Invented through the years
Babbage’s Difference Engine (1822)
It was designed by English mathematician and
scientist Charles Babbage. Babbage is considered as the
Father of Computer. It is a complex, clockwork calculator
capable of calculating and tabulating polynomials and
printing the results in a table
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine (1890)
The tabulating machine was an
electromechanical machine designed to assist in
summarizing information stored on punch cards.
Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was
developed to help process data for the 1980 U.S Census.

13. Computing Devices Invented through the years
Zuse’s Z1 (1938)
Z1, the first freely programmable computer
in the world, was created by German inventor Konrad
Zuse. It is a binary driven calculator with limited
programmability, reading instructions from punched
tape. Z1 contained almost all the parts of a modern
computer, e.g. control unit, memory, micro sequences,
floating point logic and input output devices.
Mark I – IBM’s Automatic Sequence Controlled
Calculator (1943)
Mark I was designed by a Harvard
graduate student, Howard H. Aiken, with the support
of Harvard faculty, to solve advanced mathematical
physics problems encountered in his research.

14. Computing Devices Invented through the years
The Apple I (1976)
The Apple Computer 1, originally released
as the Apple Computer, also known later as the Apple
I or Apple-1, is the desktop computer released by the
Apple Computer Company (now Apple, Inc.) in 1976.
It was designed hand hand-built by Steve Wozniak.

15. ACTIVITY 2
How Much Have You Learned?
A. Directions: Match Column A with Column B. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
A B
1. Charles Babbage a. Mark I
2. Steve Wozniak b. tabulating machine
3. Gottfried Leibniz c. Step Reckoner
4. Herman Hollerith d. Apple I
5. Howard H. Aiken e. Difference Engine
f. Pascaline

16. B. Directions: Read each statement carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer in a separate sheet of pad paper.
1. He is considered as the father of computer?
A. Blaise Pascal B. Joseph-Marie Jacquard C. Charles Babbage D. Konrad Zuse
2. The desktop computer released by Apple Computer Company in 1976.
A. AC 1 B. Apple I C. The Apple D. Apple’s Desktop Computer
3. Which of the following is considered as the first freely programmable computer in the world?
A. Apple I B. Mark I C. John 1 D. Z1
4. The automatic programmable weaving machine that creates fabrics with richly detailed patterns is called?
A. Difference Engine B. Jacquard’s Loom C. Pascaline D. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
5. He is an English mathematician and scientist.
A. Blaise Pascal B. Joseph-Marie Jacquard C. Charles Babbage D. Konrad Zuse

17. How Do You Apply What You Have
Learned?
Name of Machine Remarkable feature of the
machine
Inventor Date
Invented/Released
Apple I Desktop computer Steve Wozniak 1976
Mark I
Z1
Difference Engine
Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
Difference Engine
Jacquard’s Loom
Step Reckoner
Pascaline
Napier’s Bone
Slide Rule
Quipa
A. Direction: Copy and complete the table below. The first one is done for you.
Use a separate sheet of pad paper.

18. LO 3
Generations of
Computer

19. 1. First Generation (from 1946-1959) – Vacuum Tubes
The computers of first generation used vacuum
tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for
CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric
bulbs, produced a lot of heat and the installations used to
fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very expensive and
only large organizations were able to afford it.
In this generation, mainly batch processing
operation system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and
magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The
computers in this generation used machine code as the
programming language.

20. 1. First Generation (from 1946-1959) – Vacuum Tubes
The following are the main features of the
first generation:
 Vacuum tube technology
 Unreliable
 Supported machine language only
 Very costly
 Generated a lot of heat
 Slow input and output devices
 Huge size
 Need of AC
 Non-portable
 Consumed a lot of electricity
Some computers of this
generation were:
- ENIAC
- EDVAC
- UNIVAC
- IBM 701
- IBM 650

21. 2. Second Generation (from 1959-1965) - Transistors
In this generation, transistors were used that
were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in
size, more reliable and faster than the first generations
machine. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as
the primary and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage device. This generation used
FORTRAN and COBOL programming languages. The
computers used batch processing and multiprogramming
operation system.

22. 2. Second Generation (from 1959-1965) - Transistors
The following are the main features of
this generation.
 Use transistors
 Reliable in comparison to First Generation
of computers
 Generated less heat as compared to first
generation of computers
 Consumed less electricity as compared to
first generation of computers
 Faster first generation of computers
 Still very costly
 AC required
 Support machine and assembly language
Some computers of this
generation were:
- IBM 1620
- IBM 7094
- CDC 1604
- CDC 3600
- UNIVAC 1108

23. 3. Third Generation (from 1965-1971) – Ics
The computers of third generation used
Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A
single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This
development made computers smaller in size, reliable,
and efficient. In this generation, remote processing,
time-sharing, multiprogramming operating system were
used. High level languages (FORTRAN-II to IV,
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68) were
used during this generation.

24. 3. Third Generation (from 1965-1971) – Ics
The following are the main features of
this generation:
 IC used
 More reliable in comparison to previous
two generations
 Smaller size
 Generated less heat
 Faster
 Lesser maintenance
 Costly
 AC required
 Consumed lesser electricity
 Supported high-level language
Some computers of this
generation were:
- IBM 360
- Honeywell-6000 series
- PDP (Personal Data Processor)
- IBM-370/168
- TDC-316

25. 4. Fourth Generation (from 1971-1980) - Microprocessor
Computers of fourth generation used Very Large Scale
Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000
transistors and other circuit elements with their associated circuits on
a single chip made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth
generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful,
compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal
Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing, real time
networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level
languages like C, C++, DBASE and others were used.

26. The following are the main features of
this generation:
 VLSI technology used
 Very cheap
 Portable and reliable
 Use of PCs
 Very small size
 Pipeline processing
 NO AC required
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Great developments in the fields of
networks
 Computers became easily available
Some computers of this
generation:
- DEC 10
- STAR 1000
- PDP 11
- CRAY-1(Super Computer)
- CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
4. Fourth Generation (from 1971-1980) - Microprocessor

27. 5. Fifth Generation (1980-present and beyond) - AI
The fifth generation used ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic
components.
The generation is based on parallel processing
hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is
an emerging branch in computer science, which
integrates the means and method of making computers
think like human beings. All the high-level languages
like C and C++, Java, .Net, and others are used in this
generation.

28. The following are the main features of this
generation:
 ULSI technology
 Development of the true artificial
intelligence
 Development of natural language
processing
 Advancement in Parallel Processing
 Advancement in Superconductor
technology
 More user-friendly interfaces with
multimedia features
 Availability of very powerful and compact
computers at cheaper rates
 Voice Recognition
 Nanotechnology
Some computer types of this
generation are:
- Desktop
- Laptop
- Notebook
- Ultrabook
- Chromebook
5. Fifth Generation (1980-present and beyond) - AI

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