2. Akbar the great
•Second battle of Panipat-1556
Hemu Bairam Khan
Bairam Khan’s legacy
Manages affairs for 4 years.
Conquered Gwalior, Ajmer, Jaipur
At the age of 18, in 1560, Akbar assumes
absolute power.
Panipat
3. Conquests of Akbar
1. Malwa:- (1561)led by
Adham Khan.
Baz Bahadur, the Afghan king fled.
2 Gondwana:- (1564) Defeated Rani
Durgavati.
3 Rajputs:-enters into matrimonial
alliances.
Raja of Jaipur(amber)
Rana of Mewar(Udai singh) refused. Led
an army to Chittor. Death of Jai Mal,
Rajput commander was a blow.
4. Conflict with Rana Pratap Singh
Udai singh built Udaipur-new capital.
Recovers parts of
Chittor.
Haldigha
ti
1576
5. Akbar the great
Conquest of Gujarat- 1572
Cotton fields, flourishing seaports, trade with
European merchants.
Conquest of Bengal-1574-76
Trade links with south east Asia and China.
Rich revenues to Mughal treasury
Conquests of North west-1585-95
Kashmir, Kandahar, lower Sind(1591)
Baluchistan (1595)
Deccan Campaigns-1601
Berar, Khandesh, part of Ahmadnagar.
6. His empire stretched from Hind Kush mountains in the
west to Brahmaputra in the east, Himalayas in the north
to Godavari in the south.
7. Administration of Akbar
1. Central Administration
Decision was final, word was law.
Commander-in-chief of armed forces
Supreme judge on all matters of justice.
Sole right in making appointments,
dismissal, promotion
Council of ministers:-
1
Wazir/diwan
Revenue
department
2
Mir bakshi
Military and
head of
mansabdar
s
3
Qazi
Chief judge
4
Chief sadr
Supervisor
of royal
household
10. The mansabdari system
Mansabdar-holder of a rank
Every officer given a rank or mansab
on the nature of job.
Salary/jagirs given according to rank
After his death, back to the king
Cavalry, loyal trusted soldiers,
royal body guards,
palace guards, artillery.
11. Revenue System-Todar Mal’s
bandobast
Use of bamboo jarib to survey land
4 categories(times cultivated)
Good, bad ,middling
Revenue based on average
of past 10 years
1/3rd was King’s share.
Relief measures for the peasants.
12. Ibadat Khana – Hall of Prayer(1575)
•Invited leaders of other faiths to have discussions
on matters related to religion.
•Issues declaration called the mazhar, which gave
him the power to chose different interpretation
of the Islamic law.
Akbar interacting with
religious scholars.
13. Akbar’s religion
• Sulh-i-Kul or universal peace.
• Formation of Din-i-llahi
belief in one God
Emperor as God’s representative on earth
Rajput policy
Treated them with respect
Did not annex their kingdoms, if they
recognized him as their overlord and paid him
regular tribute.
Social reforms.
Prohibited sati, legalized widow remarriage.
Discouraged child marriage. 14 yrs for girls
and 16 for boys.
14. Educational reforms
Study of secular subjects
Translation department set up.
Literature
Akbarnama by Abul Fazl-fine Persian
work
Faizi, poet-laureate
Raja Birbal-hindi Kavi Raj
Ramacharitamanas written by
Tulsidas
24000 books-written by