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1. The Delhi Sulatans

2. Delhi – Under Different
Rulers
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3. Delhi – Under Rajputs
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom –
Under the Tomara Rajputs.
Tomaras were defeated in the middle of 12th
century by the Chauhans of Ajmer.
It was under the Tomaras and the Chauhans that
Delhi became an important trade and commercial
Centre.
Coins minted here , called Dehliwal had a wide
circulation.
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5. The Slave dynasty

6. MAP Activity
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7. 7
Tarikh(singular) / Tawarikh (Plural)
 The authors of Tawarikh were learned men, such as secretaries, administrators,
poets, and courtiers, who both recounted events and advised rulers on various
aspects of governance. They highlighted the importance of just rule.
 The authors of Tawarikh mainly lived into the cities, like Delhi.
 They wrote histories for Sultan in the hope of rich rewards. The authors also
advised the rulers on the need to preserve an “ideal” social order based on
birthright and gender distinctions.

8. Raziyya Sultan

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10. Hinterland and Garrison towns
 What is a hinterland?
Hinterland is the land adjacent to a city or port that
supplies it with goods and services.
 What was a garrison town as constructed during the reign of
Alauddin Khalji?
Ans: A garrison town was a fortified settlement with soldiers .It was
constructed to protect the state from foreign invasions. Soldiers were
deployed there in large numbers.
Sultanate, in the reign of Allauddin Khalji, faced many challenges. The
state was not safe. It had to be protected from Mongol attacks, if it
was to survive. This led Allauddin Khalji to build a garrison town
named Siri.
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11. Garrison Towns
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12. The Masjid
A mosque is called a masjid in Arabic,
literally a place where a Muslim prostrates
in reverence to Allah.
 In a “congregational mosque” (masjid-i
jami or jama masjid) Muslims read their
prayers (namaz) together. Members of the
congregation choose the most respected,
learned male as their leader (imam) for
the rituals of prayer.
He also delivers the sermon (khutba)
during the Friday prayer. During prayer,
Muslims stand facing Mecca. In India this
is to the west. This is called the quibla.
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13. A closer look: Administration
and Consolidation under the
Khaljis and Tughlaqs
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14. Bandagans
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15. Clients
 Khaljis and Tughlaqs raised people of humble birth, who were often their
clients, to high political positions.
 They were appointed as generals and governors.
 However this also introduced an element of political instability.
Causes of Instability:
 Slaves and clients were loyal to their masters and patrons but not to their
heirs.
 New Sultans had their own servants. As a result the accession of a new
monarch often saw conflict between the old and the new nobility.
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16. The Concept of Iqta and Iqtadars
 Like the earlier sultans , the Khalji and Tughlaq
monarchs appointed military commenders as
governors of territories of varying sizes.
 These lands were called iqta and their holder was
called iqtadar or muqti.
 The duty of the Muqtis were to lead military
campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.
 In exchange for the military services, the muqtis
collected the revenues of their assignments as salary.
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17. Different types of Sultanate Taxes
 The Sultan’s administrators measured the land and
kept careful accounts. Some of the old chieftains
and landlords served the Sultanate as revenue
collectors and assessors.
 There were three types of taxes –
(1) On cultivation called kharaj and amounting to about
50 per cent of the peasant’s produce,
(2) on cattle and
(3) on houses.

18. Administration and
Consolidation under the
Khaljis and the Tughlaqs
 Unity in the vast kingdom of the sultanate depended on reliable administrators
and governors. But rather than chieftains, the sultans preferred slaves
called bandagan (slaves purchased for military service and carefully trained to
handle important political offices).
 The use of slaves by the Delhi Sultans was criticised by the elite in the kingdom.
 The Khaljis and the Tughlaqs appointed local commanders called 'iqtadar' or'
muqti', and the lands given to them to manage were called 'iqtas'.
 The 'iqtadars' led military campaigns, maintained law and order, collected taxes,
and paid their soldiers. And their positions were not inheritable.
 To keep a check on them, they were assigned 'iqtas' only for periods of time, and
accountants were appointed to check the revenues they collected.
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19. Important Happenings
 The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in north-
east Iran in 1219 and the Delhi Sultanate faced their onslaught
soon after.
 Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign
of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s
rule.
 This forced the two rulers to mobilize a large standing army in
Delhi which posed a huge administrative challenge.
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20. Differences
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21. Allaudin's Expeditions
 1) Gujrat was captured alongwith Jaisalmer,
Temples of Anhilwara and Somnath were
sacked.
 2) Malwa was captured and a governor was
installed.
 3) Ranthambhore was attacked in 1301 and
we find the first case of performance of
"Jauhar".
 4) Chittor fort was stormed in 1303 and
second case of Jauhar.
 5) Expeditions against Deogir in case of
arrears in payment of annual tribute.
 6) Expeditions in Telangana, Karnataka and
Madurai. Untold wealth was gained from
this.
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22. Market control and Agrarian
policies of Alauddin Khalji
 1) Alauddin sought to fix the cost of all commodities from foodgrain, sugar and
cooking oil to a needle, and from costly imported cloth to horse, cattle, and slave
boys and girls.
 2) He set up three markets at Delhi
 a) Foodgrain Market
 b) Costly cloth market
 c) Horses, Slaves and cattle market.
 3) Each market was under the control of a high official called "Shahna", who
maintained a register of the merchants and strictly controlled the shopkeepers
and the prices.
 4) To have a regular supply of foodgrains the peasants were forced to sell their
product at cheap prices to the Banjaras , who then used to carry the foodgrains
and sell it in the markets at fixed prices. The Banjaras were registered and their
family was held collectively responsible for any violations.
 5) The prices of the grain were not allowed to increase even a dam or paisa during
a famine.
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23. MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ
 MUHAMMAD BIN
TUGHLAQ (1324-1351) Ibn
Battua , who came to Delhi
in 1333 was his
contemporary.
 He was deeply read in
religion and philosophy and
had a critical and open
mind. He gave high offices
on the basis of merit
irrespective of whether they
belonged to noble families
or not.
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24. Experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq
 1) He hastily erected a wooden pavilion to give a fitting reception to the Sultan. When the
captured elephants were paraded the pavilion collapsed and the Sultan died (Ghiyasuddin).
 2) He transferred the Capital from Delhi to Deogir. Most of the people were ordered to shift from
Delhi to the new formed capital which was renamed Daulatabad from deogir. It was 1500 kms
from Delhi. Many people died due to the rigours of the journey and heat. The move was
discontented but the exodus brought south and north India closer by improving communications.
 3) He introduced a Token Currency made of bronze which had the same value as silver
tanka. The government was not able to prevent its forging and the new coins began to be greatly
devalued in the markets.
 4) He started a separate department called Diwan - i - amir - i - koh to extend and improve
cultivation in the Doab. He wanted to introduce the cultivation of superior crops, wheat instead of
barley, sugarcane instead of wheat and dates and grapes instead of sugarcane. The experiment
failed because the people who were involved were inexperienced and dishonest.
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25. Causes of failure- The measures of
Muhammad bin Tughlaq
 Because of being hasty and impatient and due to his failed
experiments he was also known as " ill starred idealist".
 He not only entertained new people belonging to non- nobility but
also gave them high posts. He also welcomed foreigners in the court.
He conversed not only with the Muslim Mystics but with Hindu Yogis
and Jain Saints.
 He was also hot and hasty tempered and gave extreme punishments
to whom he suspected of opposition or disloyalty.
 Thus the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq, while marking the zenith
of the Delhi Sultanate, also saw the beginning of the process of its
disintegration.
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26. Administration and Consolidation
under the Khaljis and the
Tughlaqs
 Under Alauddin Khalji, the government started collecting land
revenue directly. So the rights of the local chieftains to collect taxes
were cancelled, and they too were forced to pay taxes.
 Three types of taxes were collected: tax on cultivation, called
'kharaj', about 50% of the peasants' produce; tax on cattle; and tax
on houses.
 Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of
Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule.
This forced the sultans to prepare a large standing army in Delhi,
and that was a huge administrative challenge.
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27. Sher Shah Suri
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28. 15th and 16th Century- Sultans
 The Tughluqs, the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled from Delhi and Agra until
1526. By then, Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa Gujarat, Rajasthan and the entire
south India had independent rulers who established flourishing states and
prosperous capitals.
 This was also the period which saw the emergence of new ruling groups
like the Afghans and the Rajputs. Some of the states established in this
period were small but powerful and extremely well administered.
 Sher Shah Sur (1540-1545) started his career as the manager of a small
territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually challenged and defeated the
Mughal emperor Humayun (1530-1540, 1555-1556).
 Sher Shah captured Delhi and established his own dynasty. Although the
Suri dynasty ruled for only fifteen years (1540-1555), it introduced an
administration that borrowed elements from Alauddin Khalji and made
them more efficient. Sher Shah’s administration became the model
followed by the great emperor Akbar (1556-1605) when he consolidated the
Mughal Empire.
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30. Our process is easy to remember
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Early Turkish Rulers
1206-1290
Khalji & Tughluq
Dynasty 1290-1414
Sayyid & Lodi
dynasty -1414- 1526

31. Recap from the chapter
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Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at pbanerjee@kiitis.ac.in