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The atmosphere is the air that surrounds the Earth. It is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, as well as small amounts of carbon dioxide, ozone, and water vapor. The atmosphere has different layers - the troposphere at the bottom where plants and animals live, and the stratosphere above it containing the ozone layer. Weather phenomena such as precipitation and wind occur in the atmosphere.
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Atmosphere and weather
The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere and weather phenomena. It begins by describing the five layers of the atmosphere from the troposphere closest to Earth, to the exosphere merging into space. Weather occurs in the troposphere, which contains most water vapor. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer protecting from UV rays. Thunderstorms form from rapid upward air motion and release heat. Weather forecasts predict future conditions using data from weather stations and satellites to model atmospheric pressure, temperature and other factors. Accurate forecasts are important for safety and economic activities.
Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are intense low pressure areas that form over tropical and subtropical waters. They have organized thunderstorm activity and winds circulating counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. Factors like warm ocean waters and low wind shear allow the storms to develop vertically. Impacts of tropical cyclones include heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, and tornadoes that can cause damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and loss of life. During cyclones, precautions such as evacuating low-lying areas, securing property, and listening to weather warnings are important.
The Phenomenon Of Tropical Cyclone
Tropical cyclones—variously defined as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones—regularly impact human populations and periodically produce devastating weather-related natural disasters. The destructive forces of cyclonic winds, inundating rains, and storm surge are frequently accompanied by floods, tornadoes, and landslides.
Hurricanes and Tornadoes
Hurricanes and tornadoes are both powerful storms that can cause damage. Hurricanes form over warm tropical waters and gain strength from moisture and wind convergence. They are categorized based on wind speeds and can be over 500 miles wide. Tornadoes form from thunderstorms and wind shear, have narrower widths, and last only a few minutes though some may be over a mile wide. Both storms require safety precautions like sheltering indoors away from windows.
Deserts of the world
1. The document discusses desert landforms and ecosystems. It describes the key characteristics of deserts including scanty rainfall, high temperatures, and sandy or rocky soils.
2. Several types of deserts are defined based on their geography and climate, including tropical, coastal, and cold deserts. Desert plants and animals are adapted to the harsh, dry conditions through mechanisms like water storage, drought tolerance, and dormancy.
3. The dominant features of desert geomorphology created by wind include sand dunes, mesas, and yardangs. Wind erosion processes like deflation and abrasion shape the landscape. Deserts cover about one third of the Earth's land and are dynamic, sparsely vegetated environments
Monsoons
The document discusses different types of monsoons and their impacts. The southwest monsoon occurs from June to September over southern Asia, bringing warm, moist air and most of the annual rainfall to countries like India. The northeast monsoon affects southeast Asia from November to March, with cold air prevailing. Major storms like Typhoon Haiyan can cause widespread damage from high winds, heavy rains, storm surges, landslides and flooding.
Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert has very harsh environmental conditions for life. Temperatures range from 20 to 45 degrees Celsius, and the ground can become blazing hot from the sun's direct rays. Most animal life is small, nocturnal carnivores or insects. Humans have adapted to the desert by developing dark skin to shield from the sun and tall bodies to minimize water needs. They maintain stable temperatures through sweating but must replace lost fluids to avoid dehydration, which can impact bodily systems. Loose, light clothing and head coverings help humans cope with the desert heat.
3. atmosphere
Focus on the atmosphere of the earth, its layers and composition as well as its functions. Grade 9 CAPS - aligned, text taken from the DocScientia series.
Recommended
Atmosphere and weather
The document discusses the layers of the atmosphere and weather phenomena. It begins by describing the five layers of the atmosphere from the troposphere closest to Earth, to the exosphere merging into space. Weather occurs in the troposphere, which contains most water vapor. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer protecting from UV rays. Thunderstorms form from rapid upward air motion and release heat. Weather forecasts predict future conditions using data from weather stations and satellites to model atmospheric pressure, temperature and other factors. Accurate forecasts are important for safety and economic activities.
Tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones are intense low pressure areas that form over tropical and subtropical waters. They have organized thunderstorm activity and winds circulating counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. Factors like warm ocean waters and low wind shear allow the storms to develop vertically. Impacts of tropical cyclones include heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, and tornadoes that can cause damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and loss of life. During cyclones, precautions such as evacuating low-lying areas, securing property, and listening to weather warnings are important.
The Phenomenon Of Tropical Cyclone
Tropical cyclones—variously defined as hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones—regularly impact human populations and periodically produce devastating weather-related natural disasters. The destructive forces of cyclonic winds, inundating rains, and storm surge are frequently accompanied by floods, tornadoes, and landslides.
Hurricanes and Tornadoes
Hurricanes and tornadoes are both powerful storms that can cause damage. Hurricanes form over warm tropical waters and gain strength from moisture and wind convergence. They are categorized based on wind speeds and can be over 500 miles wide. Tornadoes form from thunderstorms and wind shear, have narrower widths, and last only a few minutes though some may be over a mile wide. Both storms require safety precautions like sheltering indoors away from windows.
Deserts of the world
1. The document discusses desert landforms and ecosystems. It describes the key characteristics of deserts including scanty rainfall, high temperatures, and sandy or rocky soils.
2. Several types of deserts are defined based on their geography and climate, including tropical, coastal, and cold deserts. Desert plants and animals are adapted to the harsh, dry conditions through mechanisms like water storage, drought tolerance, and dormancy.
3. The dominant features of desert geomorphology created by wind include sand dunes, mesas, and yardangs. Wind erosion processes like deflation and abrasion shape the landscape. Deserts cover about one third of the Earth's land and are dynamic, sparsely vegetated environments
Monsoons
The document discusses different types of monsoons and their impacts. The southwest monsoon occurs from June to September over southern Asia, bringing warm, moist air and most of the annual rainfall to countries like India. The northeast monsoon affects southeast Asia from November to March, with cold air prevailing. Major storms like Typhoon Haiyan can cause widespread damage from high winds, heavy rains, storm surges, landslides and flooding.
Sahara Desert
The Sahara Desert has very harsh environmental conditions for life. Temperatures range from 20 to 45 degrees Celsius, and the ground can become blazing hot from the sun's direct rays. Most animal life is small, nocturnal carnivores or insects. Humans have adapted to the desert by developing dark skin to shield from the sun and tall bodies to minimize water needs. They maintain stable temperatures through sweating but must replace lost fluids to avoid dehydration, which can impact bodily systems. Loose, light clothing and head coverings help humans cope with the desert heat.
3. atmosphere
Focus on the atmosphere of the earth, its layers and composition as well as its functions. Grade 9 CAPS - aligned, text taken from the DocScientia series.
The effect of high and low pressure on
High and low pressure areas drive global wind and weather patterns. Near the equator is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), an area of low pressure where warm, moist air rises. This feeds into the Hadley cell circulation, with air sinking at around 30 degrees latitude. Together these form the basis of the three-cell global circulation model, with polar cells and the Ferrel cell in between, that determines wind directions, wind speeds, and the locations of the world's major biomes like deserts.
Moisture and Atmospheric Stability
The document discusses atmospheric stability and its relationship to moisture and weather. It defines stable, unstable, and conditionally unstable atmospheres based on environmental lapse rates. Stability impacts cloud formation and precipitation - unstable air leads to tall clouds and heavy rain while stable air suppresses vertical air movement and yields light precipitation. Daily changes in temperature and moisture content can increase or decrease atmospheric stability.
Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure
This document discusses key components of weather including temperature, humidity, and air pressure. It explains that temperature is a measure of how warm or cold the air is and affects humidity levels. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air, with low humidity feeling dry and high humidity feeling damp. Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down, and is impacted by temperature and humidity with changes in pressure often accompanying weather changes.
What Makes the Wind Blow
The document discusses what causes wind and differences in air pressure. It explains that wind is caused by differences in air pressure as air moves from high to low pressure areas. Differences in air pressure are created by factors like differential heating from the sun, which causes temperature extremes; precipitation processes that generate low pressure as air rises; convection currents in the atmosphere; and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. Specific wind patterns like sea breezes, land breezes, monsoons, jet streams, and Chinook winds are also summarized.
Weather fronts
The document discusses different types of fronts including warm fronts, cold fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. It provides details on their formation, identification, and typical associated weather patterns. Warm fronts have a gradual slope and rising warm air overrides cooler air. Cold fronts have a steeper slope and faster movement as colder air advances. An occluded front is formed when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement with gentle precipitation possible.
Winds storms and cyclones ppt
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere around centers of low atmospheric pressure. They form over warm ocean waters and rely on favorable wind patterns, gaining energy from the ocean. Cyclones can cause heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, and tornadoes, resulting in impacts like flooding, erosion, mudslides and damage to lives and property. The 1999 Odisha cyclone was the strongest ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean with winds of 160 mph, killing about 10,000 people in India.
Water in the World
- 71% of the Earth's surface is made up of water, with 96.5% being ocean water and only 1% being easily accessible fresh water for human use.
- Cape Town, South Africa is facing a severe water crisis as it is projected to become the first major city in the developed world to run out of water in 2018, with residents being restricted to using only 50 liters of water per day.
- Australia's water resources include its Great Artesian Basin, but it faces water scarcity issues due to high evaporation rates and uneven spatial distribution of rainfall across the continent. Proper management of water catchment and resources is needed.
What is a star?
Stars are gigantic balls of hot gases that emit electromagnetic radiation. Their color indicates temperature, from coolest red stars to hottest white or blue-white stars. The Sun is an average-sized yellow star that is the closest star to Earth and the brightest object in the sky. It is a fiery ball of hot gases composed of layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Solar flares and prominences are linked to the sunspot cycle and can last from minutes to months. A star is born in a nebula and dies when it runs out of hydrogen fuel.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense rotating storms that form over bodies of water. They are classified as either extra tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones develop over tropical oceans and organize into a surface-level wind circulation. Cyclones form through a process where air rises and causes winds to rotate faster, forming a large swirling storm. Cyclones can cause damage through strong winds, heavy rain, power outages, injury and loss of life, and destruction of crops and vegetation. Preparation and mitigation efforts are important to reduce risks from cyclones.
Atmospheric circulation-Climatology Chapter
This document summarizes atmospheric circulation and pressure distributions. It describes the single-cell and three-cell models of atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell. It discusses global wind patterns, pressure systems like the subtropical high and Intertropical Convergence Zone, and factors that influence winds like solar heating and the Coriolis effect. It also mentions regional circulation features and pressure systems, ocean currents, and mesoscale and microscale atmospheric phenomena.
Clouds and precipitation
This document discusses clouds and precipitation. It defines evaporation and condensation, and explains how clouds form when air rises and cools to the dew point, allowing water vapor to condense on condensation nuclei. The main cloud types - cirrus, stratus, and cumulus - are identified based on their location in the sky and the weather they predict. The four major types of precipitation - rain, snow, sleet, and hail - are described based on their characteristics and formation processes.
Weather under high and low pressure
High pressure systems create clear, sunny weather as sinking air warms up, reducing condensation. Low pressure systems produce cloudy, rainy weather as rising air cools, allowing water vapor to condense into clouds. When warm and cold air meet, the denser cold air pushes under the less dense warm air, forcing it to rise and cool, creating clouds and potentially rain or snow if the air cools enough. As a depression passes overhead, it brings first a cold front with rain, then a warm sector with some showers, and finally a warm front with more widespread rain.
Cyclone
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
The Water Cycle
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Water can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas and is constantly changing forms as it moves through this cyclic process. The sun provides energy for evaporation and precipitation to occur as water circulates between bodies such as oceans, atmosphere, and land through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. This cycle is crucial as it replenishes and purifies the water supply on Earth.
The Earth's Atmosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a layer of gases surrounding the planet that is held in place by gravity. It notes the atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) and serves important functions like absorbing energy from the sun, protecting the surface from radiation, and supporting life. The document also outlines the main layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
10- ppt notes- severe weather
This document discusses different types of severe weather including thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards. It provides details on the conditions needed to form each type of severe weather, how they are measured, common warning signs, and safety precautions. Thunderstorms require moisture, unstable air, and lifting forces. Tornadoes form from rotating thunderstorms. Hurricanes need warm ocean water and form in tropical regions. Warnings help notify people when severe weather is likely or has been observed.
Air Masses, Global Winds, and Fronts
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology including:
1. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena like weather and climate. Different types of atmospheric "meteors" include clouds, rain, fog, and rainbows.
2. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions while climate refers to long-term average conditions in an area.
3. Air masses form over large areas and take on the characteristics of those regions, like continental polar (cP) air masses which are cold and dry.
4. Global wind systems like the trade winds and prevailing westerlies circulate air globally due to the Coriolis effect from Earth's rotation. Fronts form where different air masses collide.
Introduction to Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It derives from Greek words meaning "earth" , "form" , and "discourse". Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do by studying landform history and dynamics through field observation, experiments, and modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within several related fields and the early studies form the basis of pedology, a branch of soil science. The scope of geomorphology includes describing and interpreting the Earth's relief features from minor landforms to major structures like ocean basins and continents.
Sahara desert
The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of 4.6 million square kilometers in the hyper-arid center of the Sahara Desert. It is surrounded by desert ecoregions that receive slightly higher rainfall and have more vegetation. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest subtropical hot desert, located in Northern Africa between the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It features extremely high temperatures year-round and very low and irregular rainfall, making it one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. The Sahara is home to various wildlife adaptations as well as human populations that have historically relied on nomadic herding and trade routes.
Jet streams
The document discusses jet streams, which are narrow bands of strong winds found in the westerlies in the upper atmosphere. There are typically two jet streams in each hemisphere - a polar jet around 30-60°N and a subtropical jet around 20-30°N. Jet streams form due to temperature differences between air masses and can reach speeds of over 200 knots, influencing global weather and being an important factor for transcontinental flight planning.
Earthquakes revised
Faults form when stresses in the Earth's crust cause rocks to break along fractures. There are three main types of faults: normal faults form when tension pulls rocks apart, reverse faults form when compression squeezes rocks together, and strike-slip faults form when shear forces cause rocks to slide past one another. Most earthquakes occur when built-up stresses are suddenly released as the rocks move along fault surfaces. Earthquake waves travel through the Earth, with P-waves and S-waves causing the ground to shake and damage structures. The resulting shaking can also trigger other hazardous events like tsunamis and liquefaction.
Distributive property in algebra power point
The document discusses the distributive property in algebra. The distributive property allows terms inside parentheses to be distributed so that expressions can be simplified out of order from the standard order of operations. It involves multiplying the number outside of the parentheses by each term inside the parentheses. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the distributive property to simplify expressions.
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The effect of high and low pressure on
High and low pressure areas drive global wind and weather patterns. Near the equator is the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), an area of low pressure where warm, moist air rises. This feeds into the Hadley cell circulation, with air sinking at around 30 degrees latitude. Together these form the basis of the three-cell global circulation model, with polar cells and the Ferrel cell in between, that determines wind directions, wind speeds, and the locations of the world's major biomes like deserts.
Moisture and Atmospheric Stability
The document discusses atmospheric stability and its relationship to moisture and weather. It defines stable, unstable, and conditionally unstable atmospheres based on environmental lapse rates. Stability impacts cloud formation and precipitation - unstable air leads to tall clouds and heavy rain while stable air suppresses vertical air movement and yields light precipitation. Daily changes in temperature and moisture content can increase or decrease atmospheric stability.
Temperature, Humidity, Air Pressure
This document discusses key components of weather including temperature, humidity, and air pressure. It explains that temperature is a measure of how warm or cold the air is and affects humidity levels. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor in the air, with low humidity feeling dry and high humidity feeling damp. Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere pressing down, and is impacted by temperature and humidity with changes in pressure often accompanying weather changes.
What Makes the Wind Blow
The document discusses what causes wind and differences in air pressure. It explains that wind is caused by differences in air pressure as air moves from high to low pressure areas. Differences in air pressure are created by factors like differential heating from the sun, which causes temperature extremes; precipitation processes that generate low pressure as air rises; convection currents in the atmosphere; and the Coriolis effect from the Earth's rotation. Specific wind patterns like sea breezes, land breezes, monsoons, jet streams, and Chinook winds are also summarized.
Weather fronts
The document discusses different types of fronts including warm fronts, cold fronts, occluded fronts, and stationary fronts. It provides details on their formation, identification, and typical associated weather patterns. Warm fronts have a gradual slope and rising warm air overrides cooler air. Cold fronts have a steeper slope and faster movement as colder air advances. An occluded front is formed when a cold front catches up to a warm front. Stationary fronts have little or no movement with gentle precipitation possible.
Winds storms and cyclones ppt
Cyclones are areas of closed, circular winds rotating clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere around centers of low atmospheric pressure. They form over warm ocean waters and rely on favorable wind patterns, gaining energy from the ocean. Cyclones can cause heavy rain, strong winds, storm surges, and tornadoes, resulting in impacts like flooding, erosion, mudslides and damage to lives and property. The 1999 Odisha cyclone was the strongest ever recorded in the North Indian Ocean with winds of 160 mph, killing about 10,000 people in India.
Water in the World
- 71% of the Earth's surface is made up of water, with 96.5% being ocean water and only 1% being easily accessible fresh water for human use.
- Cape Town, South Africa is facing a severe water crisis as it is projected to become the first major city in the developed world to run out of water in 2018, with residents being restricted to using only 50 liters of water per day.
- Australia's water resources include its Great Artesian Basin, but it faces water scarcity issues due to high evaporation rates and uneven spatial distribution of rainfall across the continent. Proper management of water catchment and resources is needed.
What is a star?
Stars are gigantic balls of hot gases that emit electromagnetic radiation. Their color indicates temperature, from coolest red stars to hottest white or blue-white stars. The Sun is an average-sized yellow star that is the closest star to Earth and the brightest object in the sky. It is a fiery ball of hot gases composed of layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Solar flares and prominences are linked to the sunspot cycle and can last from minutes to months. A star is born in a nebula and dies when it runs out of hydrogen fuel.
Cyclone
Cyclones are intense rotating storms that form over bodies of water. They are classified as either extra tropical or tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones develop over tropical oceans and organize into a surface-level wind circulation. Cyclones form through a process where air rises and causes winds to rotate faster, forming a large swirling storm. Cyclones can cause damage through strong winds, heavy rain, power outages, injury and loss of life, and destruction of crops and vegetation. Preparation and mitigation efforts are important to reduce risks from cyclones.
Atmospheric circulation-Climatology Chapter
This document summarizes atmospheric circulation and pressure distributions. It describes the single-cell and three-cell models of atmospheric circulation, including the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and polar cell. It discusses global wind patterns, pressure systems like the subtropical high and Intertropical Convergence Zone, and factors that influence winds like solar heating and the Coriolis effect. It also mentions regional circulation features and pressure systems, ocean currents, and mesoscale and microscale atmospheric phenomena.
Clouds and precipitation
This document discusses clouds and precipitation. It defines evaporation and condensation, and explains how clouds form when air rises and cools to the dew point, allowing water vapor to condense on condensation nuclei. The main cloud types - cirrus, stratus, and cumulus - are identified based on their location in the sky and the weather they predict. The four major types of precipitation - rain, snow, sleet, and hail - are described based on their characteristics and formation processes.
Weather under high and low pressure
High pressure systems create clear, sunny weather as sinking air warms up, reducing condensation. Low pressure systems produce cloudy, rainy weather as rising air cools, allowing water vapor to condense into clouds. When warm and cold air meet, the denser cold air pushes under the less dense warm air, forcing it to rise and cool, creating clouds and potentially rain or snow if the air cools enough. As a depression passes overhead, it brings first a cold front with rain, then a warm sector with some showers, and finally a warm front with more widespread rain.
Cyclone
this is a presentation of cyclone.in this ppt, various types of cyclones are given.its effects, formation, different names, types, emergency response on cyclone is given
The Water Cycle
The water cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Water can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas and is constantly changing forms as it moves through this cyclic process. The sun provides energy for evaporation and precipitation to occur as water circulates between bodies such as oceans, atmosphere, and land through processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff. This cycle is crucial as it replenishes and purifies the water supply on Earth.
The Earth's Atmosphere
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the atmosphere as a layer of gases surrounding the planet that is held in place by gravity. It notes the atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%) and serves important functions like absorbing energy from the sun, protecting the surface from radiation, and supporting life. The document also outlines the main layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
10- ppt notes- severe weather
This document discusses different types of severe weather including thunderstorms, tornadoes, hurricanes, and blizzards. It provides details on the conditions needed to form each type of severe weather, how they are measured, common warning signs, and safety precautions. Thunderstorms require moisture, unstable air, and lifting forces. Tornadoes form from rotating thunderstorms. Hurricanes need warm ocean water and form in tropical regions. Warnings help notify people when severe weather is likely or has been observed.
Air Masses, Global Winds, and Fronts
This document discusses key concepts in meteorology including:
1. Meteorology is the study of atmospheric phenomena like weather and climate. Different types of atmospheric "meteors" include clouds, rain, fog, and rainbows.
2. Weather describes current atmospheric conditions while climate refers to long-term average conditions in an area.
3. Air masses form over large areas and take on the characteristics of those regions, like continental polar (cP) air masses which are cold and dry.
4. Global wind systems like the trade winds and prevailing westerlies circulate air globally due to the Coriolis effect from Earth's rotation. Fronts form where different air masses collide.
Introduction to Geomorphology
Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. It derives from Greek words meaning "earth" , "form" , and "discourse". Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do by studying landform history and dynamics through field observation, experiments, and modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within several related fields and the early studies form the basis of pedology, a branch of soil science. The scope of geomorphology includes describing and interpreting the Earth's relief features from minor landforms to major structures like ocean basins and continents.
Sahara desert
The Sahara Desert ecoregion covers an area of 4.6 million square kilometers in the hyper-arid center of the Sahara Desert. It is surrounded by desert ecoregions that receive slightly higher rainfall and have more vegetation. The Sahara Desert is the world's largest subtropical hot desert, located in Northern Africa between the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It features extremely high temperatures year-round and very low and irregular rainfall, making it one of the hottest and driest places on Earth. The Sahara is home to various wildlife adaptations as well as human populations that have historically relied on nomadic herding and trade routes.
Jet streams
The document discusses jet streams, which are narrow bands of strong winds found in the westerlies in the upper atmosphere. There are typically two jet streams in each hemisphere - a polar jet around 30-60°N and a subtropical jet around 20-30°N. Jet streams form due to temperature differences between air masses and can reach speeds of over 200 knots, influencing global weather and being an important factor for transcontinental flight planning.
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Earthquakes revised
Faults form when stresses in the Earth's crust cause rocks to break along fractures. There are three main types of faults: normal faults form when tension pulls rocks apart, reverse faults form when compression squeezes rocks together, and strike-slip faults form when shear forces cause rocks to slide past one another. Most earthquakes occur when built-up stresses are suddenly released as the rocks move along fault surfaces. Earthquake waves travel through the Earth, with P-waves and S-waves causing the ground to shake and damage structures. The resulting shaking can also trigger other hazardous events like tsunamis and liquefaction.
Distributive property in algebra power point
The document discusses the distributive property in algebra. The distributive property allows terms inside parentheses to be distributed so that expressions can be simplified out of order from the standard order of operations. It involves multiplying the number outside of the parentheses by each term inside the parentheses. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use the distributive property to simplify expressions.
Plate tectonics
The Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that are in constant motion due to convection currents in the upper mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates collide and can cause mountain building, and transform where plates slide past each other. Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift in 1912, and the modern theory of plate tectonics explains how plate motions and interactions have shaped Earth's surface over geological time through subduction, volcanism, earthquakes and mountain formation.
Minerals and rocks final
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
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Distributive property examples (with words)
The document provides examples of using the distributive property to break down word problems and number expressions. It shows how to identify a common term or factor in expressions like "firefly + firetruck" and "20 + 30", then use distributive property to write it as the common term distributing over the terms being added or multiplied, like "Fire(fly + truck)" and "10(2 + 3)". Several practice problems are provided to write expressions like "18 + 24" using this method.
Sexual characteristics blog.ppt
Puberty is when the body matures and develops primary and secondary sex characteristics that enable reproduction. It is triggered by hormones from the pituitary gland signaling the development of genital organs. For males this includes lower voice, more muscles and facial/body hair and for females a higher voice, breasts and wider hips. The male reproductive system produces sperm in the testes which travels through the vas deferens and urethra. The female system produces eggs in the ovaries which pass through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. Fertilization occurs when an egg and sperm unite, forming a zygote which develops into an embryo implanted in the uterus, and later a fetus, in preparation for birth.
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3) The crust is the uppermost layer rich in silica and aluminum. The mantle is the middle layer up to 2,900 km deep where materials are partially molten.
Mcas earth rocks soil weather short 2012
This document provides information about rocks, minerals, and the rock cycle. It begins by defining a mineral as an inorganic substance that is naturally occurring on Earth. Minerals have distinct chemical compositions and physical properties that can be tested, such as hardness, color, and luster. Rocks are composed of combinations of minerals. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, which are formed by volcanic activity, compaction of sediments, and changes caused by heat and pressure, respectively. Minerals and rocks are recycled through the rock cycle as they are weathered, eroded, deposited, buried, heated, and melted.
The earth
The three spheres that make up Earth are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The atmosphere is made up of gases surrounding the planet, primarily nitrogen and oxygen. The hydrosphere consists of all water on Earth, found in oceans, rivers, glaciers, and groundwater. The geosphere is the solid portion of Earth, composed of the core, mantle, and crust, which forms landforms like mountains.
Components Of Environment - FOUR SPHERES OF EARTH
The document discusses the four main spheres or subsystems that make up Earth's system: the geosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and atmosphere. It provides details on each sphere, including their composition and characteristics. The geosphere refers to the solid part of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle. The hydrosphere encompasses all of Earth's water. The biosphere is the region where life exists. The atmosphere is the envelope of air surrounding the planet. The document also examines the layers that make up the atmosphere and interior of Earth.
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- It describes how plate tectonics leads to geological activity at plate boundaries like earthquakes and volcanoes.
- It also explains how tidal forces from the Moon cause Earth's ocean tides and how the Moon synchronously rotates to always show the same face to Earth due to tidal locking during its formation.
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The document describes the components of the solar system and Earth. It states that the solar system consists of the sun and eight known planets that orbit it. It then describes key parts of Earth's interior structure including the core, mantle, crust and atmosphere. The core is made of iron and nickel, the mantle contains most of Earth's mass and magma, and the crust is the thin outer layer. The atmosphere surrounds Earth and contains oxygen and regulates weather.
rahul paritosh
The document summarizes the structure and composition of the Earth. It describes how the Earth formed from collisions of smaller bodies and cooled to form a crust. Below the crust are the mantle, the outer core which is liquid, and the inner solid core. The crust and upper mantle make up tectonic plates that move over time. The mantle is solid rock above but behaves like thick liquid below due to heat and pressure. The outer core generates the Earth's magnetic field through convection currents.
Tuesday subsystem objectiv_efinal
The concept map shows:
- The geosphere influences the hydrosphere through volcanoes melting glaciers and raising sea levels
- The hydrosphere influences the atmosphere through evaporation forming clouds and precipitation
- The atmosphere influences the biosphere through temperature and weather affecting plant and animal habitats
- The biosphere influences the geosphere through organisms breaking down rocks and soil formation
I. b. earth and earth systems
The document discusses the different spheres or layers of the Earth. It begins by describing the Earth and its color compared to other planets. It then discusses the four subsystems that make up Earth and flow of matter and energy between them. It identifies the layers of the Earth and differentiates between them. Finally, it discusses natural waters and the water cycle.
Chapter 1
This document provides an introduction to environmental science, describing the unique characteristics of planet Earth that enable life. It discusses the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The lithosphere contains three main rock types and the hydrosphere is made up mostly of oceans. The atmosphere protects life from radiation and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen. It also contains four layers, including the troposphere where weather occurs. Finally, the biosphere encompasses all life on Earth across the other spheres in a complex network of interactions.
Shells of Earth
The document discusses the four main spheres that make up Earth's systems - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes each sphere and how they interact with each other. The lithosphere is the solid rocky parts of Earth. The hydrosphere contains Earth's water. The atmosphere is the envelope of air surrounding Earth. The biosphere contains all of Earth's living things. Together, these four spheres interact to form complex Earth systems that sustain life.
Geosphere and domains of the earth
The document discusses the four major spheres of Earth - the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. It describes the composition and layers of the geosphere, including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust consists of different rock types and divides into continental and oceanic plates. The mantle is the largest layer and flows due to temperature differences. The core has an outer liquid layer and inner solid layer with extreme heat and pressure. The atmosphere surrounds Earth and consists of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases. The hydrosphere includes all water on the planet across oceans, ice, underground, and vapor in the air. The biosphere encompasses all living things and organic matter on the planet.
EE Chapter 1 "Planet Earth"
This document provides an overview of Planet Earth, including its key components that support life. It discusses the lithosphere (land), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). It explains that Earth maintains a stable temperature suitable for life due to water absorbing and releasing heat. It also notes that air is a mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor. The document then covers the specific layers of Earth's atmosphere and winds. It defines the biosphere as all parts of Earth that support life.
4.-The-Unique-Earth.pptx
This document discusses the four subsystems of Earth: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It describes the composition and structure of each subsystem, including details about Earth's interior, crust, and the different layers of the atmosphere. The subsystems interact through processes and cycles that transfer energy throughout the Earth system, driven mainly by energy from the Sun. Changes in one subsystem can impact the others and their stability.
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The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through the arteries to organs and tissues and returns blood to the heart through veins. Capillaries connect arteries and veins and allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste between the blood and cells. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body.
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The earth blog
- 2. What is the atmosphere? It is the air which surrounds the Earth. This air is a mixture of gases. It is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. There are also small quantities of carbon dioxide, ozone and water vapour. O2 All living things breathe. CO2 Plants need for photosynthesis. CO2 and other gases They are like a blanket which retains the Earth ´s heat. Ozone Filters harmful ultraviolet rays.
- 3. 1.2 THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE The troposphere is the lowest layer. Most gases are in this layer. Plants and animal live here. The stratosphere is the next layer. There is a thin layer of ozone in the upper stratosphere. This is called the ozone layer. As we travell higher, the gases become less dense. In outer space there is no atmosphere.
- 4. 1.3 The weather phenomenaThe principal weather phenomena are precipitacion and wind. Precipitacion is water, such as rain, snow or hail, which falls from the atmosphere to the Earth. Wind is the movement of the air and has different names depending on how strongly it blows. Breezes are gentle winds. Hurricanes are violent winds.
- 5. All the water on Earth makes up the hydrosphere. Water can be … A liquid Water in liquid form covers most of the Earth´s surface. It is found in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes. A solid Water in solid form (snow and ice) is found in the polar regions and mountains. A gas Water vapour, a gas, is found in the atmosphere.
- 6. 2.2 The water cycle The water cycle is the constant circulation of water between the sea, the atmosphere and land. 1 2 4 3 2- Water vapour rises and condenses into drops of water. The water drops form clouds. 3- Water falls form clouds as rain: precipitation. If it is very cold, water solidifies and falls as snow. 4- Water flows over the land and filters into it. It forms rivers and lakes. Some water returns to the sea or evaporates. The water cycle starts again. 1- Liquid water in the sea, rivers and lakes evaporates because of the ehat from the Sun. It becomes water vapour.
- 7. 2.3 The movement of water Waves are the rise and fall of the water ´s surface. They are caused by wind. Tides are the rise and fall of the sea level twice a day. They are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. Ocean currents are the movement of large masses of ocean water in the same direction.
- 8. The geosphere is made up of three layers: The crust is the Earth ´s outer layer. It is made up of solid materials. The mantle is the Earth´s middle layer. It is extremely hot. In some parts, there is magma ( red-hot liquid rock) The core is the Earth´s inner layer. It is extremely hot. It is divided into the liquid outer and the solid inner core.
- 9. 3.2 Rocks and minerals What are rocks? Rocks are natural materials which make up the Earth´s crust. Rocks are made up of minerlas. Minerals are pure. We cannot break them down into other substances. There are hundreds of minerals. Such us diamonds and other precious stones. We can identify each mineral by its density, colour. Hardness and shine.
- 10. 3.3 Types of rock Rocks can bes classified into 3 types depending on how they are formed: Sedimentary rocks Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks They are formed from pieces of other rocks or pieces of living things coal They are formed when magma cools and solidifies. granite They are formed when heat or pressure changes the original rocks. slate
- 11. Volcanoes form in places where is magma. Red-hot liquid rock, just under the surface. When a volcano erupts, internal forces push the magma up through this part. Chimney Crater Magma emerges through this circular opening. Lava When magma reaches the surface is called like this. Cone Layers of lava and ash cool and solidify around the crater forming this part. mantle magma
- 12. Earthquakes are caused by movements of the Earth ´s crust. They can destroy buildings. They can cause avalanches. Earthquakes on the ocean floor produce enormous, destructive waves called tsunamis.
- 13. The action of wind and water. Erosion Transport Sedimentation Is the removal os soil and rocks by wind and water. The sea waves gradually erode a cliff. Is the movement of eroded material. Rivers, seas and the wind carry sand. Is the accumulation of eroded material from other places. Mud settles at the bottom of a river.