The three spheres that make up Earth are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. The atmosphere is made up of gases surrounding the planet, primarily nitrogen and oxygen. The hydrosphere consists of all water on Earth, found in oceans, rivers, glaciers, and groundwater. The geosphere is the solid portion of Earth, composed of the core, mantle, and crust, which forms landforms like mountains.
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
1. Introduction to Marine Science 1.1 Structure of the Earth 1.2 Plate tectonicsantoprabu2
Chapter 1: The Marine Environment,
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the structure of the Earth as core, mantle and crust
(b) outline plate tectonic theory
The presentation aiding the lecture Structure of Earth and its Composition for the course CE 8392 Engineering Geology handled by Prof. Rathnavel Pon for Akshaya College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore
1. Introduction to Marine Science 1.1 Structure of the Earth 1.2 Plate tectonicsantoprabu2
Chapter 1: The Marine Environment,
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the structure of the Earth as core, mantle and crust
(b) outline plate tectonic theory
The Earth is an unusual planet by having bimodal topography that reflects the two distinct types of crust.
Crust is outer part of the Earth and compositionally is consist tow types, continental and oceanic crust.
The oceanic crust is thin (~ 7 km ), and composed from denser rocks such as basalt , younger.
Whereas the continental crust is thick (~ 40 Km), and composed of highly diverse lithologies, and contains the oldest rocks.
The Earth is an unusual planet by having bimodal topography that reflects the two distinct types of crust.
Crust is outer part of the Earth and compositionally is consist tow types, continental and oceanic crust.
The oceanic crust is thin (~ 7 km ), and composed from denser rocks such as basalt , younger.
Whereas the continental crust is thick (~ 40 Km), and composed of highly diverse lithologies, and contains the oldest rocks.
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5. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that
surrounds the Earth
It consists mostly of nitrogen but also contains
oxigen, carbon dioxide and other gases
10. What is the atmosphere?
It’s the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth: Nitrogene, oxygen, carbon
dioxide and others. It has different layers:
Troposphere (17 km)
It’s the layer where living things are found. Contains
weather systems (rain, wind)
Most of the gases are in the troposphere
Mesosphere (85 km)
It’s the coldest layer of the lower atmosphere
This layer protects the Earth from meteors
Outer layers of atmosphere
Outer space
Stratosphere (50 km)
Contains the ozone layer.
The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet light from the
sun and reflects it back into space
13. What is the geosphere?
The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth. It’s made up of
three spheres: The core, the mantle and the crust
crust
core
mantle
14. The crust is the outer layer and it’s
made of rocks and minerals. It forms
the continents, the islands and ocean
floors. We can see landforms here:
mountains, valleys
The mantle is the middle layer and
contains a liquid rock called magma
The core is the inner sphere and it’s
made of iron (liquid and solid). It’s the
hottest part of the Earth
21. We can classify rocks into three
groups:
• Sedimentary rocks: they are
made of sediments (chalk)
• Metamorphic rocks:
(marble)
• igneus rocks:
they form when liquid
magma cools
• igneus rocks:
they form when liquid
magma cools: (basalt)
• Metamorphic rocks:
(marble)
22. There are thousands of minerals on
Earth and we clasify them by their
different properties: colour, hardness
and lustre. Diamonds, galena, talc, are
some examples of minerals
24. What is the hydrosphere?
The hydrosphere is all the water that exists
on the Earth
solid
We can find water in three states
Liquid: saltwater
and freshwater
Only 1% of all
the water
Gas: water vapour
25. A river starts in the source
It forms meanders
It ends at the mouth
The path of a river is called a course. We can divide the course into
three parts: the upper course, the middle course and the lower
course
Small rivers are called tributaries