Teaching Biology for Senior High

Teaching Guide for Senior High School
GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
SPECIALIZED SUBJECT | ACADEMIC-STEM
This Teaching Guide was collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and universities. We
encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Commission on Higher
Education, K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit - Senior High School
Support Team at k12@ched.gov.ph. We value your feedback and
recommendations.
The Commission on Higher Education
in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University

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Commission on Higher Education is
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Published by the Commission on Higher Education, 2016
Chairperson: Patricia B. Licuanan, Ph.D.
Commission on Higher Education 
K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit 
Office Address: 4th Floor, Commission on Higher Education,
C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City 
Telefax: (02) 441-0927 / E-mail Address: k12@ched.gov.ph
Development Team
Team Leaders: Florencia G. Claveria, Ph.D.,
Dawn T. Crisologo
Writers: Doreen D. Domingo, Ph.D., Aileen C. dela
Cruz, Chuckie Fer A. Calsado, Doreen D.
Domingo, Janet S. Estacion, Justin Ray M. Guce,
Mary Jane C. Flores, Nolasco H. Sablan
Technical Editors: Annalee S. Hadsall, Ph.D.
Copy Reader: Caroline H. Pajaron
Illustrator: Ma. Daniella Louise F. Borrero
Cover Artists: Paolo Kurtis N. Tan, Renan U. Ortiz
Senior High School Support Team
CHED K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit
Program Director: Karol Mark R. Yee
Lead for Senior High School Support:
Gerson M. Abesamis
Lead for Policy Advocacy and Communications:
Averill M. Pizarro
Course Development Officers:
John Carlo P. Fernando, Danie Son D. Gonzalvo
Teacher Training Officers:
Ma. Theresa C. Carlos, Mylene E. Dones
Monitoring and Evaluation Officer:
Robert Adrian N. Daulat
Administrative Officers:
Ma. Leana Paula B. Bato, Kevin Ross D. Nera,
Allison A. Danao, Ayhen Loisse B. Dalena
Printed in the Philippines by EC-TEC Commercial, No. 32 St.
Louis Compound 7, Baesa, Quezon City,
ectec_com@yahoo.com
Consultants
THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED WITH THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY. 
University President: Ester B. Ogena, Ph.D. 
VP for Academics: Ma. Antoinette C. Montealegre, Ph.D. 
VP for University Relations & Advancement: Rosemarievic V. Diaz, Ph.D.
Ma. Cynthia Rose B. Bautista, Ph.D., CHED 
Bienvenido F. Nebres, S.J., Ph.D., Ateneo de Manila University 
Carmela C. Oracion, Ph.D., Ateneo de Manila University 
Minella C. Alarcon, Ph.D., CHED
Gareth Price, Sheffield Hallam University 
Stuart Bevins, Ph.D., Sheffield Hallam University

Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
DepEd General Biology 1 Curriculum Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 3: Energy Transformation
Chapter 1: Cell Lesson 11: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Lesson 1: The Cell: Endomembrane System, Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and Extracellular Components . . . 9
Lesson 12: Forms of Energy, Laws of Energy Transformation
and Role of ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Lesson 2: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lesson 13: Energy Transformation Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Lesson 3: Structure and Functions of Animal Tissues and Cell
Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Lesson 14: Energy Transformation Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lesson 15: Energy Transformation Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
120
128
Lesson 4: Cell Cycle and Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 16: Cellular Respiration Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Lesson 5: Transport Mechanisms Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Lesson 17: Cellular Respiration Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Lesson 6: Transport Mechanisms Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 18: Cellular Respiration Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Chapter 2: Biological Molecules Lesson 19: ATP in Cellular Metabolism and Photosynthesis . . . . . 176
Lesson 7: Carbohydrates and Lipids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lesson 8: Amino Acids and Proteins Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Biographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Lesson 9: Amino Acids and Proteins Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Lesson 10: Biological Molecules: Enzymes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Introduction
As the Commission supports DepEd’s implementation of Senior High School (SHS), it upholds the vision
and mission of the K to 12 program, stated in Section 2 of Republic Act 10533, or the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013, that “every graduate of basic education be an empowered individual, through a
program rooted on...the competence to engage in work and be productive, the ability to coexist in
fruitful harmony with local and global communities, the capability to engage in creative and critical
thinking, and the capacity and willingness to transform others and oneself.”
To accomplish this, the Commission partnered with the Philippine Normal University (PNU), the National
Center for Teacher Education, to develop Teaching Guides for Courses of SHS. Together with PNU, this
Teaching Guide was studied and reviewed by education and pedagogy experts, and was enhanced with
appropriate methodologies and strategies.
Furthermore, the Commission believes that teachers are the most important partners in attaining this
goal. Incorporated in this Teaching Guide is a framework that will guide them in creating lessons and
assessment tools, support them in facilitating activities and questions, and assist them towards deeper
content areas and competencies. Thus, the introduction of the SHS for SHS Framework.
The SHS for SHS Framework, which stands for “Saysay-Husay-Sarili for Senior High School,” is at the
core of this book. The lessons, which combine high-quality content with flexible elements to
accommodate diversity of teachers and environments, promote these three fundamental concepts:
SAYSAY: MEANING
Why is this important?
Through this Teaching Guide,
teachers will be able to facilitate
an understanding of the value
of the lessons, for each learner
to fully engage in the content
on both the cognitive and
affective levels.
HUSAY: MASTERY
How will I deeply understand this?
Given that developing mastery
goes beyond memorization,
teachers should also aim for
deep understanding of the
subject matter where they lead
learners to analyze and
synthesize knowledge.
SARILI: OWNERSHIP
What can I do with this?
When teachers empower
learners to take ownership of
their learning, they develop
independence and self-
direction, learning about both
the subject matter and
themselves.
SHS for SHS
Framework

2
Biology I is a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Specialized Subject
taken in the first half of Grades 11/12. Learners go on a journey geared toward the deeper
understanding and appreciation of life processes at the cellular and molecular levels
previously introduced in Grades 7-10. They will also apply basic chemistry and physics
principles as they examine the transformation of energy in organisms.
Implementing this course at the senior high school level is subject to numerous challenges
with mastery of content among educators tapped to facilitate learning and a lack of
resources to deliver the necessary content and develop skills and attitudes in the learners,
being foremost among these.
In support of the SHS for SHS framework developed by CHED, these teaching guides were
crafted and refined by biologists and biology educators in partnership with educators from
focus groups all over the Philippines to provide opportunities to develop the following:
1. Saysay through meaningful, updated, and context-specific content that highlights
important points and common misconceptions so that learners can connect to their real-
world experiences and future careers;
2. Husay through diverse learning experiences that can be implemented in a resource-
poor classroom or makeshift laboratory that tap cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
domains are accompanied by field-tested teaching tips that aid in facilitating discovery and
development of higher-order thinking skills; and
3. Sarili through flexible and relevant content and performance standards allow
learners the freedom to innovate, make their own decisions, and initiate activities to fully
develop their academic and personal potential.
These ready-to-use guides are helpful to educators new to either the content or biologists
new to the experience of teaching Senior High School due to their enriched content
presented as lesson plans or guides. Veteran educators may also add ideas from these
guides to their repertoire. The Biology Team hopes that this resource may aid in easing the
transition of the different stakeholders into the new curriculum as we move towards the
constant improvement of Philippine education.
About this 
Teaching Guide

This Teaching Guide is mapped and aligned to the DepEd SHS Curriculum, designed to be highly
usable for teachers. It contains classroom activities and pedagogical notes, and is integrated with
innovative pedagogies. All of these elements are presented in the following parts:
1. Introduction
• Highlight key concepts and identify the essential questions
• Show the big picture
• Connect and/or review prerequisite knowledge
• Clearly communicate learning competencies and objectives
• Motivate through applications and connections to real-life
2. Motivation
• Give local examples and applications
• Engage in a game or movement activity
• Provide a hands-on/laboratory activity
• Connect to a real-life problem
3. Instruction/Delivery
• Give a demonstration/lecture/simulation/hands-on activity
• Show step-by-step solutions to sample problems
• Give applications of the theory
• Connect to a real-life problem if applicable
4. Practice
• Discuss worked-out examples
• Provide easy-medium-hard questions
• Give time for hands-on unguided classroom work and discovery
• Use formative assessment to give feedback
5. Enrichment
• Provide additional examples and applications
• Introduce extensions or generalisations of concepts
• Engage in reflection questions
• Encourage analysis through higher order thinking prompts
6. Evaluation
• Supply a diverse question bank for written work and exercises
• Provide alternative formats for student work: written homework, journal, portfolio, group/individual
projects, student-directed research project
Parts of the 
Teaching Guide

4
As Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) welcome the graduates of
the Senior High School program, it is of paramount importance to
align Functional Skills set by DepEd with the College Readiness
Standards stated by CHED.
The DepEd articulated a set of 21st
century skills that should be
embedded in the SHS curriculum across various subjects and tracks.
These skills are desired outcomes that K to 12 graduates should
possess in order to proceed to either higher education,
employment, entrepreneurship, or middle-level skills development.
On the other hand, the Commission declared the College
Readiness Standards that consist of the combination of knowledge,
skills, and reflective thinking necessary to participate and succeed -
without remediation - in entry-level undergraduate courses in
college.
The alignment of both standards, shown below, is also presented in
this Teaching Guide - prepares Senior High School graduates to the
revised college curriculum which will initially be implemented by AY
2018-2019.
College Readiness Standards Foundational Skills DepEd Functional Skills
Produce all forms of texts (written, oral, visual, digital) based on:
1. Solid grounding on Philippine experience and culture;
2. An understanding of the self, community, and nation;
3. Application of critical and creative thinking and doing processes;
4. Competency in formulating ideas/arguments logically, scientifically, and creatively; and
5. Clear appreciation of one’s responsibility as a citizen of a multicultural Philippines and a
diverse world;
Visual and information literacies, media literacy, critical thinking
and problem solving skills, creativity, initiative and self-direction
Systematically apply knowledge, understanding, theory, and skills for the development of
the self, local, and global communities using prior learning, inquiry, and experimentation
Global awareness, scientific and economic literacy, curiosity,
critical thinking and problem solving skills, risk taking, flexibility
and adaptability, initiative and self-direction
Work comfortably with relevant technologies and develop adaptations and innovations for
significant use in local and global communities
Global awareness, media literacy, technological literacy,
creativity, flexibility and adaptability, productivity and
accountability
Communicate with local and global communities with proficiency, orally, in writing, and
through new technologies of communication
Global awareness, multicultural literacy, collaboration and
interpersonal skills, social and cross-cultural skills, leadership
and responsibility
Interact meaningfully in a social setting and contribute to the fulfilment of individual and
shared goals, respecting the fundamental humanity of all persons and the diversity of
groups and communities
Media literacy, multicultural literacy, global awareness,
collaboration and interpersonal skills, social and cross-cultural
skills, leadership and responsibility, ethical, moral, and spiritual
values
On DepEd Functional Skills and CHED College Readiness Standards

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL – SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS (STEM) SPECIALIZED SUBJECT
K to 12 Senior High School STEM Specialized Subject – General Biology 1 December 2013 Page 1 of 4
Grade: Grade 11/12 Quarters: 1st to 2nd Quarter
Subject Title: Biology I No. of Hours: 40 hours/10 Weeks per Quarter
Subject Description: This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly life processes at the cellular
and molecular levels. It also covers the transformation of energy in organisms.
Content Content Standard Performance Standard Learning Competencies Code
Cell The learners demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. Cell Theory
2. Cell Structure and
Functions
3. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic
Cells
4. Cell Types
5. Cell Modifications
The learners shall be able
to:
1. construct a 3D model of
a plant/animal/
bacterial cell using
recyclable materials
2. construct a cell
membrane model from
indigenous or recyclable
materials
The learners...
1. explain the postulates of the cell theory STEM_BIO11/12
-Ia-c-1
2. describe the structure and function of major and
subcellular organelles
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ia-c-2
3. distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to
their distinguishing features
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ia-c-3
4. classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and
specify the function(s) of each
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ia-c-4
5. describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation
to carry out specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root
hair)
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ia-c-5
6. Cell Cycle
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
1. characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control
points
STEM_BIO11/12
-Id-f-6
2. describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6 STEM_BIO11/12
-Id-f-7
3. discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis STEM_BIO11/12
-Id-f-8
4. explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis STEM_BIO11/12
-Id-f-9
5. identify disorders and diseases that result from the
malfunction of the cell during the cell cycle
STEM_BIO11/12
-Id-f-10
7. Transport Mechanisms
a. Simple Diffusion
1. describe the structural components of the cell STEM_BIO11/12
-Ig-h-11

b. Facilitated Transport
c. Active Transport
d. Bulk/Vesicular
Transport
membrane
2. relate the structure and composition of the cell
membrane to its function
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ig-h-12
3. explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion osmosis,
facilitated transport, active transport)
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ig-h-13
4. differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis STEM_BIO11/12
-Ig-h-14
Biological
Molecules
Structures and Functions of
Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Nucleic Acids
1. categorize the biological molecules(lipids, carbohydrates,
proteins, and nucleic acids) according to their structure
and function
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ii-j-15
2. explain the role of each biological molecule in specific
metabolic processes
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ii-j-16
3. describe the components of an enzyme STEM_BIO11/12
-Ii-j-17
4. explain oxidation/reduction reactions STEM_BIO11/12
-Ii-j-18
5. determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and
substrate affect enzyme activity
STEM_BIO11/12
-Ii-j-19
Energy
Transformation
1. ATP- ADP Cycle
2. Photosynthesis
3. Respiration
prepare simple fermentation
setup using common fruits
to produce wine or vinegar
via microorganisms
1. explain coupled reaction processes and describe the role
of ATP in energy coupling and transfer
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-1
2. describe the major features and chemical events in
photosynthesis and respiration
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-2
3. explain the importance of chlorophyll and other
pigments
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-3
4. describe the patterns of electron flow through light
reaction events
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-4
5. describe the significant events of the Calvin cycle STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-5

6. differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-6
7. explain the major features and sequence the chemical
events of cellular respiration
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-7
8. distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle,
electron transport system, and chemiosmosis
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-8
9. describe reactions that produce and consume ATP STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-9
10. describe the role of oxygen in respiration and describe
pathways of electron flow in the absence of oxygen
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-10
11. compute the number of ATPs needed or gained in
photosynthesis and respiration
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-11
12. explain the advantages and disadvantages of
fermentation and aerobic respiration
STEM_BIO11/12
-IIa-j-12

Code Book Legend
Sample: STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-12
LEGEND SAMPLE
First Entry
Learning Area and Strand/ Subject or
Specialization
Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics
STEM_BIO11/12
Grade Level Grade 11 or 12
Uppercase Letter/s
Domain/Content/
Component/ Topic
General Biology
-
Roman Numeral
*Zero if no specific quarter
Quarter Second Quarter II
Lowercase Letter/s
*Put a hyphen (-) in between letters to indicate
more than a specific week
Week Weeks one to ten a-j
-
Arabic Number Competency
explain the advantages and disadvantages
of fermentation and aerobic respiration
12

General Biology 1
The Cell: Endomembrane System, Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts, Cytoskeleton, and Extracellular Components
Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of (1) Composition of the
endomembrane system; (2) Structure and function of organelles involved in
energy transformation; (3) Structure and functions of the cytoskeleton; and, (4)
Composition and functions of the extracellular components or matrix.
Performance Standards
The learners shall be able to construct three-dimensional models of whole cells
using indigenous or recyclable materials. The models shall show the following
cell parts: (1) Endomembrane System, (2) Mitochondria, and (3) Chloroplast
Learning Competencies
The learners: (1) explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-1a-
c-1); (2) describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2); (3) describe the structural components of the cell
membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11); and (4) relate the structure and
composition of the cell membrane to its function (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the unit lesson, the learners shall be able to:
• illustrate the structure of the endomembrane system, label its parts, and
understand how the system works
• illustrate the structure of the mitochondria, label its parts, and understand
the importance of the enfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane
• illustrate the structure of the chloroplast, label its parts, and relate these
parts to photosynthesis
• understand the connection of the endomembrane system to other cell
parts such as the lysosomes, peroxisomes, endosomes, and cell membrane
• understand how the extracellular components or matrix determine the
appearance and function of the tissues 
60 MINS
LESSON OUTLINE
Introduction Review on the differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; submission
and discussion of responses to the pre-topic
homework assigned before the lecture.
5
Motivation Brief class activity on prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
5
Instruction/
Practice
Lecture. Board work on cell parts, structure,
and function. Examination of cheek cells and
Hydrilla cells under a microscope. Class
activity on identifying the parts and functions
of the endomembrane system.
40
Enrichment Class discussion on cell size and relationship
of surface area and volume
5
Evaluation Assessment of learners’ knowledge;
assignment of homework for next lecture
5
Materials microscope (slide, cover slip), hand-held
lens, work books, methylene blue, plastic
spoon/popsicle stick, Hydrilla plansts,
colored chalk/white board marker
Resources (continued at the end of Teaching Guide)
(1) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://www.phschool.com/science/
biology_place/biocoach/cells/common.html>
(2) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-
(3) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cells-2-the-
cell-as-a-system/>

INTRODUCTION (5 MINS)
1. Ask the learners to make a recap of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Discuss the learners’ responses to the pre-topic assignment on the functions of the following cell
parts:
• Nucleus
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Apparatus
• Ribosomes
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
3. Present an overview of the cell membrane, its structure, and functions.
4. Define what an ‘organelle’ is and differentiate membrane-bound organelles from non-membrane-
bound organelles.
5. Explain that in eukaryotic cells, the machinery of the cell is compartmentalized into organelles. The
compartmentalization of the cell into membrane-bound organelles:
• allows conflicting functions (i.e., synthesis vs. breakdown) and several cellular activities to occur
simultaneously without interference from each other
• separates the DNA material of the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
• increases the surface area-volume ratio of the cell
6. Encourage the learners to look at the cell as both a system and subsystem. They should develop an
understanding of how the parts of a cell interact with one another and how these parts help to do the
‘work’ of the cell (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cells-2-the-cell-as-
a-system/>)
10
Teacher Tip
The review on the differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is needed
to connect prerequisite knowledge to the
present lesson. Remind the learners that the
cell parts are found in eukaryotic cells.
Remind the learners of the pre-topic
assignment that shall be submitted before
the lecture. This is to ensure the learners
read on the topic before the lecture.
Briefly discuss the structure of the cell
membrane in order to provide basic
knowledge on said structure to the learners.
Do not fully elaborate on this topic since the
structure and function of the cell membrane
shall further be discussed in the succeeding
parts of the lesson.
The cell’s parts should be discussed as a
system, emphasizing on the
interconnectedness of each part to the
others.
To clarify common misconceptions,
emphasize the following to the learners:
• Not all organelles are surrounded by a
membrane.
• The plasma or cell membrane is different
from the cell wall.
• Not all cell parts are present in all kinds of
cells.

MOTIVATION (5 MINS)
Briefly review the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by asking questions to the
learners.
Sample question: What cell parts can be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Discuss
the function/s of each part.
Sample Responses:
• DNA
• Cell membrane
• Protoplasm (nucleoloid region and cytosol)
• Ribosomes
Compare the cell to a big city. Ask the learners what the requirements of the city would be in order for
it to function. Relate these requirements to the parts of the cell. Relate the learners’ responses to the
functions of the different parts of a cell.
Sample responses:
• The city will need power. What generates power for the city? Relate this to the function of
the mitochondria and the chloroplast.
• The city generates waste. How does it minimize its waste? How does the city handle its
garbage? Relate this to the function of the lysosome.
• The city requires raw materials to process into food, clothing, and housing materials. Where
are these raw materials processed? Relate this to the functions of the Golgi Apparatus.
Compare animal cells from plant cells. For the animal cells, scrape cheek cells using a toothpick. Ask
the learners to place the scrapings on a microscope slide and add a drop of water to the scrapings.
Tease the scrapings into a thin layer and cover with a slip. Examine under HPO. Instruct the learners to
draw the cells on their workbooks and to label the cell parts that they were able to observe under the
microscope.
For the plant cells, instruct the learners to obtain a Hydrilla leaf and place it on a microscope slide.
Examine under LPO. Ask the learners to draw the cells on their workbooks and to label the cell parts
that they were able to observe under the microscope. 
Teacher tip
If the number of available microscopes is
limited, ask the learners to group
themselves according to the number of
microscopes available or set-up a
demonstration scope for the whole class
and facilitate the examination of cells so
that all the learners will get a chance to
observe the cells under the microscope.
Orient the learners on the proper use and
care of the microscopes, particularly on
focusing first on LPO before shifting to
HPO.
Cheek cells are very transparent. Adjust the
iris diaphragm or add a small amount of dye
(i.e., methylene blue) to the scrapings.
The learners will only see the cell membrane
and the nucleus. Remind the learners to
draw what they observe. Students may
observe cytoplasmic streaming in the plant
cell.

INSTRUCTION/PRACTICE (30 MINS)
1. Draw the cell membrane on one end of the board.
2. Draw the double membrane of the nucleus (nuclear membrane) on the other end of the board.
3. From the nuclear membrane, draw the reticulated structure of the endoplasmic reticulum. Ask the
learners what the two types of endoplasmic reticulum are and their corresponding functions.
4. Draw the ribosomes as separate units.
5. Draw a DNA and an mRNA. Explain that the mRNA is a copy of the DNA that will be sent to the
cytoplasm for protein synthesis.
6. Explain to the learners that the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to where the ribosomes are
located (i.e., mRNA + functional ribosome)
7. Explain the possible ‘pathways’ for protein synthesis (e.g., within the cytosol or the endoplasmic
reticulum)
8. Draw the mRNA + functional ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum. With a lot of these, the
endoplasmic reticulum becomes a rough endoplasmic reticulum.
9. Draw the formed polypeptide inside the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Discuss the formation of a
cisternae and pinching off as a vesicle.
10. Draw the Golgi Apparatus and then a vesicle from the rough endoplasmic reticulum that travels to
the Golgi Apparatus and attaches to the part which is nearest the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
11. Ask the learners what the function of the Golgi Apparatus is. Synthesize their answers and compare
the Golgi Apparatus to a factory with an assembly manufacturing line.
12. Draw the polypeptide travelling along the Golgi Apparatus stack; pinching off as a vesicle to travel
to the next stack. Repeat the process while increasing the complexity of the polypeptide drawing.
13. On the last stack, explain the ‘pathways’ that the vesicle may follow: become a lysosome through
fusion with an endosome (i.e., formed by endocytosis), or travel to the cell membrane, fuse with it,
and empty its contents.
14. Present the composition of the endomembrane system and discuss how these parts are connected
to each other by structure and by function.
15. Draw the mitochondria and label its parts. Explain the importance of the enfolding (cristae) in
increasing the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Further explain to the class that
Teacher tip
Use chalk or white board markers with
different colors. Explain the structure and
function of each cell part as you draw them.
Explain to the learners that a more detailed
discussion of the structure and functions of
the cell membrane, mitochondria, and
chloroplast will be given in succeeding
lessons.

enfolding is a common structural strategy to increase surface area. As an example, you may draw a
cross-sectional structure of the small intestine.
16. Draw the chloroplast and label its parts. Explain the function that each part performs in the process
of photosynthesis.
17. Discuss the similarities of the mitochondria and chloroplast (e.g., both are involved in energy
transformation, both have DNA, high surface area, and double membranes).income accounts and
lastly, expenses accounts.  
 
Group the learners into pairs. Ask one to draw the endomembrane system as he/she explains it to
his/her partner. Reshuffle the groupings and repeat until all learners have performed the exercise.
ENRICHMENT (30 MINS)
Facilitate a class discussion on why cells are generally small in size. Explain the relationship between
surface area and volume.
EVALUATION (60 MINS
Ask questions to the learners. Sample questions can be found in the following electronic resources:
• (n.d.). Retrieved from< http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=cell-structure-test >
• (n.d.). Retrieved from< http://study.com/academy/exam/topic/cell-biology.html>
Assign a research assignment on this question: How do environmental toxins like lead and mercury
affect the functions of the cell? The assignment shall be submitted one week after this lesson.
RESOURCES (CONTINUED):
(4) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://www.schools.manatee.k12.fl.us/072JOCONNOR/celllessonplans/
lesson_plan__cell_structure_and_function.html>
(5) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cells/endo.html>
(6) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://study.com/academy/lesson/the-endomembrane-system-functions-
components.html>
(7) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26907/>
(8) (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/01Compart.pdf> 
Teacher tip
Assignments should be handwritten.
This strategy is aimed at ensuring that the
learners have read the topic rather than just
copying and printing from a source.

ASSESSMENT
14
Learning Competency Assessment Tool Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Beginnning
to:
1. describe the structure and
function of major and
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
Learner
participation (during
lecture)
Learner was able to
answer all the question/s
without referring to his/
her notes
Learner was able to answer
the main question without
referring to his/her notes
but was not able to answer
follow-up question/s
Learner was able to
answer the questions
but he/she referred
to his/her notes
(1) Learner was not
able to answer the
question/s
(2) Learner read notes
of his/her classmate
Assignment Learner submitted an
assignment beyond the
requirements
Learner submitted a
comprehensive and well-
written assignment
Learner submitted a
well written report
but some responses
lack details
(1) Learner did not
submit an assignment
(2) Learner submitted
a partially-finished
assignment
to:
2. describe the structural
components of the cell
membrane
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11)
Learner
participation (during
practice)
Learner was able to
concisely answer all the
questions
Learner was able to answer
the main question without
referring to his/her notes
but was not able to answer
follow-up question/s
Learner was able to
answer the questions
but he/she referred
to his/her notes
(1) Learner was not
able to answer the
question/s
(2) Learner read notes
of his/her classmate
Laboratory
(Examination of
Animal and Plant
Cells)
Learner submitted
drawings that were
beyond the requirements
Learner submitted drawings
that fulfilled the
requirements (complete
and detailed)
Learner submitted
drawings that were
incomplete
(1) Learner was not
able to submit
drawings
(2) Learner’s drawings
were haphazardly
done
to:
3. relate the structure and
composition of the cell
membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h12)
Examination Learner obtained 90% to
100% correct answers in
the examination
Learner obtained 70% to
89.99% correct answers in
the examination
Learner obtained
50% to 69.99%
correct answers in the
examination
Learner obtained less
that 50% correct
answers in the
examination
Research
Assignment
Learner submitted a
research assignment
beyond the requirements
Learner submitted a
written research assignment
Learner submitted a
well written report
but some responses
lack details
(1) Learner did not
submit an assignment
(2) Learner submitted
a partially-finished
assignment

General Biology 1
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of the
mitochondria and chloroplasts, the organelles involved in energy
transformation.
The learners shall be able to construct three-dimensional models of whole cells
using indigenous or recyclable materials. These models should show the
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
The learners describe the structure and function of major and subcellular
organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2) and distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cells according to their distinguishing features (STEM_BIO11/12 -Ia-c-3)
At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to:
• illustrate the structure of the mitochondria, label its parts, and understand
the importance of the enfolding of the inner mitochondrial membrane
• illustrate the structure of the chloroplast, label its parts, and relate these
parts to photosynthesis
60 MINS
LESSON OUTLINE
Introduction Review of relevant terminologies and
definitions
5
Motivation Understanding of key concepts using real-life
situations
5
Instruction/
Delivery
Discussion and lecture proper 30
Practice Drawing (with label) activity 10
Enrichment Computation of surface area vs volume 5
Evaluation Answering practice questions and homework 5
(1) http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/atp.html
(2) http://www.britannica.com/list/6-cell-organelles)
(3) http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590)
(4) http://www.britannica.com/list/6-cell-organelles
(5) http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590)
(6) http://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-cells/chloroplasts.html
(7) ttp://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590

Facilitate a review of the following concepts:
• Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
• Definition of an ‘organelle’
• Differences between membrane-bound organelles and non-membrane-bound organelles
• Functions of the different parts of a cell
• The endomembrane system
Explain that in eukaryotic cells, the machinery of the cell is compartmentalized into organelles. The compartmentalization of the cell into
membrane-bound organelles:
• allows conflicting functions (i.e., synthesis vs. breakdown) and several cellular activities to occur simultaneously without interference from
each other
• separates the DNA material of the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast
• increases the surface area-volume ratio of the cell
MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES NON-MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES
Nucleus Ribosomes
Smooth ER Centrioles
Rough ER Cytoskeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles and Vesicles
Mitochondria
Chloroplast and other plastids
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
16

Encourage the learners to look at the cell as both a system and subsystem. They should develop an
understanding of how the parts of a cell interact with one another and how these parts help to do the
‘work’ of the cell (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from <http://sciencenetlinks.com/lessons/cells-2-the-cell-as-
a-system/>)
Emphasize to the learners that energy transformation is one of the characteristics of life. This refers to
the ability to obtain and use energy. This characterizes the main function of the mitochondria and the
chloroplasts.
MOTIVATION (5 MINS)
Ask the learners how they understand the concept of compartmentalization. Relate the concept to how
the cell is compartmentalized into organelles.
Compare compartmentalization to the division of a house into a receiving room or sala, kitchen, dining
room, comfort rooms, bedrooms, etc.
Ask the learners why they think a house is divided into several rooms.
A possible response is that partitioning of the house into different parts facilitates the simultaneous
occurrence of several activities without interfering with one another. Also, materials needed for each
activity can be stored at their specific areas. For example, pots and pans are being stored in the kitchen
and not in the bedroom. Beds and pillows are found in the bedroom and not in the toilet/bath.
Explain to the learners that the mitochondria and chloroplasts have a small amount of DNA. Although
most of the proteins of these organelles are imported from the cytosol and are thus programmed by
the nuclear DNA, their DNA programs the synthesis of the proteins made on the organelles’ ribosomes
(Source: Campbell et al). Compartmentalization separates the DNA material of the nucleus,
mitochondria, and chloroplast.
Ask the learners if they have experienced going to a city/municipal hall and if they have observed that
the Mayor, Vice-Mayor, and the City/Municipal Administrator have separate offices. You can use other
examples such as the University President, VP for Academic Affairs, VP for Finance; Philippine
President, Vice President, Senators, etc.
Compare the nuclear DNA to the Mayor and the mitochondrial DNA and chloroplast DNA to the Vice  
Teacher tip
Explain to the learner that this is how the
cell is able to allow conflicting functions
(e.g., synthesis vs breakdown) and several
cellular activities to occur simultaneously
without interference from each other.

Mayor. The Mayor runs the city/municipality but the Vice Mayor also performs functions that are
specific to their positions. They need different offices (or compartments) to avoid conflict in their
functions.
Introduce the concept of surface area-volume ratio/relationship to the learners. Show a fruit to the
learners and explain that the outer surface of the fruit is the surface area. Peel the fruit and show them
what’s inside, explaining that the inside of the fruit is the volume.
Explain to the learners that surface area (SA) and volume (V) do not increase in the same manner. As an
object increases in size, its volume increases as the cube of its linear dimensions while surface area
increases as the square of its linear dimensions.
Example: If the initial starting point is the same: SA = 2; Volume = 2 (Ratio = 1:1)
A one-step increase will result to: SA = 22 = 4 while V = 23 = 8 (Ratio = 1:2)
INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY (30 MINS)
Explain and discuss the nature and functions of the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) to the learners.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)—It is the major energy currency of the cell that provides the energy for
most of the energy-consuming activities of the cell. The ATP regulates many biochemical pathways.
Mechanism: When the third phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial amount of
free energy is released.
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi where ADP is adenosine diphosphate and Pi is inorganic phosphate
Group the learners into pairs. Ask one to draw the endomembrane system as he/she explains it to his/
her partner. Reshuffle the groupings and repeat until all learners have performed the exercise.
 
18
Teacher tip
Select a fruit that can be easily peeled like
calamansi or dalandan
Teacher tip
Ask questions to the learners while giving
the lecture.
If an LCD projector is not available, draw
the structure of the mitochondria and
chloroplast on the board.

Illustration 1: Energy release in Hydrolysis (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from http://scienceaid.co.uk/biology/biochemistry/atp.html)
Illustration 2: Chemical Energy and ATP (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from http://winklebiology.weebly.com/chemical-energyatp.html)
Synthesis of ATP
• ADP + Pi → ATP + H2O
• requires energy: 7.3 kcal/mole
• occurs in the cytosol by glycolysis

• occurs in mitochondria by cellular respiration
• occurs in chloroplasts by photosynthesis
Consumption of ATP
ATP powers most energy-consuming activities of cells, such as:
• anabolic (synthesis) reactions, such as:
• joining transfer RNAs to amino acids for assembly into proteins
• synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates for assembly into DNA and RNA
• synthesis of polysaccharides
• synthesis of fats
• active transport of molecules and ions
• conduction of nerve impulses
• maintenance of cell volume by osmosis
• addition of phosphate groups (phosphorylation) to different proteins (e.g., to alter their activity in cell
signaling)
• muscle contraction
• beating of cilia and flagella (including sperm)
• bioluminescence
Extracellular ATP
In mammals, ATP also functions outside of cells. ATP is released in the following examples:
• from damaged cells to elicit inflammation and pain
• from the carotid body to signal a shortage of oxygen in the blood
• from taste receptor cells to trigger action potentials in the sensory nerves leading back to the brain
• from the stretched wall of the urinary bladder to signal when the bladder needs emptying
In eukaryotic cells, the mitochondria and chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy to other
forms which cells can use for their functions.
Discuss the function and structure of the mitochondria.
20

Mitochondria (singular, mitochondrion)—Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, the
metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars,
fats, and other fuels.
The mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They are considered to be
the ‘powerhouses’ of the cell. As the site of cellular respiration, mitochondria serve to transform
molecules such as glucose into an energy molecule known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP fuels
cellular processes by breaking its high-energy chemical bonds. Mitochondria are most plentiful in cells
that require significant amounts of energy to function, such as liver and muscle cells.
Figure 1: Structure of the Mitochonsdria (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/list/
6-cell-organelles)
The mitochondria has two membranes that are similar in composition to the cell membrane:
• Outer membrane—is a selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria. It is the
site of attachment for the respiratory assembly of the electron transport chain and ATP Synthase. It
has integral proteins and pores for transporting molecules just like the cell membrane
• Inner membrane—folds inward (called cristae) to increase surfaces for cellular metabolism. It
contains ribosomes and the DNA of the mitochondria. The inner membrane creates two enclosed
spaces within the mitochondria:
• intermembrane space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane; and
• matrix that is enclosed within the inner membrane.
Ask questions to the learners on the structure of the mitochondria. A sample question could be: What
is the importance of the enfolding of the mitochondria? The response would be to increase the surface
area that can be ‘packed’ into such a small space.
Discuss the purpose of the mitochondrial membranes.
22

As mentioned, the mitochondria has two membranes: the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.
• Outer Membrane
• fully surrounds the inner membrane, with a small intermembrane space in between
• has many protein-based pores that are big enough to allow the passage of ions and
molecules as large as a small protein
• Inner membrane
• has restricted permeability like the plasma membrane
• is loaded with proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis
• surrounds the mitochondrial matrix, where the citric acid cycle produces the electrons that
travel from one protein complex to the next in the inner membrane. At the end of this
electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is oxygen, and this ultimately forms
water (H20). At the same time, the electron transport chain produces ATP in a process called
oxidative phosphorylation
During electron transport, the participating protein complexes push protons from the matrix out to the
intermembrane space. This creates a concentration gradient of protons that another protein complex,
called ATP synthase, uses to power synthesis of the energy carrier molecule ATP.
Figure 4: The Electrochemical Proton Gradient and the ATP Synthase (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/mitochondria-14053590)
Explain and discuss the structure and functions of the Chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts—Chloroplasts, which are found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis. This
process converts solar energy to chemical energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to drive the
synthesis of organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
The word chloroplast is derived from the Greek word chloros which means ‘green’ and plastes which
means ‘the one who forms’. The chloroplasts are cellular organelles of green plants and some
eukaryotic organisms. These organelles conduct photosynthesis. They absorb sunlight and convert it
into sugar molecules. They also produce free energy stored in the form of ATP and NADPH through
photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are double membrane-bound organelles and are the sites of photosynthesis. The  
22
Teacher tip
Lecture on mitochondrial membranes can
be accessed at (n.d.). Retrieved from
<http://www.nature.com/scitable/
topicpage/mitochondria-14053590>.

chloroplast has a system of three membranes: the outer membrane, the inner membrane, and the
thylakoid system. The outer and the inner membranes of the chloroplast enclose a semi-gel-like fluid
known as the stroma. The stroma makes up much of the volume of the chloroplast. The thylakoid
system floats in the stroma.
Structure of the Chloroplast
• Outer membrane—This is a semi-porous membrane and is permeable to small molecules and ions
which diffuse easily. The outer membrane is not permeable to larger proteins.
• Intermembrane Space—This is usually a thin intermembrane space about 10-20 nanometers and is
present between the outer and the inner membrane of the chloroplast.
• Inner membrane—The inner membrane of the chloroplast forms a border to the stroma. It
regulates passage of materials in and out of the chloroplast. In addition to the regulation activity,
fatty acids, lipids and carotenoids are synthesized in the inner chloroplast membrane.
• Stroma—This is an alkaline, aqueous fluid that is protein-rich and is present within the inner
membrane of the chloroplast. It is the space outside the thylakoid space. The chloroplast DNA,
chloroplast ribosomes, thylakoid system, starch granules, and other proteins are found floating
around the stroma.
• Thylakoid System 
The thylakoid system is suspended in the stroma. It is a collection of membranous sacks called
thylakoids. Thylakoids are small sacks that are interconnected. The membranes of these thylakoids are
the sites for the light reactions of the photosynthesis to take place. The chlorophyll is found in the
thylakoids. The thylakoids are arranged in stacks known as grana. Each granum contains around 10-20
thylakoids.
The word thylakoid is derived from the Greek word thylakos which means 'sack'.
Important protein complexes which carry out the light reaction of photosynthesis are embedded in the
membranes of the thylakoids.  
The Photosystem I and the Photosystem II are  
Teacher tip
If an LCD projector is not available, draw
the structure of the chloroplast on the
board.
Lecture on structure and functions of the
chloroplast can be accessed at (n.d.).
Retrieved from <http://
biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-
cells/chloroplasts.html>.

complexes that harvest light with chlorophyll and carotenoids. They
absorb the light energy and use it to energize the electrons.
The molecules present in the thylakoid membrane use the electrons
that are energized to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space.
This decreases the pH and causes it to become acidic in nature. A
large protein complex known as the ATP synthase controls the
concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space
to generate ATP energy. The hydrogen ions flow back into the
stroma.
Thylakoids are of two types: granal thylakoids and stromal
thylakoids. Granal thylakoids are arranged in the grana. These
circular discs that are about 300-600 nanometers in diameter. The
stromal thylakoids are in contact with the stroma and are in the form
of helicoid sheets.
The granal thylakoids contain only Photosystem II protein complex.
This allows them to stack tightly and form many granal layers with
granal membrane. This structure increases stability and surface area
for the capture of light.
The Photosystem I and ATP synthase protein complexes are present
in the stroma. These protein complexes act as spacers between the
sheets of stromal thylakoids.
PRACTICE (10 MINS)
Group the learners into pairs. Ask one to draw the mitochondria and
label its parts while the other does the same for chloroplast. Once
done, the partners exchange tasks (i.e., the learner that drew the
mitochondria now does the same for the chloroplast).
Reproduce these diagrams without the labels and use these for the
class activity.
To demonstrate how folding increases surface area, ask the learners
to trace the edges of the outer membrane with a thread and
measure the length of the thread afterwards. Repeat the same for
the inner membrane. Compare the results and discuss how the
enfolding of the inner membrane increases surface area through
folding.
24

ENRICHMENT (30 MINS) 
1. Using the figure below, ask learners to compute surface area vs. volume.
2. Draw the table on the board and instruct the learners to write their measurements.

EVALUATION (60 MINS)
Ask the learners to answer practice questions on the following electronic resources:
• http://www.mcqbiology.com/2013/03/multiple-choice-questions-on_25.html#.Vl7Uq3YrLrc
• http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/summer2004/samples02.htm
• http://www.tutorvista.com/content/science/science-i/fundamental-unit-life/question-answers-1.php
• http://www.buzzfeed.com/kellyoakes/the-mitochondria-is-the-powerhouse-of-the-cell#.fajAl0b6o
• http://global.oup.com/uk/orc/biosciences/cellbiology/wang/student/mcqs/ch10/
Possible responses to the homework (Source: Campbell et al, 10th Ed.):
• They have double membranes and are not part of the endomembrane system.
• Their shape is changeable.
• They are autonomous (somewhat independent) organelles that grow and occasionally pinch in two,
thereby reproducing themselves.
• They are mobile and move around the cell along tracks of the cytoskeleton, a structural network of the
cell.
• They contain ribosomes, as well as multiple circular DNA molecules associated with their inner
membranes. The DNA in these organelles programs the synthesis of some organelle proteins on
ribosomes that have been synthesized and assembled there as well.
2. Give out the homework for next meeting.
What are the characteristics shared by these two energy transforming organelles?
Instruct the learners to write an essay on probable reasons for these the shared characteristics of the
mitochondria and the chloroplast. Learners shall submit a handwritten essay on the Endosymbiotic Theory
and how it explains the similarity between the mitochondria and chloroplast.
26
Teacher tip
Clarify to the learners the
misconception that the appearance of
organelles are static and rigid.
Teacher tip
Check the electronic resources on
Endosymbiotic Theory:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=bBjD4A7R2xU (Endosymbiotic
Theory in plain English)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
FQmAnmLZtE

EVALUATION
Learning Competency Assessment Tool Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Beginnning
The learners shall be
able to describe the
following:
1. structure and
function of major and
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-
c-2)
Learner
participation
(during lecture)
Learner was able to
answer all the question/
s without referring to
his/her notes
Learner was able to
answer the main question
without referring to his/
her notes but was not
able to answer follow-up
question/s
Learner was able to
answer the
questions but he/
she referred to his/
her notes
(1) Learner was not
able to answer the
question/s
(2) Learner read
notes of his/her
classmate
Assignment Learner submitted an
assignment beyond the
requirements
Learner submitted a
written assignment
Learner submitted a
well written report
but some responses
lack details
(1) Learner did not
submit an
assignment
(2) Learner
submitted a
partially-finished
assignment
Examination Learner obtained 90%
to 100% correct
answers in the
examination
Learner obtained 70% to
89.99% correct answers
in the examination
Learner obtained
50% to 69.99%
correct answers in
the examination
Learner obtained
less that 50% correct
answers in the
examination
Essay Assignment Learner submitted an
essay beyond the
requirements
Learner submitted an
essay that was
written
Learner submitted a
well-written essay
some details are
lacking
(1) Learner did not
submit an essay
(2) Learner
submitted a
partially-finished
essay

General Biology 1
Structure and Functions of Animal Tissues
and Cell Modification
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of animal tissues and cell
modification.
Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to construct a three-dimensional model of the animal
tissue by using recyclable or indigenous materials.
The learners:
• classify different cell types (plant/animal tissue) and specify the functions of
each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4)
• describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out
specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5)
• present a five-minute report on how the structures of different animal
tissues define their function or show a two-minute infomercial about a
disease that is caused by animal tissue malfunction;
• provide insights, offer constructive feedback, and note areas of
improvement on their classmates’ reports or infomercial 
28
180 MINS
LESSON OUTLINE
Introduction Communicating learning objectives to the
learners.
5
Motivation Class Activity: Pinoy Henyo Classroom
Edition
10
Instruction/
Delivery
Review on the Hierarchy of Biological
Organisation and PTSF; Lesson on Animal
Tissues and on Cell Modfication
95
Practice Class Activity: Reporting on structure and
function of animal tissue or showing of
infomercial on diseases.
60
Evaluation Class Quiz 10
Materials
microscopes, LCD Projector (if available), laptop or computer
(if available), manila paper, cartolina, photos, images, or
illustrations of different types of tissues, drawing materials
(e.g. pens, pencils, paper, color pencils, etc.)
(1) Reece JB, U. L., (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA).

Introduce the following learning objectives by flashing these on the board:
• classify different cell types (plant/animal tissue) and specify the functions of each (STEM_BIO11/12-
Ia-c-4)
• describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized functions (e.g.,
microvilli, root hair) (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5)
Ask the learners to work in pairs and write the learning objectives using their own words.
MOTIVATION (10 MINS)
PINOY HENYO CLASSROOM EDITION
Divide the class into two groups.
Explain to the learners that instead of having the typical one-on-one Pinoy Henyo, only one
representative from each group shall be asked to go to the front and have the mystery word card on
his/her forehead. Only three words shall be allowed from the groups: “Oo”, “Hindi”, or “Pwede”.
Violation of the rules of the game (e.g., communicating the mystery word to the guesser) shall merit
corresponding penalties or disqualification. Assign three representatives per group to guess the
mystery words. Each guesser shall be given one minute and 30 seconds.
At the end of the activity, ask one or two learners what they think the learning objectives of the lesson
will be. Immediately proceed with the Introduction.
Teacher tip
For this particular lesson, start with the
Motivation first (i.e., class activity on Pinoy
Henyo Classroom Edition). After the game,
proceed to the Introduction by
communicating the learning objectives to
the learners.
For the part when the learners have to state
the learning objectives using their own
words, ask the learners to face their
seatmates and work in pairs. If the learners
are more comfortable in stating the learning
objectives in Tagalog or In their local
dialect, ask them to do so.
Teacher tip
Prior to this lesson, assign a reading
material or chapter for this topic. This shall
aid in the facilitation of the class activity.
In choosing the mystery words for the
game, do not limit yourself with the four
types of animal tissues. You may choose
terms that describe the tissue type or even
body parts wherein the tissues are located.
You may also include diseases that are
caused by certain malfunctions on the
tissues.
Make sure to mention the chosen mystery
words in the discussion. This shall help the
learners to understand the connection of
the game with the lesson.
Check how the class behaves during the
activity. If the learners get rowdy, you may
choose to stop the game. Make sure to
warn the learners of the consequences first
before the start of the activity.

Facilitate a five-minute review on the Hierarchy of Biological Organization and on the concept of “form
fits function”, the unifying theme in Biology.
Review on Hierarchy of Biological Organization
1. Discuss that new properties arise with each step upward the hierarchy of life. These are called
emergent properties.
2. Ask the class what the levels of biological organization are. The learners should be able to answer
this since this is just a review. In case the class does not respond to the question, you may facilitate
the discussion by mentioning the first level of the hierarchy.
3. Start with the cell since it is the most basic unit of life that shows all life properties.
cells tissue organ organ system multicellular organism
Illustrate this by showing photos of the actual hierarchy using animals that are endemic in the
Philippines (e.g., pilandok, dugong, and cloud rat).
Review on the unifying theme in Biology: “form fits function”
1. Ask the class what the relation of form (structure) to function and vice versa is
2. Ask for examples of versaingit of life that shows all life properthe torpedo shape of the body of
dolphins (mammals with fishlike characteristics) and the bone structure and wing shape of birds in
relation to flying.
30
Teacher tip
Do not use too much time for the review.
Just make sure to guide or lead the learners
in remembering past lessons. Provide clues
if necessary.
Teacher tip
For the review on “form fits function”, if the
class does not respond well, start giving
your own examples for the students to
figure out this unifying theme.
Make sure to relate structure to function.
Mention the role of fossils in determining
the habits of extinct animals. By doing this,
it shall establish a strong connection
between form and function and shall give
relevance on the study of this connection in
Biology. After this, you may now proceed to
the new topic on animal tissues.

Facilitate a class activity (i.e., observation of cells under a microscope) to illustrate that animals are
made up of cells. This shall be the foundation of the definition of and discussion on animal tissues. The
whole activity and discussion shall last for 90 minutes.
If microscopes are available for this activity, set up the equipment and the slides that were prepared
prior to the activity. Each slide should show one type of tissue (i.e., epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscle tissue, and nervous tissue). Make sure that the labels are covered because the learners will be
asked to name the tissues based on their observations during the discussion.
If there are no microscopes available for the activity, prepare cut-out images, photos, or illustrations
that show the different types of tissues (i.e., epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and
nervous tissue). Make sure that the images, photos, or illustrations are not labeled because the learners
will be asked to name them.
Also, do not immediately identify the type of tissue based on the descriptions that you will be
presenting to the class. The learners will be asked to identify which among the slides under the
microscope or which image, photo, or illustration matches the description of the structure and function
that will be given during the discussion.
After the class activity, proceed with the actual lecture. If a computer, laptop, or projector is available,
show a PowerPoint presentation that shows the description and function of tissues. If there is no
available equipment, you may use flash cards or manila paper where description of structure and
function of the different tissue types are written down. Ask the learners which among the microscope
slides, image, photo, or illustration fits the given information on description and function. After the
learners’ responses, you can flash or show the next slide which shall reveal the image of the specimen
with the corresponding label or type of tissue.
Epithelial Tissue—This type of tissue is commonly seen outside the body as coverings or as linings of
organs and cavities. Epithelial tissues are characterized by closely-joined cells with tight junctions (i.e., a
type of cell modification). Being tightly packed, tight junctions serve as barriers for pathogens,
mechanical injuries, and fluid loss. 
Teacher tip
If microscopes are available for this activity,
allot 20-30 minutes for the observation of
cells. If microscopes are not available, allot
only 10-15 minutes.
Prior to the activity, prepare the slides that
will be put under the microscopes. The
slides shall contain the different types of
tissue. Make sure to focus the slides so that
the learners can observe them clearly.
Give the learners enough time to observe
the specimens and then ask them to draw
on their notebooks what they were able to
observe under the microscopes. Encourage
the learners to write down the description
and function of the specific tissue type as
you go through the discussion.
If microscopes are not available and you
have shown photos, images, or illustrations
instead, ask the learners to draw them on
their notebooks and encourage them to
write down the description and function of
the specific tissue type as you go through
the discussion.
Teacher tip
Prepare the lecture in such a way that you
do not immediately reveal the label of the
images or the terms that are being
described. The learners should first be
asked to identify the images or slides that fit
the description of the structures and
functions. This will make the students more
engaged in the discussion. Always remind
the learners to take down notes while you
flash information for each tissue type.

Cells that make up epithelial tissues can have distinct arrangements:
• cuboidal—for secretion
• simple columnar—brick-shaped cells; for secretion and active absorption
• simple squamous—plate-like cells; for exchange of material through diffusion
• stratified squamous—multilayered and regenerates quickly; for protection
• pseudo-stratified columnar—single layer of cells; may just look stacked because of varying height;
for lining of respiratory tract; usually lined with cilia (i.e., a type of cell modification that sweeps the
mucus).
Figure 1: Epithelial Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.) 
32
Teacher tip
Take note that the part on cell modifications
is incorporated in the discussion on the
structure of the respective cells that make
up the tissue that is being discussed. Give
emphasis on the differences on the features
of the cells that make up the tissue type.
For examples or illustrations of the different
types of tissues, it is better to use an animal
that is endemic in the Philippines or in your
specific region so that the learners can
relate more in the discussion.

Connective Tissue—These tissues are composed of the
following:
BLOOD —made up of plasma (i.e., liquid extracellular matrix);
contains water, salts, and dissolved proteins; erythrocytes that
carry oxygen (RBC), leukocytes for defense (WBC), and platelets
for blood clotting.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER (CTP)—made up of loose
connective tissue that is found in the skin and fibrous connective
tissue that is made up of collagenous fibers found in tendons
and ligaments. Adipose tissues are also examples of loose
connective tissues that store fats which functions to insulate the
body and store energy.
CARTILAGE —characterized by collagenous fibers embedded
in chondroitin sulfate. Chondrocytes are the cells that secrete
collagen and chondroitin sulfate. Cartilage functions as cushion
between bones.
BONE —mineralized connective tissue made by bone-forming
cells called osteoblasts which deposit collagen. The matrix of
collagen is combined with calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
ions to make the bone hard. Blood vessesl and nerves are
found at a central canal surrounded by concentric circles of
osteons.
Figure 2: Connective Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010).
Campbell Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

Muscle Tissue—These tissues are composed of long cells called muscle
fibers that allow the body to move voluntary or involuntary. Movement
of muscles is a response to signals coming from nerve cells. In
vertebrates, these muscles can be categorized into the following:
• skeletal—striated; voluntary movements
• cardiac—striated with intercalated disk for synchronized heart
contraction; involuntary
• smooth—not striated; involuntary
Figure 3: Muscle Tissue (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell
Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)
Nervous Tissue—These tissues are composed of nerve cells called
neurons and glial cells that function as support cells. These neurons
sense stimuli and transmit electrical signals throughout the animal body.
Neurons connect to other neurons to send signals. The dendrite is the
part of the neuron that receives impulses from other neurons while the
axon is the part where the impulse is transmitted to other neurons.
Figure 4: Neurons and Glial Cells (Source: Reece JB, U. L. (2010). Campbell
Biology 10th. San Francisco (CA):.)

PRACTICE (60 MINS)
Divide the class into six groups. Four groups will be reporting on Animal Tissues while two groups will
be creating an infomercial on diseases caused by the malfunction of tissue types. Each infomercial
group shall cover two tissue types.
Each group will be given five minutes to report or show their infomercial. At the end of each
presentation, facilitate a five-minute critiquing of the presentation. Make sure to get feedbacks from
the learners and clarify misconceptions from the reports. The report or the infomercial on diseases shall
not be graded. These will be a kind of formative assessment.Group the learners into pairs. Ask one to
draw the mitochondria and label its parts while the other does the same for chloroplast. Once done,
the partners exchange tasks (i.e., the learner that drew the mitochondria now does the same for the
chloroplast).
EVALUATION (10 MINS)
Ask the learners to group themselves in pairs or in groups of threes. This will allow the learners to
discuss and decide among themselves. However, if a learner chooses to do this activity on his or her
own, he or she should be allowed to do so.
Ask the learners to briefly and clearly answer the following questions:
• What is the importance of having a tissue level in the hierarchy of biological organization? (2 points)
• What do the varying shapes and arrangement of epithelial tissue suggests? (2 points)
• What is the general function of connective tissues? What function is common to all types of
connective tissues? (1 point)
• Why are there voluntary and involuntary muscle tissue functions? (2 points)
• What is the importance of glial cells in nervous tissues? (1 point)
• Identify two cell modifications and describe their respective functions. (2 points)
Teacher tip
Group the learners before starting the
lesson. The reporting may be done the day
after finishing the discussion on Animal
Tissue Structure, Function, and Cell
Modification.
The reports may be presented using a table
which contains columns for tissue type, cell
structures that characterize the tissue, part
of the body where the tissue is located,
function, and importance.
Teacher tip
Assess if the learners are ready to answer
this individually. If they are not yet ready,
this activity can be done in pairs or in
groups of threes. Make sure that you
provide enough time for the group to
discuss their responses. Remind the learners
to answer briefly and clearly.
If you are not comfortable with this time of
exam, a multiple-choice type of evaluation
may also be prepared.
After getting the responses, you may get
feedback from the learners to see if all
members of each group helped or
participated in their small discussions to
answer the short quiz. You may ask learners
to rate the members of their group.

General Biology 1
Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the cell cycle and cell division
(i.e., mitosis and meiosis).
The learners shall be able to construct a three-dimensional model of the stages
or phases involved in the cell cycle using indigenous or recyclable materials.
The learners shall put emphasis on the identification of possible errors that may
happen during these stages.
The learners:
• characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points (STEM_BIO11/12-
Id-f-6)
• describe the stages of mitosis and meiosis given 2n=6 (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7)
• discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-8)
• explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9)
• identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during
the cell cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10)
• Identify and differentiate the phases of the cell cycle and their control
points
• describe and differentiate the stages of mitosis and meiosis given 2n=6
• discuss and demonstrate crossing over and recombination in meiosis
• explain the significance and applications of mitosis and meiosis
• construct a diagram of the various stages of mitosis and meiosis
• identify disorders and diseases that result from malfunctions in the cell
during the cell cycle 
36
90 MINS
LESSON OUTLINE
Introduction Presentation of a simplified life cycle of a
human being or plant
5
Motivation Video presentation of ‘Cell Cycle and Cell
Division’
5
Instruction/
Delivery
Lecture-discussion on the cell through the
use of a PowerPoint presentation, video, or
cell diagram on a Manila paper;
Demonstration of the processes inside the
cell using model materials (e.g., beads,
cords, yarn with different thickness, coins,
etc.); or, Summary of learners’ responses to
questions regarding the video on ‘Cell Cycle
and Cell Division’
60
Practice Class activities or games such as Amazing
Race or Interphase, Mitosis, or Meiosis
Puzzle
10
Enrichment Video presentation or introduction on plant
and animal gametogenesis; Microscopic
examination of an onion root tip
5
Evaluation Written or oral examination 5
Materials
photos of the life cycle or stages of eukaryotic organisms,
yarns of different thickness, cords, beads, coins, pens
(1) Becker, W.M. (2000). The World of the Cell. Addison Wesley Longman
Inc., USA
(2) Mader, S.S. (2011).Biology 10th Ed. Mac Graw Hill Education, USA.

Introduce a simplified life cycle of a human being or plant. Let the learners identify the changes
throughout the different stages and how these organisms grow and develop.
Figure 1: Life Cycle of Man and Higher Plants (Source: (n.d.). Retrieved from http://
www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/postmeio/)
MOTIVATION (5 MINS)
1. Play the video on ‘Cell Cycle and Cell Division’. This video can be accessed at http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6ucKWIIFmg.Divide the class into two groups.
2. Show diagrams of cell division in multicellular or eukaryotic organisms to the class.
38
Teacher tip
Explain to the learners that these eukaryotic
organisms follow a complex sequence of
events by which their cells grow and divide.
This sequence of events is known as the Cell
Cycle.
You can show diagrams or illustrations that
demonstrate the growth or increase in the
number of organisms.
Teacher tip
You can download the video prior to this
session or if internet connection is available
during class, you can just make use of the
hyperlink to play the video. To access the
video through the hyperlink, simply hold the
Control (Ctrl) Key on the keyboard and click
on the hyperlink.
You should ask the learners thought-
provoking questions about the video and
relate it to the lesson.

Facilitate a lecture-discussion on the general concepts of cell division.
Cell Division—involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to two daughter cells.
What is most remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without dilution or error,
from one generation to the next. Cell Division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.
Core Concepts:
• All organisms consist of cells and arise from preexisting cells.
• Mitosis is the process by which new cells are generated.
• Meiosis is the process by which gametes are generated for reproduction.
• The Cell Cycle represents all phases in the life of a cell.
• DNA replication (S phase) must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same
complement of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• The gap phases separate mitosis from S phase. This is the time when molecular signals mediate the
switch in cellular activity.
• Mitosis involves the separation of copied chromosomes into separate cells.
• Unregulated cell division can lead to cancer.
• Cell cycle checkpoints normally ensure that DNA replication and mitosis occur only when conditions
are favorable and the process is working correctly.
• Mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins can lead to unregulated growth, resulting in
tumor formation and ultimately invasion of cancerous cells to other organs.
The Cell Cycle control system is driven by a built-in clock that can be adjusted by external stimuli (i.e.,
chemical messages).
Checkpoint—a critical control point in the Cell Cycle where ‘stop’ and ‘go-ahead’ signals can regulate
the cell cycle.
• Animal cells have built-in ‘stop’ signals that halt the cell cycles and checkpoints until
overridden by ‘go-ahead’ signals.
• Three major checkpoints are found in the G1, G2, and M phases of the Cell Cycle.
38
Teacher tip
Note the learners’ responses to questions
about the video compared to the expected
responses. The expected responses are the
concepts listed in the Instruction / Delivery
part.

The G1 Checkpoint—the Restriction Point
• The G1 checkpoint ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the
resulting daughter cells.
• If a cell receives a ‘go-ahead’ signal at the G1 checkpoint, it will usually continue with the Cell Cycle.
• If the cell does not receive the ‘go-ahead’ signal, it will exit the Cell Cycle and switch to a non-dividing state called G0.
• Most cells in the human body are in the G0 phase.
The G2 Checkpoint—ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed.
The Metaphase Checkpoint—ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.
Kinase—a protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them. Kinases give the ‘go-ahead’ signals at the
G1 and G2 checkpoints. The kinases that drive these checkpoints must themselves be activated.
• The activating molecule is a cyclin, a protein that derives its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell.
Because of this requirement, these kinases are called cyclin-dependent kinases or CDKs.
• Cyclins accumulate during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the Cell Cycle.
• By the G2 checkpoint, enough cyclin is available to form MPF complexes (aggregations of CDK and cyclin) which initiate
mitosis.
• MPF functions by phosphorylating key proteins in the mitotic sequence.
• Later in mitosis, MPF switches itself off by initiating a process which leads to the destruction of cyclin.
• CDK, the non-cyclin part of MPF, persists in the cell as an inactive form until it associates with new cyclin molecules
synthesized during the interphase of the next round of the Cell Cycle.
Discuss the stages of mitosis and meiosis.
Mitosis (apparent division)—is nuclear division; the process by which the nucleus divides to produce two new nuclei. Mitosis results in two
daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parental cell from which they came.
Cytokinesis—is the division of the cytoplasm. Both mitosis and cytokinesis last for around one to two hours.
Prophase—is the preparatory stage, During prophase, centrioles move toward opposite sides of the nucleus.

• The initially indistinct chromosomes begin to condense into visible threads.
• Chromosomes first become visible during early prophase as long, thin, and
intertwined filaments but by late prophase, chromosomes are more compacted and
can be clearly discerned as much shorter and rod-like structures.
• As the chromosomes become more distinct, the nucleoli also become more
distinct. By the end of prophase, the nucleoli become less distinct, often
disappearing altogether.
Metaphase—is when chromosomes become arranged so that their centromeres become aligned in
one place, halfway between the two spindle poles. The long axes of the chromosomes are 90 degrees
to the spindle axis. The plane of alignment is called the metaphase plate.
Anaphase—is initiated by the separation of sister chromatids at their junction point at the centromere.
The daughter chromosomes then move toward the poles.
Telophase—is when daughter chromosomes complete their migration to the poles. The two sets of
progeny chromosomes are assembled into two-groups at opposite ends of the cell. The chromosomes
uncoil and assume their extended form during interphase. A nuclear membrane then forms around
each chromosome group and the spindle microtubules disappear. Soon, the nucleolus reforms.
Meiosis—reduces the amount of genetic information. While mitosis in diploid cells produces
daughter cells with a full diploid complement, meiosis produces haploid gametes or spores with only
one set of chromosomes. During sexual reproduction, gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute
the diploid complement found in parental cells. The process involves two successive divisions of a
diploid nucleus.
First Meiotic Division
The first meiotic division results in reducing the number of chromosomes (reduction division). In most
cases, the division is accompanied by cytokinesis.
40
Teacher tip
You may show diagrams or a video
demonstrating animal and plant mitosis. The
video can be accessed at http://
www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/
mitostage/

Prophase I—has been subdivided into five substages: leptonema, zygonema, pachynema, diplonema, and diakinesis.
• Leptonema—Replicated chromosomes have coiled and are already visible. The number of chromosomes present is the same
as the number in the diploid cell.
• Zygonema—Homologue chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner. The pairing is
called synapsis. And because the pair consists of four chromatids it is referred to as bivalent tetrad.
• Pachynema—Chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. A form of physical exchange between homologues takes
place at specific regions. The process of physical exchange of a chromosome region is called crossing-over. Through the
mechanism of crossing-over, the parts of the homologous chromosomes are recombined (genetic recombination).
• Diplonema—The two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other. It is at this point where crossing-over is
shown to have taken place. The area of contact between two non-sister chromatids, called chiasma, become evident.
• Diakinesis—The four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed and the chiasma often terminalize or move down
the chromatids to the ends. This delays the separation of homologous chromosomes.
In addition, the nucleoli disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.
Metaphase I—The spindle apparatus is completely formed and the microtubules are attached to the centromere regions of the homologues.
The synapsed tetrads are found aligned at the metaphase plate (the equatorial plane of the cell) instead of only replicated chromosomes.
Anaphase I—Chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate toward the opposite poles. The sister chromatids (dyads) remain attached at
their respective centromere regions.
Telophase I—The dyads complete their migration to the poles. New nuclear membranes may form. In most species, cytokinesis follows,
producing two daughter cells. Each has a nucleus containing only one set of chromosomes (haploid level) in a replicated form.
Second Meiotic Division
The events in the second meiotic division are quite similar to mitotic division. The difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes that
each daughter cell receives. While the original chromosome number is maintained in mitosis, the number is reduced to half in meiosis.
Prophase II—The dyads contract.
Metaphase II—The centromeres are directed to the equatorial plate and then divide.
Anaphase II—The sister chromatids (monads) move away from each other and migrate to the opposite poles of the spindle fiber.
Telophase II—The monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. A nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
and cytokinesis follows. The chromosomes uncoil and extend.

Cytokinesis—The telophase stage of mitosis is accompanied by cytokinesis. The two nuclei are
compartmentalized into separate daughter cells and complete the mitotic cell division process. In
animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by the formation of a constriction in the middle of the cell until two
daughter cells are formed. The constriction is often called cleavage, or cell furrow. However, in most
plant cells this constriction is not evident. Instead, a new cell membrane and cell wall are assembled
between the two nuclei to form a cell plate. Each side of the cell plate is coated with a cell wall that
eventually forms the two progeny cells.
Table 1: Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis (Source: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/spring/
WebReadings/PdfReadings/TABLE_COMPARING_MITOSIS_AND.pdf)
42
Teacher tip
You can show a tabular comparison
between mitosis and meiosis to point the
significance of the two types of division.
Divide the class into two groups and ask
them about their opinions on the
applications of mitosis and meiosis.
The following could be possible responses:
Significance of mitosis for sexual
reproduction: Mitosis is important for
sexual reproduction indirectly. It allows the
sexually reproducing organism to grow and
develop from a single cell into a sexually
mature individual. This allows organisms to
continue to reproduce through the
generations.
Significance of Meiosis and Chromosome
Number: Chromosomes are the cell's way
of neatly arranging long strands of DNA.
Non-sex cells have two sets of
chromosomes, one set from each parent.
Meiosis makes sex cells with only one set of
chromosomes. For example, human cells
have 46 chromosomes, with the exception
of sperm and eggs, which contain only 23
chromosomes each. When a sperm cell
fertilizes an egg, the 23 chromosomes from
each sex cell combine to make a zygote, a
new cell with 46 chromosomes. The zygote
is the first cell in a new individual.
Meiosis Mitosis
1. Requires two nuclear divisions 1. Requires one nuclear division
2. Chromosomes synapse and cross
over
2. Chromosomes do not synapse nor cross
over
3. Centromeres survive Anaphase I 3. Centromeres dissolve in mitotic anaphase
4. Halves chromosome number 4. Preserves chromosome number
5. Produces four daughter nuclei 5. Produces two daughter nuclei
6. Produces daughter cells genetically
different from parent and each other
6. Produces daughter cells genetically
identical to parent and to each other
7. Used only for sexual reproduction 7. Used for asexual reproduction and
growth

Table 2: Meiosis compared to Mitosis
Facilitate a discussion on disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the
cell cycle. Present some diagrams or illustrations on some errors in mitosis and allow the learners to
predict possible outcomes, diseases, or disorders that may happen:
• incorrect DNA copy (e.g., cancer)
• chromosomes are attached to string-like spindles and begin to move to the middle of the cell (e.g.,
Down Syndrome, Alzheimer’s, and Leukemia) 
Meiosis I compared to Mitosis Meiosis II compared to Mitosis
Meiosis I Mitosis Meiosis II Mitosis
Prophase I Prophase Prophase II Prophase
Pairing of homologous
chromosomes
No pairing of
chromosomes
No pairing of
chromosomes
No pairing of
chromosomes
Metaphase I Metaphase Metaphase II Metaphase
Bivalents at metaphase
plate
Duplicated
chromosomes at
metaphase plate
Haploid number of
duplicated
chromosomes at
metaphase plate
Diploid number
of duplicated
chromosomes at
metaphase plate
Anaphase I Anaphase Anaphase II Anaphase
Homologues of each
bivalent separate and
duplicated
chromosomes move to
poles
Sister chromatids
separate, becoming
daughter
chromosomes that
move to the poles
Sister chromatids
separate, becoming
daughter
chromosomes that
move to the poles
Sister chromatids
separate
becoming
daughter
chromosomes
that move to the
poles
Telophase I Telophase Telophase II Telophase
Two haploid daughter
cells not identical to the
parent cell
Two diploid
daughter cells,
identical to the
parent cell
Four haploid
daughter cells not
genetically identical
Two diploid
daughter cells,
identical to the
parent cell
Teacher tip
Significance of Meiosis for Diversity:
One of the benefits of sexual reproduction
is the diversity it produces within a
population. That variety is a direct product
of meiosis. Every sex cell made from meiosis
has a unique combination of chromosomes.
This means that no two sperm or egg cells
are genetically identical. Every fertilization
event produces new combinations of traits.
This is why siblings share DNA with parents
and each other, but are not identical to one
another.
Teacher tip
You may show a video that demonstrates
how crossing over and recombination of
chromosomes occur. The video can be
accessed at http://
highered.mheducation.com/sites/
9834092339/student_view0/chapter11/
meiosis_with_crossing_over.html.s

Other chromosome abnormalities:
• arise from errors in meiosis, usually meiosis I;
• occur more often during egg formation (90% of the time) than during sperm formation;
• become more frequent as a woman ages.
• Aneuploidy—is the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. It is the most common chromosome
abnormality. It is caused by non-disjunction, the failure of chromosomes to correctly separate:
• homologues during meiosis I or
• sister chromatids during meiosis II
PRACTICE (10 MINS)
Facilitate games like Amazing Race, Interphase/Mitosis/Meiosis Puzzle in the class.
1. The Amazing Race follows a series of stations or stages with challenges that the learners have to
accomplish. Divide the class into groups after the discussion. The number of groups will depend on the
number of stages or phases in the process (i.e., interphase, mitosis, or meiosis).
2. The groups will race to accomplish the tasks in five stations. In each station, the learners will assemble
given materials to illustrate stages or phases of events in the specific process (i.e., interphase, mitosis,
or meiosis).
ENRICHMENT (5 MINS)
1. Instruct the learners to watch additional videos on cell division.
2. Introduce animal and plant gametogenesis to the learners in order for them to appreciate the
significance of cell division.
3. Facilitate microscopic examination of onion root tip.
EVALUATION (5 MINS)
Facilitate the accomplishment of a self-assessment checklist.
44
Teacher tip
Encourage the learners to actively
participate in the challenge. You may
give extra points to those who will
finish first.
A number of good videos have the
stages or phases made into a rap or a
song. One such example is the video
entitled Cell Division Song Spongebob
that can be accessed at
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=9nsRufogdoI. Encourage each group
to brainstorm and point out their
perceptions of the videos.
A video on animal and plant
gametogenesis can be accessed at
http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/
12_05.html.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
Books:
1. Raven, P. a. (2001). Biology 6th Ed. The McGraw Hill Company, USA
2. Reece, J. B. (2013). Campbell Biology, 10th Ed. Pearson Education, Inc. United States of America. 
Electronic Resources:
3. (n.d.). Retrieved from Bright Hub Education: http://www.brighthubeducation.com/middle-school-science-lessons/94267-three-activities-for-
teaching-cell-cycles/#
4. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect16.htm
5. (n.d.). Retrieved from MH Education: http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/9834092339/student_view0/chapter11/
meiosis_with_crossing_over.html
6. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/meiostage/
7. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://csls-text.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/active/12_05.html
8. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://education.seattlepi.com/biological-significance-mitosis-meiosis-sexual-reproduction-5259.htm

General Biology 1
Transport Mechanisms Pt.1
Content Standards
The learners demonstrate an understanding of Transport Mechanisms:
Simple Diffusion, Facilitated Transport, Active Transport, and Bulk/Vesicular
Transport
The learners shall be able to construct a cell membrane model from indigenous
or recyclable materials.
The learners:
• describe the structural components of the cell membrane
(STEM_BIO11/12–Ig-h-11)
• relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)
• explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
transport, active transport) (STEM_BIO11/12–Ig-h-13)
• differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-14)
• describe and compare diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport and active
transport
• explain factors that affect the rate of diffusion across a cell membrane
• predict the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic environments on
osmosis in animal cells
• differentiate endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis) and exocytosis 
46
480 MINS
LESSON OUTLINE
Introduction Visualization of the plasma membrane and its
functions
30
Motivation Simple group activity and brief reporting 60
Instruction/
Delivery
Discussion and lecture proper 120
Practice Answering practice/guide questions 45
Enrichment Essay and concept map writing 45
Evaluation Designing a model of a plasma
membrane using recyclable or
indigenous materials
180
Materials
pen, paper, salt, water, recycled or indigenous materials
Resources
(1) Campbell, N. J. (n.d.).
(2) Campbell, N. e. (2008). Biology 8th edition. Pearson International
Edition. Pearson/Benjamin.
(3) Freeman, S. (2011). Biological Science 4th edition International Edition.
Benjamin Cummings Publishing.
(4) Hickman, C. L. (2011). Integrated Principles of Zoology 15th edition.
McGraw Hill Co., Inc.

1. Before this lesson, ask the learners to read about the topic on transport of materials across
membranes.
2. Introduce the topic by providing the learners with background information.  
In order for the cell to stay alive, it must meet the characteristics of life which include taking
nutrients in and eliminating wastes and other by-products of metabolism. Several mechanisms allow
cells to carry out these processes. All of the cell’s activities are in one way or another tied to the
membrane that separates its interior from the environment.
3. Ask the learners how they understand and visualize a plasma membrane and what characteristics
are essential for it to perform its function.
4. Ask the learners to identify the different mechanisms on how materials are transported in and out of
the cell.
MOTIVATION (60 MINS)
1. Divide the learners into groups and ask them the following question: “What comes to your mind
when you see a 20 year old man who is 7.5 ft. tall and 3.5 ft. tall man of the same age?” Among
their respective groups, let the learners discuss the similarities and differences between the two.
(Hint: Give students a clue by giving them the giant and pygmy as examples).
2. Ask a representative from each group to report the result of their discussion to the whole class.
3. Before the start of the lesson on diffusion, spray an air freshener in one corner of the room and ask
the learners to raise their hands if they have smelled the scent of the spray.
4. Ask the learners what they have observed. Who smelled the scent first? Who are the last ones to
smell the scent? How would you explain the phenomenon wherein learners in the same classroom
smelled the spray at different times?
1. Show an illustration of a plasma membrane to the learners.
2. Ask the learners to describe the plasma membrane.
3. Discuss the importance of the plasma membrane and how indispensable it is to the life of the cell.
4. Explain how plasma membranes are arranged in the presence of water.
5. Let the learners enumerate the structures found in a plasma membrane. 
Teacher tip
Different responses to the question will be
drawn from students. Their responses will
depend on what aspect they are looking
into.
Acknowledge the responses of the learners.
Point out and explain that the two men are
both abnormal. Their growths are abnormal
such that one is too big in size and the
other one is too small. Both men have
defective membranes. Insufficient amount
of growth hormones pass through a
pygmy’s body while an excessive amount of
growth hormones is released in a giant.

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