This document summarizes key concepts in bioenergetics and cellular respiration. It discusses how living organisms obtain and use energy through redox reactions and electron carriers like ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are introduced as the two main pathways of energy transformation. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The document aims to explain the basic processes of how energy is transformed and utilized in living cells and organisms.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
About how cellular respiration occurs in Mitochondria, it discusses first the parts and functions of mitochondrion then the types of respiration and the 3 processes occurs in aerobic respiration.
This presentation is about bioenergetics. It talks about energy changes and equilibrium during different biological reactions, how exergonic and endergonic reactions are combined as sequential reactions in body, how the body system is following the law of thermodynamics etc. Role of enzymes in thermodynamics is also explained
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
This presentation is about bioenergetics. It talks about energy changes and equilibrium during different biological reactions, how exergonic and endergonic reactions are combined as sequential reactions in body, how the body system is following the law of thermodynamics etc. Role of enzymes in thermodynamics is also explained
Detailed description of photosynthesis and respiration along with a recap on enzymes (SIMPLIFIED)
For a good insight on bioenergetics visit http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
Components of an Ecosystem - Classroom Observation (flow) for 7th GradersLouie Jane Eleccion, LPT
How should you conceptualize your classroom observation in a pandemic school year? Make sure to localize your resources/activities in a way that your students will not be exposed or be in contact with the crowd.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
8. Redox Reactions
•Removal of an electron from a molecule, results in
decreased potential energy, and its addition increases the
potential energy of the other.
•Most of the energy stored in atoms and used to fuel cell
function is in the form of high-energy electrons.
•The transfer of energy in the form of electrons allows the
cell to transfer and use energy in an incremental fashion.
9. ELECTRON CARRIERS
•In living systems, a small class of compounds
functions as electrons.
•They bind and carry high-energy electrons
between compounds in pathways.
•They are derived from the B vitamin group and
are derivatives of nucleotide.
15. •A living cell cannot store significant amounts of energy
•Excess energy would result in an excessive thermal
condition that could damage and destroy the cell.
•A cell must be able to handle that energy in a way that
enables the cell to store energy and release it for use
only as needed.
16.
17. •When ATP is broken down, usually by removal of its
terminal phosphate group, energy is released—which
energy is used by our cells to do work. Usually by the
released phosphate binds to another molecule,
activating it.
•Phosphoanhydride bonds – between phosphate
groups of ATP.
20. •Hydrolysis – water is split, resulting hydrogen atom
and hydroxyl group.
•The hydrolysis of ATP produces ADP (Adenosine
diphosphate), with an inorganic phosphate ion (Pi)
and the release of free energy. Hydrolysis is
reversible!
21. •To carry out life processes, ATP is continuously
broken down into ADP.
•ADP is continuously regenerated into ATP by the
reattachment of a third phosphate group.
ENERGY FROM ATP
22. Where does this energy come from?
•In nearly every living thing on earth, the energy
comes from the metabolism of glucose.
•ATP is a direct link between the limited set of
exergonic pathways of glucose catabolism and the
multitude of endergonic pathways that power living
cells.
24. Catabolism
•Larger molecules broken down into smaller ones
--Stages 1-4 (Digestion; Formation of Acetyl CoA;
Citric Acid Cycle; Electron Transport Chain &
Oxidative Phosphorylation)
•Releases energy (may be stored temporarily as ATP)
•Ex. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
25. •Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that
participates in many biochemical reactions in
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
•Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the
citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for
production.
28. Introduction
•From the Greek…
PHOTO = produced by light
SYNTHESIS = a whole made of parts put together.
Definition: PHOTOSYNTHESIS is the process whereby plants, algae,
some bacteria, use the energy of the sun to synthesize organic
compounds (sugars) from inorganic compounds (CO2 and water).
29. Importance
PHOTOSYNTHESIS is one of the most important
biological process on earth!
• Provides the oxygen we breathe
• Consumes much of the CO2
• Food
• Energy
30. 2 Processes of Photosynthesis
• Light-dependent Reaction
-Energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is
converted into stored chemical energy.
-Occurs in the thylakoid lumen.
• Light-independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
- Chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drive
the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.
- Occurs in the chloroplast stroma.
38. 3 STAGES:
•GLYCOLYSIS – breaking down of glucose
•THE KREB’S CYCLE - produces NADH and
FADH2 for ETC and fuels production of ATP.
•ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
39.
40. GLYCOLYSIS (Summary)
• Anaerobic process (requires NO OXYGEN)
• Occurs in the cell’s cytoplasm.
• Invests 2 molecules of ATP in order to work (split glucose into half).
• Energy return of 4 ATP molecules.
• But the ATP Net Yield is only 2 since the process invests 2 ATP
molecules at the beginning of glycolysis.
• Produces 2 NADH molecules (which will enter ETC).
• Also produces 2 pyruvate molecules/pyruvic acid (which will enter The
Kreb’s Cycle).
41.
42. THE KREB’S CYCLE (Summary)
• Aerobic process (Requires Oxygen)
• Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell.
• Needs the pyruvate from glycolysis to start the process, together with
Acetyl Co-enzyme A.
• Two CO2 and 2 NADH will be released –prep stage.
• Acetyl Co-A combines with Oxaloacetate to make citrate/citric acid.
• Uses FAD+ electron carrier which is reduced to FADH+
• Produce 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
43.
44. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Aerobic process (Requires Oxygen!)
• Occurs in the mitochondrial inner folding (cristae).
• Uses four complexes to transport electrons creating proton
gradient (H+) to generate the function of ATP Synthase.
• Requires NADH and FADH2 molecules to generate 34 ATPs.
45.
46. Don't let your teacher affect your love for science. You
can be a scientist outside of the classroom too. Be
your own teacher. Keep your love of learning and you
will do just fine.
ENJOY THE VIDEOS!
Editor's Notes
This involves cellular processes such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through stepwise chemical reactions. Some of these chemical reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas other requires energy to proceed.
We use great deal of energy while thinking and even during sleeping. In fact, the living cells constantly use energy.
Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways and most of these pathways are combinations of OXIDATION and REDUCTION.
Since they occur together, these pairs of electrons are called Redox Reactions.
There are eight types of vitamin B: thiamin (B1), riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), folate (called folic acid when included in supplements), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin).
Get all eight B vitamins from a variety of foods: Whole grains (brown rice, barley, millet), Meat (red meat, poultry, fish), Eggs and dairy products (milk, cheese), Legumes (beans, lentils), Seeds and nuts (sunflower seeds, almonds), Dark, leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach, kai lan)
These are the compounds that can be easily reduced (they accept electrons) or oxidized (they lose electrons).
NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) – derived from vitamin B, Niacin (lowers cholesterol, ease arthritis and boost brain function)
NAD+ (Oxidized from) – can accept electrons from an organic molecule; NADH (Reduced form)
Another variation of NAD, NADP, contains an extra phosphate group.
Similarly, FAD is derived from vitamin B2. Reduced form is FADH2.
NAD+ (Oxidized from) – can accept electrons from an organic molecule; NADH (Reduced form)
Both of NAD+ and FAD+ are extensively used in energy extraction from sugars (Cellular Respiration). And NADP plays an important role in anabolic reactions and photosynthesis.
ATP is often called the energy currency of the cell.
An ATP functions like that of a rechargeable battery.
ATP alters the structure of integral proteins, changing its affinity for sodium and potassium. In this way, the cell performs work, pumping ions against their electrochemical gradients.
Oxygen on earth allowed for the evolution of aerobic respiration and higher life-forms.