The document discusses four types of learning environments: learner-centered, knowledge-centered, assessment-centered, and community-centered. Each type has strengths and weaknesses. Learner-centered environments focus on students but may not teach necessary skills. Knowledge-centered environments promote understanding but only focus on knowledge. Assessment-centered environments improve teaching and learning but assessment is only part of education. Community-centered environments connect learning to communities but only focus on breadth, not depth. An ideal learning environment would incorporate aspects of each type to address their weaknesses and accelerate both in-school and out-of-school learning.
Elements of Learning help the perspective teacher to enable students learning capabilities and overcome their learning problems. These elements enables the teacher to understand the bigger factors which are the barriers of reading and learning.
It talks about reflective teacher education, reflection by teachers and students,need for reflective teaching, reflective thinking, reflective practice, reflective action, strategies for promoting reflection, observation by peer, reflection diary and its feedback.
Elements of Learning help the perspective teacher to enable students learning capabilities and overcome their learning problems. These elements enables the teacher to understand the bigger factors which are the barriers of reading and learning.
It talks about reflective teacher education, reflection by teachers and students,need for reflective teaching, reflective thinking, reflective practice, reflective action, strategies for promoting reflection, observation by peer, reflection diary and its feedback.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
3rd Reading for Learning in Context Pages 81- 96Main IdeaSuppo.docxtamicawaysmith
3rd Reading for Learning in Context
Pages 81- 96
Main Idea
Supporting Details
Enduring Understandings
A. Learners past and present environments influence how learners behave and think at any given time.
B. The general social contexts in which learners grow up—families and communities and more broadly, cultures and society—also influence learners’ behaviors and cognitive processes.
C. Not only does the environment affect learners and their learning, but so, too, do learners influence their environment.
D. Effective teachers create a classroom environment that encourages and supports productive behaviors and ways of thinking.
E. Effective teachers adapt instruction to the particular social and cultural contexts in which students live.
How do learners modify their own environment?
What is meant by the term niche-picking?
In the preceding sections we’ve seen various ways in which people’s environments—especially their social and cultural ones—affect their learning and behavior. But the reverse is true as well: deliberately, as the next two principles reveal.
niche-picking Tendency for a learner to seek out environmental conditions that are a good match with his or her existing characteristics and behaviors.
What can a teacher do to provide supportive contexts for learning?
If a teacher is using modeling to change a behavior or teach a new behavior, what needs to be remembered?
Why is a variety of role models needed?
Explain how to shape complex behaviors. There are several steps. Include each.
How does a teacher provide physical and cognitive tools that can help students work and think more effectively?
Why would a teacher want to encourage student dialogue and collaboration?
Why would a teacher want to create a community of learners?
What are the advantages of doing so?
How does a teacher create a community of learners?
Why is it important for a teacher to take into account the broader contexts in which students live?
How does a teacher do so?
What are stereotypes of Americans?
1. Create conditions that elicit desired responses.
2. Make sure productive behaviors are reinforced and unproductive behaviors are not reinforced.
3. Make response–reinforcement contingencies clear.
4. As an alternative to punishment, reinforce productive behaviors that are incompatible with unproductive ones.
1) Attention. Attention is critical for getting information into working memory. To learn effectively, then, students must pay attention to the model and especially to critical aspects of the modeled behavior.
2) Retention. e learner must remember what the model does—in particular, by storing it in long-term memory. Students are more likely to remember information if they encode it in more than one way, perhaps as both a visual image and a verbal message for instance, teachers might describe what th ...
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. 1. Changes in Education
In Chapter 1, we already knew that education has been changing during the
past century. Especially, in 21st century, education goals are very different from
before.
For example: Writing skill
In early 1800s, students were forced to write as instructor’s notation.
Until 1930s, students could express themselves in writing.
3. 1. Changes in Education (contd’)
Similar, the challenges and expectation have undergone major changes in
each history period.
For example:
Early 1900s, expectation and challenge was education coverage. They applied
“factory model” to education.
Nowadays, expectation and challenge is to educate quality students.
Therefore, to design a good learning environment, we need to take an overall
objective view.
5. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.1. Learner-centered environments
As the name refer, these environments focus on knowledge, skills, attitudes,
and beliefs of the learners.
This term fits the concept of “diagnostic teaching”.
Diagnostic teaching:
Discover the way students think about the problems.
Show them their misconceptions.
Provoke them to readjust their idea.
6. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
Key strategy for diagnostic teaching:
Ask students to make predictions about various situations and explain the
reasons for their predictions.
Select tasks that well represent known misconceptions to show students how
and why various ideas might need to change.
For example:
The story of half-black and half-white ball.
7. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
Teachers’ sensitivity to the students’ culture and beliefs plays an important role
in learner-centered environments.
For example: My old English teacher used to be very successful in Vietnam
because he had unique teaching style. He then decided to move to UAE because
he thought he could earn a lot of money there, but he failed horribly.
In a multi-culture education environments like US. There is one standard way of
talking in both school and professional science is “impersonal and expository,
without any reference to personal or social intentions or experiences.”
However, everyday communication cannot avoid social things such as culture,
beliefs, character, etc. The responses of other students and the teacher to
these are the key to assist students’ scientific understanding.
8. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.2. Knowledge-centered environments
In Chapter 2, we already knew that thinking and solving problems is not
simply due to “thinking skills” or strategies, but requires well-organized
bodies of knowledge that support planning and strategic thinking.
These environments seeks the balance of the understanding and the
automaticity of skills necessary to function effectively
Without carefully considering the knowledge that students’, it is difficult to
predict what they will understand about new information.
For example: Fish is Fish.
9. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
Knowledge-centered environments also focus on the kinds of information and
activities that help students develop an understanding of disciplines.
For example: Verrocchio asked Da Vinci to keep drawing an egg.
Knowledge-centered environments also include an emphasis on sense-making.
Student need to have the metacognitive by expecting new information to
make sense and asking for clarification when it doesn’t.
For example: Sense of drawing an egg.
There are some new approaches sense-making. One is “progressive
formalization.”
Progressive formalization: gradually formalize an informal idea.
For example: Define the term “density” for primary students.
10. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
Progressive formalization
Some people claim that children are incapable of thinking and reasoning
sophisticatedly.
A research shows that the early access has potential benefit to important
conceptual ideas.
For example: Applying “cognitively guided” instruction in geometry for
second-grade children. Amazingly, the result showed their skills for
representing and visualizing three-dimensional forms are better then some
undergraduate students at a leading university.
One of the important thing is to organize knowledge and skills into coherent
wholes.
11. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
There is a curriculum called “learning the landscape” that match progressive
formalization pretty well.
Learning the landscape:
Learning your way around,
Learning what resources are available,
Learning how to use those resources.
12. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.3. Assessment-centered environments
These environments provide opportunities for feedback and revision.
There are two major uses of assessment:
Formative: use feedback to improve teaching and learning.
Summative: measures what students have learned at the end, from that design the
next lessons properly.
13. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.3.1. Formative
Many researches show that feedback is very important. Therefore students’
thinking must be made visible.
After finishing a lesson, most students move on and work on new things.
Effective teachers also help students build skills of self-assessment.
For example: Students learn to assess their own work, as well as the work of
their peers.
14. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.3.2. Summative
This is very effective way to test students’ understanding. This could be via
tests, homework, exams, etc.
However, to design a good summative assessment is not an easy task.
For example: Some students learn like a parrot to deal with some exams.
They could not answer questions that required the true understanding. And
you can call these exams bad assessments.
15. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.4. Community-centered environments
Community-centered focus on the interaction to around environment.
Community centered should be understood broadly. It could be classroom,
school, or degree to which students, teachers, and administers feel
connected to the larger community of homes, businesses, states, the nation,
and even the world.
2.4.1. Small communities
The norms and expectations play an important role in classrooms and schools
communities.
For example: Why we divide ECE department and CS department?
Norms increase people’s opportunities to interact, receive feedback, and
learn.
16. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
2.4.2. Connect to broader communities
To function effectively in life, students need more than in classroom and
school.
Family is a great learning environment, especially for young children.
Society teach us many things about life.
For example: Nice guys finish last.
17. 2. Types of Learning Environments
(contd’)
Important role of Television: Nowadays, children keep watching TV everyday.
Experiment show that educational programs have positive benefits and can
help children perform better. This could be considered as an effective
educational method.
For example: Children who watched episodes of Sesame Street featuring
handicapped children had more positive feelings toward children with
disabilities.
18. 3. Conclusion
1. Learner-centered environments
Pros:
Provide students un-biased views.
Help students to realize their misconceptions.
Help building bridges between students - teachers, and students – students
(mutual understanding).
Cons:
Learner-centered environments would not necessarily help students acquire
the knowledge and skills necessary to function effectively in society.
2. Knowledge-centered environments
Pros:
Promote the true knowledge understanding and necessary skills to function
effectively in society.
Cons:
Only focus on understanding of knowledge.
19. 3. Conclusion (contd’)
3. Assessment-centered environments
Pros:
Help increasing the quality of both teaching and learning.
Cons:
Assessment is only a part of education. Therefore, these environments do not
help students in developing other aspects and skills.
4. Community-centered environments
Pros:
Help students to connect knowledge from around communities, apply what
they learn in school to life.
Cons:
Only focus on the wideness of knowledge, not the depth.
20. 3. Conclusion (contd’)
They all have the potential to overlap and mutually influence one another.
The disadvantages of this environments can be fulfilled by other
environments.
Therefore, it is very important to have alignment among the four perspectives
of learning environments. It helps accelerating learning both within and
outside of schools.