How (you can help) People Learn (using peer instruction)Peter Newbury
How people learn and how peer instruction with clickers supports it. Presented at CSULA STEM Summer Institute on Active Learning in the STEM classroom.
Peter Newbury
September 2013
Teenaged Internet tutors’ level of interactivity by sharing knowledge with...Tiina Tambaum
Quiz-presentation for JURE 2018 conference. The study analyses how teenaged tutors paired with older learners make use of interactive style in teaching-learning Internet skills. The results show that teenagers who are formally unprepared for the role of an instructor of Internet skills for older person use interactive tactics inconsistently and their use of scaffolding tactics, asking question or reflection and answering is rather discreet. The prior preparation for the role of a tutor is needed and implemented in an intearctive way.
CIRTL Class Meeting 1: How People LearnPeter Newbury
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development
UC San Diego
David Gross
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
UMass, Amherst
30 January 2015
collegeclassroom.ucsd.edu
How (you can help) People Learn (using peer instruction)Peter Newbury
How people learn and how peer instruction with clickers supports it. Presented at CSULA STEM Summer Institute on Active Learning in the STEM classroom.
Peter Newbury
September 2013
Teenaged Internet tutors’ level of interactivity by sharing knowledge with...Tiina Tambaum
Quiz-presentation for JURE 2018 conference. The study analyses how teenaged tutors paired with older learners make use of interactive style in teaching-learning Internet skills. The results show that teenagers who are formally unprepared for the role of an instructor of Internet skills for older person use interactive tactics inconsistently and their use of scaffolding tactics, asking question or reflection and answering is rather discreet. The prior preparation for the role of a tutor is needed and implemented in an intearctive way.
CIRTL Class Meeting 1: How People LearnPeter Newbury
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development
UC San Diego
David Gross
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
UMass, Amherst
30 January 2015
collegeclassroom.ucsd.edu
Workshop Breakdown
AM Schedule
Introductions, overview & review
So what?—Building a case for the flipped classroom
• Attention scarcity
• Filter failure
• Brain science
Now what?—Designing pre-class elements with edutech
• Content curation & TFC
• Content creation & TFC
• In practice—hands-on activity
Brief morning recap
PM Schedule
Afternoon overview
Now what?—Designing in-class elements
• Active & experiential learning
• Gamification
• The physical space
• In practice—hands-on activity
Tips, tricks & best practices
Wrap up & closing
Second in a series of courses that comprise the PRIME Teacher Training Program. Here we look at the Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles and how it impacts facilitating learning for ALL students.
20110816 learning files questioning the questionslievle
The learning files are an initiative of the Zambian National CPD Task Team. They are written by and for the Zambian Colleges of Education and deal with topics that concern education in general and education in colleges more specifically. The files give a mixture of literature, good practices, self-testing and tips and tricks to tackle a certain problem. Some guidance and ideas on how to do CPD on this topic are included. In this case: questioning the questions.
My keynote presentation at the 2017 British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) School of Transportation Development Day on October 31, 2017.
Peter Newbury
UBC Okanagan
CC-BY
Teaching students to think like experts using peer instruction - CSUgritPeter Newbury
Slides for a workshop on teaching students to think like experts using peer instruction at the Cal State University Symposium on University Teaching.
Peter Newbury
UC San Diego
March 13, 2015
Presented at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California on October 31, 2014.
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development, UC San Diego
ctd.ucsd.edu
Workshop Breakdown
AM Schedule
Introductions, overview & review
So what?—Building a case for the flipped classroom
• Attention scarcity
• Filter failure
• Brain science
Now what?—Designing pre-class elements with edutech
• Content curation & TFC
• Content creation & TFC
• In practice—hands-on activity
Brief morning recap
PM Schedule
Afternoon overview
Now what?—Designing in-class elements
• Active & experiential learning
• Gamification
• The physical space
• In practice—hands-on activity
Tips, tricks & best practices
Wrap up & closing
Second in a series of courses that comprise the PRIME Teacher Training Program. Here we look at the Theory of Multiple Intelligences and Learning Styles and how it impacts facilitating learning for ALL students.
20110816 learning files questioning the questionslievle
The learning files are an initiative of the Zambian National CPD Task Team. They are written by and for the Zambian Colleges of Education and deal with topics that concern education in general and education in colleges more specifically. The files give a mixture of literature, good practices, self-testing and tips and tricks to tackle a certain problem. Some guidance and ideas on how to do CPD on this topic are included. In this case: questioning the questions.
My keynote presentation at the 2017 British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) School of Transportation Development Day on October 31, 2017.
Peter Newbury
UBC Okanagan
CC-BY
Teaching students to think like experts using peer instruction - CSUgritPeter Newbury
Slides for a workshop on teaching students to think like experts using peer instruction at the Cal State University Symposium on University Teaching.
Peter Newbury
UC San Diego
March 13, 2015
Presented at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, California on October 31, 2014.
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development, UC San Diego
ctd.ucsd.edu
How (you can help) People Learn (using peer instruction)Peter Newbury
How people learn and how peer instruction support that learning. Presented at San Diego State University on April 8, 2014.
Peter Newbury
University of California, San Diego
ctd.ucsd.edu
Spring 2013 Teaching and Learning Workshops:
How People Learn
April 9, 2013
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development
University of California, San Diego
ctd.ucsd.edu
Teaching (and Learning) with Peer InstructionPeter Newbury
A presentation I gave at California State University, Los Angeles on February 25, 2013 about using peer instruction with clickers to create interactive, student-centered instruction.
Cheryl Anderson
Family and Preventative Medicine, UC San Diego
and
Peter Newbury
Center for Teaching Development, UC San Diego
teachingmethodsinpublichealth.ucsd.edu
Indigenous History Month Art Activity
In June 2022, we got together virtually to celebrate Indigenous Peoples’ Month by working our way through a month-long art project. Each person was to think of an Indigenous artist they admire, research the artist and their work, and create a piece of art for themselves influenced by the artist they had chosen. Throughout the month we presented on these artists and why we connect to their art and discussed important topics like appropriation vs. appreciation. We learned a lot about Indigenous artists in Canada and about each other and ourselves. The art project allowed people to connect with their heritage as well as Indigenous peoples; it was as much a research and art project as it was a team-building and self-reflection activity.
Unpacking Power Hierarchies in Students as Partners PracticesBCcampus
Slides from a session with Roselynn Verwoord, Conan Veitch, Yahlnaaw, and Heather Smith from the Symposium 2018 held on October 24, 2018 in Vancouver, B.C.
Building Canada’s Zed Cred: Challenges and OpportunitiesBCcampus
Slides from the panel session with Amanda Coolidge, Krista Lambert, and Rajiv Jhangiani from the 15th Annual, Open Education Conference held on October 10 – 12, 2018 in Niagara Falls, New York
Connecting Students with People who Care(er): Post-Secondary Professionals as...BCcampus
Presentation by Candy Ho, Faculty, Educational Studies, Kwantlen Polytechnic University and Dr. Cindy Xin
Director of Research, Simon Fraser University
Increasingly students begin their post-secondary experience with a career in mind, and two recent studies (Environics Research Group, 2011; Ho, 2017) suggest that those paths are largely influenced by educators (e.g. Faculty) before a student even considers visiting a career centre. Consequently, these professionals have the inherent capacity to extend their care for students beyond their teaching roles: as Career Influencers, defined by the EdD study as individuals working in a higher education institution who informally provide career-related advice, guidance, and/or counselling to prospective and current students and/or alumni.
This session has two goals. It aims to help attendees recognize their influence in student career development, and consider how they can incorporate career development components into their teaching practice. Findings and implications from Ho’s (2017) EdD study will serve as a backdrop of the session (research questions are included at the end*), while attendees are guided through reflective and discussion activities that enhance the awareness of their influence in student career development.
Current planned activities include having the attendees:
-Reflect on their “constellation of life roles” (Magnusson, 2014) and how roles, events, and experiences contribute to their approach as educators
-Consider how their current activities and interactions with students (e.g., curriculum, office hours conversations) help students develop employability skills
-Discuss their impressions on the notion of the ‘Everyday Career Influencer’, pondering on questions such as:
How do they currently serve as Career Influencers and demonstrate a sense of care for student career development?
How might they further their practice as Career Influencers?
What opportunities and/or challenges do they face as Career Influencers within their institutions? What can they do to take advantage and/or overcome them?
-EdD study research questions and sub-questions:
How do post-secondary education professionals conceive their influence in student career development?
How do they conceptualize the term “career”?
How do they see their role as having an impact on student career development?
How do they see themselves as individuals as having an impact on student career development?
What resources and/or competencies do they believe are important in furthering their impact on student career development?
Festival of Learning 2018 - May 28 – 30 at the Pinnacle Hotel Harbourfront in Vancouver, B.C.
Presentation by Ian Linkletter, Learning Technology Specialist, UBC
Presenting about UBC’s efforts to implement and evaluate team chat as a learning technology for online and blended courses. Team chat (like Slack) is a transformative communication and collaboration technology, combining threaded discussions with real-time chat in an intuitive and flexible way. Features like persistent history, advanced search capability, file sharing, typing status, mobile apps, and emoji reactions add up to a versatile tool that is still easy to use.
Research shows how timely interactions with instructors, collaboration with classmates, and a sense of community can enhance teaching and learning. This is particularly important in an online learning environment. Team chat has given our students a direct communication channel to their instructor and each other, helping them connect, ask questions, seek clarification, collaborate, and build community.
Since 2016, the Faculty of Education has been piloting an open source team chat application called Mattermost on a UBC-hosted server. Unlike Slack or Microsoft Teams, which are both cloud-hosted outside of Canada, Mattermost allows us to keep student data secure in compliance with BC’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FIPPA). Mattermost has been used in over 20 course sections across the faculties of Education, Arts, and Science. As of December 2017, the UBC Mattermost pilot consists of 100 daily active users, 300 monthly active users, and almost 70,000 posts.
Attendees will learn (and chat) about:
• Ways team chat can enhance learning
• How team chat has been applied in real use cases including online program cohorts, learning communities, and research teams
• The relationship between secure, safe, transparent platforms and academic freedom
Mattermost will be blended into the session, allowing attendees to choose the conversation(s) they wish to join, participate in real-time, network with colleagues, and carry on chatting after the Festival of Learning concludes.
Festival of Learning 2018 - May 28 – 30 at the Pinnacle Hotel Harbourfront in Vancouver, B.C.
Cultivating trust and Emotional Safety in Educational EnvironmentsBCcampus
Presentation by: Steven Bishop, Learning Designer, Douglas College, Ross Laird, Educational Consultant, Laird Associates, Leva Lee, Manager, BCcampus, Kathryn McNaughton, Hope Miller, Online Learning Designer/Trainer, Douglas College, Sandra Polushin, Coordinator / Faculty, Douglas College
Many educational institutions are grappling with the troubling rise of mental health challenges within their communities. Issues such as depression and anxiety are becoming increasingly common not only within the student population but also among instructors and educational administrators, many of whom find their collegial environments to be fraught with new hurdles involving the care and wellness of people.
Bedrock human values such as belonging, trust, and emotional safety are becoming harder to develop and sustain in educational environments undergoing turmoil and change from a variety of influences. How might we preserve and nurture these values? How might we commit to practices that cultivate the wellness and well-being of our colleagues and communities? How might we commit to environments of authentic caring in which people feel emotionally safe and valued?
Over the past year, a small group of practitioners at several local institutions (BCcampus, Douglas College, Vancouver Community College) has been working on projects designed to encourage emotional care and wellness. In this interactive session on the theme of "Mental Health for all within and across our organizations", these practitioners will each share the hurdles and rewards of their process. The purpose of the session will be to provide participants with perspectives and tools to use in approaching themes of care and wellness at their own institutions -- with colleagues, students, and community partners.
The experiential session will be informed by the practice, theory, and research currently being conducted at the partner institutions involved in these projects. Participants will hear about common hurdles involved in promoting the care and wellness of people, will hear perspectives about navigating the complex terrain of human relationships, and will practice tools and ideas for moving forward with their own initiatives.
Festival of Learning 2018 - May 28 – 30 at the Pinnacle Hotel Harbourfront in Vancouver, B.C.
An adventure into creation of OER: A STEM wiki projectBCcampus
Presentation by Pamini Thangarajah, Associate Professor, Mount Royal University
Removing financial barriers to undergraduate education is crucial, and the creation of open educational resources (OER) will directly help. And not only would the resources developed benefit the students as they are taking the class, but also by making the material open, it could be used by other faculty and students, not only at your institution but beyond.
In an appreciation of my financially unburden educational experience, I have explored what I can do to help the students to access the required learning materials. There is no open text(s) available that can be used for this course. To this end, I have created the resources in an open educational environment.
In this session, I will be walking you through my experience of creating open educational resources for a mathematics course at the Mount Royal University, Calgary.
Festival of Learning 2018 - May 28 – 30 at the Pinnacle Hotel Harbourfront in Vancouver, B.C.
Analysis of UFV Student Learning Patterns: Ratio of Instructor-Directed (In-C...BCcampus
Presentation by Samantha Pattridge and Hannah Peters (UFV)
Symposium 2017: Scholarly Teaching & Learning in Post-Secondary Education
The Symposium is an annual one-day event presented by the BCTLC and BCcampus that combines presentations, discussions, and networking with colleagues who share an interest in scholarly teaching and learning in post-secondary education.
When: Nov. 6, 2017
Where: Simon Fraser University – Harbour Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Encouraging Folio-Thinking: Capturing the Learning with e-PortfolioBCcampus
Presentation by Claire Hay, Associate Professor of Geography, University of the Fraser Valley, Michelle Johnson, Educational Developer, University of the Fraser Valley and Mary Gene Saudelli, Faculty, Teaching and Learning, University of the Fraser Valley
Symposium 2017: Scholarly Teaching & Learning in Post-Secondary Education
The Symposium is an annual one-day event presented by the BCTLC and BCcampus that combines presentations, discussions, and networking with colleagues who share an interest in scholarly teaching and learning in post-secondary education.
When: Nov. 6, 2017
Where: Simon Fraser University – Harbour Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Presentation by Shauna Jones, Senior Lecturer, Simon Fraser University
Symposium 2017: Scholarly Teaching & Learning in Post-Secondary Education
The Symposium is an annual one-day event presented by the BCTLC and BCcampus that combines presentations, discussions, and networking with colleagues who share an interest in scholarly teaching and learning in post-secondary education.
When: Nov. 6, 2017
Where: Simon Fraser University – Harbour Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Scholarly Teaching to SoTL: Exploring the Shared "S" BCcampus
Symposium 2017 Keynote - Dr. Nancy Chick,
University Chair in Teaching and Learning, University of Calgary
Symposium 2017: Scholarly Teaching & Learning in Post-Secondary Education
The Symposium is an annual one-day event presented by the BCTLC and BCcampus that combines presentations, discussions, and networking with colleagues who share an interest in scholarly teaching and learning in post-secondary education.
When: Nov. 6, 2017
Where: Simon Fraser University – Harbour Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. How People Learn
Peter Newbury, Ph.D.
Director, Centre for Teaching and Learning, and
Senior Advisor for Learning Initiatives, UBC Okanagan
peter.newbury@ubc.ca peternewbury.org @polarisdotca
#etug
1
etug.ca
2. “Fish is Fish” by Leo Lionni (1970)
I started my presentation with a picture from Leo Lionni’s “Fish is Fish”
showing a frog describing a cow to a fish (get all that?). The picture is
copyrighted so I’m not including it here but you can see it at 2:27 of this
great video:
https://vimeo.com/39374062
2
3. Why are we here?
3
What do you think students are doing in a typical university class?
A) listening
B) absorbing
C) learning
D) note-taking
E) not paying attention Peter Newbury CC-BY
1
3
POWER ON
CLICK A–E
WATCH FOR
GREEN LIGHT
2
7. Transmission
model
proven to be less
effective than
active learning
“the equivalent
of blood-letting”
(Wieman, 2014)
7
We must abandon the
tabula rasa (“blank slate”) and
“students as empty vessels”
models of teaching and
learning.
10. Constructivist
model of learning
New learning is
based on knowledge
you already have.
You store things in
your long term
memory through a
set of connections
with your existing
memories.
10
Rebecca-Lee on flickr CC
learning is done
by individuals
12. How People
Learn
(2000)
Available for free
from the National
Academies Press
12
www.nap.edu/catalog/9853/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school-expanded-edition
13. Key Finding #1
13
Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world
works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp
the new concepts and information that are taught, or they may learn them
for the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions outside of the
classroom.
14. Key Finding #2
14
To develop competence in an area, students must:
a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge,
b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual
framework, and
c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and
application.
15. Key Finding #3
15
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take
control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring
their progress in achieving them.
17. Key Finding #3
17
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take
control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring
their progress in achieving them.
18. Key Findings: Theory Practice
1. IN GROUPS OF 2 – 3, TEAR YOUR
SHEET INTO 9 CARDS
2. MATCH ONE IMPLICATION AND ONE
CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT WITH
EACH KEY FINDING
18
Key Finding
#2
Implications
for Teaching
Implications
for Teaching
Implications
for Teaching
Designing
Classroom
Environments
Peter Newbury CC-BY
19. Key Finding #1
19
Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world
works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp
the new concepts and information that are taught, or they may learn them
for the purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions outside of the
classroom.
21. TRANSMISSION MODEL CONSTRUCTIVIST MODEL
21
1 = 4 = 7 =
2 = 5 = 8 =
3 = 6 = 9 =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
unsupported, unfamiliar built on pre-existing knowledge
22. Implications for Teaching
22
Teachers must draw out and work with the preexisting understandings that
their students bring with them.
Designing Classroom Environments
Schools and classrooms must be learner centered.
23. Key Finding #2
23
To develop competence in an area, students must:
a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge,
b) understand facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual
framework, and
c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and
application.
28. Implications for Teaching
28
Teachers must teach some subject matter in depth, providing many
examples in which the same concept is at work and providing a firm
foundation of factual knowledge.
Designing Classroom Environments
To provide a knowledge-centered environment, attention must be given to
what is taught (information, subject matter), why it is taught
(understanding), and what competence or mastery looks like.
35. Think about the last time you taught something.
Where are you on this chart?
35
conscious
unconscious
incompetent competent
Behaviour
Level of Expertise
A
B C
D
Sprague & Stewart (2000)
39. Think about the house you grew up in…
How many windows are there?
As you counted the windows, did you see them from
inside the house or outside the house?
39
4 5
40. Key Finding #3
40
A “metacognitive” approach to instruction can help students learn to take
control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring
their progress in achieving them.
41. Implications for Teaching
41
The teaching of metacognitive skills should be integrated into the
curriculum in a variety of subject areas.
Designing Classroom Environments
Formative assessments — ongoing assessments designed to make
students’ thinking visible to both teachers and students — are essential.
42. YOU’RE HAVING TWINS?!?
Your sister calls to say she’s having twins. Which of the following is more
likely? (Assume she’s not having identical twins.)
A) twin boys
B) twin girls
C) one boy and one girl
D) all are equally likely
42
Wikimedia Commons
43. HOW (YOU CAN HELP) PEOPLE LEARN
1. draw out and build on their
pre-existing knowledge
2. model expertise (especially
framework and retrieval)
3. create opportunities (and time)
for people to practice being
metacognitive
43
44. “Any questions?”
Why do you think instructors ask, “Any questions?”
A) to signal they’re at the end of a section or concept
B) so the instructor can check if they can continue
C) so the instructor can check if the audience understands
D) so the audience can check if they’re ready to continue
44
“What questions do you have for me?”
…and give them enough time to ask a useful question
45. References
Flavell, J. H. (1976). Metacognitive aspects of problem solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The nature of intelligence (pp.
231-236). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lionni, L. (1970). Fish is Fish. New York, NY:Pantheon Books.
National Research Council (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. J.D.
Bransford, A.L Brown & R.R. Cocking (Eds.), Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
www.nap.edu/catalog/9853/how-people-learn-brain-mind-experience-and-school-expanded-edition
Smith, J. & Tanner, K. (2010). The Problem of Revealing How Students Think: Concept Inventories and Beyond. CBE –
Life Sciences Education 9, 1.
Wieman, C.E. (2014). Large-scale comparison of science teaching methods sends clear message. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 11 (23), 8319-8320.
Sprague, J., & Stuart, D. (2000). The speaker’s handbook. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publishers.
45