HIV

1. CONTINUING EDUCATION PROGRAMME (CEP)
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL
WORK
ORDINARY DIPLOMA (NTA LEVEL 5) IN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL WORK
Course Title: HIV/AIDS and Nutrition
Course Code: CDT05210
2ND SEMESTER, 2022
SESSION 1: Definition of Concepts Related to
HIV/AIDS and Nutrition
INST: R.PHILIPO & MARIA K.

2. Basic references on the whole module
• Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC). NACP. (2005). Background history of
HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. MoHCDGEC. https://www.nacp.go.tz>site>about>hiv-aids-in-tanzania
• Ministry of Health Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children (MoHCDGEC). NACP. (2017a). Health Sector HIV and
AIDS Strategic Plan (HSHSP IV) 2017-2022. Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and
Children. https://www.HSHSPIV.pdf
• Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC). NACP. (2017b). National guidelines for the
management of HIV and AIDS (6th Edition). Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly, and Children.
• Mpondo, B. C. T., Gunda, D. W., & Kilonzo, S. B. (2017). HIV epidemic in Tanzania: The possible role of the key populations. AIDS
Research and Treatment, 2017, 7089150. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7089150
• PEPFAR. (2018). Tanzania country operational plan COP 2018. Strategic direction summary. PEPFAR. https://tz.usembassy.gov>sites
• PEPFAR. (2019). Tanzania country operational plan. COP 2019 strategic direction summary.
PEPFAR. https://www.state.gov>uploads
• Pepin, J. (2011). The origins of AIDS (1 edition). Cambridge University Press.
• Semvua, S. K., Orrell, C., Mmbaga, B. T., Semvua, H. H., Bartlett, J. A., & Boulle, A. A. (2017). Predictors of non-adherence to
antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected patients in northern Tanzania. PloS One, 12(12),
e0189460. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189460
• Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS), Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC). (2018). Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2016-2017:
Final Report (p. 404). https://phia.icap.columbia.edu>2017/11
• Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS). Prime Minister’s Office. (2017). Annual Report 2017/2018
[Annual]. https://www.library.tacaids.go.tz>handle
• The Commonwealth. (2019). United Republic of Tanzania. The Commonwealth. https://www.thecommonwealth.org/our-member-
countries/united-republic-tanzania
• The Global Fund. (2018). Global fund grants to Tanzania (Mainland) follow-up audit (Audit Report GF-OIG-18-006; p.
25). https://www.theglobalfund.org>media

3. Short note on HIV/AIDS
• The academic literature show that, The first HIV/AIDS patients
in Tanzania were seen in October 1983 in Kagera Region,
located in the North-Western part of the country
• In the year 2013, 1.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS
• WHO describes the key population(kps) who are more
vulnerable to HIV that includes, people injecting drugs, men
with sex with men, female sex workers, prisoners etc. and
there is overlapping of sexual network with these KPs with
general population

4. • To combat the HIV/AIDS menace, Tanzania evolved a national
response to the scourge to protect the public’s health. The
governance of the HIV/AIDS national response system is
vested in the division of National Response in the Tanzania
Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS). This formation co-ordinates
the multi-sectoral implementation of HIV/AIDS interventions
in the country. The sectorial response is coordinated through
the public and private sectors, civil society organizations,
regions, local government authorities, and the community.

5. • Tanzania has adopted the WHO 2015 guidelines for treating
all people living with HIV (PLHIV) irrespective of disease
stage. However, the Tanzanian national response to the
HIV/AIDS scourge in the country is fraught with challenges
that border on certain cultural, societal, structural, and
political realities and value systems.
• Surmounting these challenges would require concerted
efforts of relevant stakeholders directed at the root causes,
especially the challenges that concern financing and the
health workforce. Thus, sustainability will depend on
continued political leadership and adequate funding.

6. Learning tasks
At the end of this session the student should be able to:
• Define concepts related to HIV/AIDS
• Describe HIV/AIDS and Nutrition concepts
• Define concepts related to nutrition

7. CIPC (COMPLEX INTEGRATED PROFFESSIONAL CHALLENGE)
• You are a social work officer at TEKU dispensary, you
received a client on ARV medication 2 years posttest. On
rapport phase client complained that following the impacts
posed by HIV/AIDS illness and the prolonged use of HIV/AIDS
medication, he is facing with the challenge of poor nutrition
and body weakness and fails even to fulfill the family needs
and good participation in the community development. After
short interaction with the client, the community social work
officer (CSWO) begun the session of counselling on the roles
of nutrition to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV/AIDS)
and good adherence to medication.

8. As a social work officer, explain to the client the meaning of HIV/AIDS,
nutrition, impacts of HIV/AIDS to development and roles of nutrition to
livelihood
• Define concepts related to HIV/AIDS and nutrition
• Explain impacts of HIV/AIDS to development
• Describe role of nutrition to livelihood

11. Brainstorming (1 min)
Brainstorm on the meaning of HIV

12. What is HIV?
INTRODUCTION
H = Human (who is affected)
I = Immunodeficiency (the result)
V = Virus (the causal agent)

13. • HIV stands for “human immunodeficiency virus,” and it
attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. These are types of T
cell — white blood cells that circulate, detecting infections
throughout the body and faults and anomalies in other cells.
HIV targets and infiltrates CD4 cells, using them to create
more copies of the virus. In doing so, it destroys the cells
and reduces the body’s ability to combat other infections and
diseases. This increases the risk and impact of opportunistic
infections and some types of cancer

14. • It is worth noting, however, that some people have HIV
for long periods without experiencing any symptoms.
• HIV is a lifelong condition, but treatments and certain
strategies can prevent the virus from transmitting and
the infection from progressing.
• HIV is a virus that damages the immune system.
Untreated HIV affects and kills CD4 cells, which are a
type of immune cell called T cell.

15. • Over time, as HIV kills more CD4 cells, the body is
more likely to get various types of conditions and
cancers.
• Therefore, HIV is a virus that targets and alters the
immune system, increasing the risk and impact of other
infections and diseases. Without treatment, the infection
might progress to an advanced stage called AIDS.
• Due to medical advances, people with HIV and access
to quality healthcare very rarely develop AIDS once they
have started taking HIV treatment

16. • As experts such as the World Health Organization
(WHO) Trusted Source observe, HIV has become a
manageable condition, and many people with HIV have
long, healthy lives.
• The life expectancy of a person with HIV is now
approaching that of someone who tests negative for the
virus, provided that the person takes medications
called antiretroviral therapy on an ongoing basis.

17. • As of 2019, around 68% of adults Trusted Source and
53% of children with HIV worldwide were receiving
lifelong treatment.
• In this article, we explore HIV and AIDS, including their
symptoms, causes, and treatments.

18. Buzzing (2 minutes) in 2-3 people
• Buzz on the meaning of AIDS

19. What is AIDS?
• A = Acquired (from bodily fluids through a behaviour or
action, including from the mother during pregnancy, during
delivery or through breast milk)
• I = Immune (where the virus attacks)
• D = Deficiency (resulting effect of virus)
• S = Syndrome (series of illnesses; not just one) Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS, is a disease
caused by a retrovirus known as the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which attacks and impairs
the body’s natural defence system against disease and
infection.

20. • HIV is a slow-acting virus that may take years to
produce illness in a person. During this period, an HIV-
infected person’s defence system is impaired, and other
viruses, bacteria and parasites take advantage of this
“opportunity” to further weaken the body and cause
various illnesses, such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and
oral thrush.

21. • This is why the infections and cancers seen in HIV-
infected individuals are called “opportunistic”. When a
person starts having opportunistic infections, he/she has
AIDS. The amount of time it takes from HIV infection to
become full-blown AIDS depends on the general health
and nutritional status before and during the time of HIV
infection. The average time for an adult is approximately
ten years.

22. • There is no cure for HIV/AIDS. Some therapies can prevent,
treat or even cure many of the opportunistic infections and
relieve the symptoms associated with them, which include fever,
coughing, itching, and difficulty in breathing or swallowing and
chronic diarrhoea.
• Drugs developed more directly attack HIV called antiretroviral
(ARV). The antiretroviral (ARV) drugs attack the virus and may
slow its replication in the body, but they are not cures. Also
another drug is Nevirapine, used to prevent mother to child
transmission of the virus during delivery.

23. Concepts related to Nutrition
What is nutrition?
• Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary
for health and growth.
• Nutrition also refers to the nurturing of our body, in our ability to
keep it healthy and functioning as it is supposed to do. Our ability to
provide the body with all the necessary food, vitamins, and minerals
so that we continue to thrive in our daily life processes.

24. There are six categories of nutrients that the body needs to
acquire from food which are: protein, carbohydrates, fat,
fibres, vitamins minerals and water.
Proteins
• Protein supplies amino acids to build and maintain healthy body tissu
e
Fat
• Fat supplies energy and transports nutrients. They can be
obtained from canola oil, flaxseed oil, cold-
water fish, or fish oil, all of which contain oils.

25. • Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy and should be th
e major part of total daily intake. There are two
types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates (such as sugar or honey
) or complex carbohydrates (such as grains,
beans, peas, or potatoes).
Fibre
• Fibre is the material that gives plants texture and support. Although it
is primarily made up of carbohydrates, it does not
have a lot of calories and is usually not broken down by the body for e
nergy. Dietary fibre is found in plant foods such as
fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains.

26. Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamins are organic substances present in food and required by the b
ody in a small amount for regulation of metabolism
and maintenance of normal growth and functioning.
Water
• Water helps to regulate body temperature, transports nutrients to cel
ls, and rids the body of waste materials

27. Relationship concept existing between HIV/AIDS and
nutrition
• HIV infected person has impaired immune system, weak
body and therefore Body can’t fight Illness.
• In this regard, opportunistic diseases such as Malaria,
diarrhoea, pneumonia and TB start to invade the body
Nutrition and HIV are strongly related to each other:
• Any immune impairment as a result of HIV/AIDS leads to
malnutrition, and
• Malnutrition leads to immune impairment worsens the effect of
HIV and contributes to more rapid progression to AIDS.

28. • Thus malnutrition can both contribute to and result from the
progression of HIV. A person who is malnourished and then
acquires HIV is more likely to progress faster to AIDS,
because his/her body is already weak and cannot fight
infection. A well-nourished person has a stronger body for
coping with HIV and fighting illness. While people with HIV
and AIDS have special nutritional needs, it is important to
note that all people will benefit from adequate nutrition.
Good nutrition increases resistance to infection and
disease, improves energy, and thus makes a person
generally stronger and more productive.

29. Evaluation
What is HIV?
What is AIDS?
How is nutrition related to HIV/AIDS?

30. THANK YOU FOR
COMING TODAY
AND
WELCOME IN THE

31. References:
1.Francesn l. Et al (1997) Cost Effectiveness of Improved Treatment
Services for Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Preventing HIV
infection in Mwanza Region Tanzania, Lancet; Volume 350(9094)
pp.1905-9.
2.United Republic of Tanzania, Prime Minister’s Office (2001)
National Policy on HIV/AIDS, Dodoma Tanzania
3. United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health and Social
Welfare and National Aids Control Programme (2004) Behavioural
Surveillance Survey among Youth, Dar es Salaam.
4.Kilewo J. et al (1998) Sexual Risky Behaviours, Knowledge,
Attitudes in a Population, Dar es Salaam.
5. Kilchman, S.C and Sikkeman, K.J. (1996) People Living with HIV
infection who Attend and Do not Attend Support Groups: A Pilot
Study of Needs, Characteristics and Experiences in AIDS Care,
October 96, Vol.8 Issue, pp 11 and pp 589.