This knowledge asist studnts in the basic of understanding the structure and functions of the cardiovascular system and its related structures. Enable medical studnts to interact to become aware of the anatomical structure of heart and how it can related to medical practice and complications.
Cmt 4
2. Cardiovascular disorders
Are the disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Vascular disease is responsible for more morbidity and
mortality than any other category of human disease
Cardiovascular disorders are due to ,such as age, genetics,
and lifestyle
The common disorders of the cardiovascular system include:
Hypertension
Hypotension
Cardiac failure
Ischemic heart diseases
Angina pectoris
3. • Myocardial infarction
• Arrhythmias (abnormal heart rate)
• Shock
• Varicose veins(enlarged vein due to increase in blood pressure)
• Aneurysm (weakened area in an artery due to excess swelling of
artery walls)
• Arteriosclerosis(Blood vessels become thick and stiff sometimes
restricting blood flow on organs or tissues)
• Atherosclerosis (The build up of fats, cholesterol and other substance
in artery walls)
4. Arteriosclerosis
• Arteriosclerosis literally means hardening of the arteries
• Is the term used to describe degenerative changes in small arteries,
commonly occurring in older individuals and diabetics
• Elasticity is lost, and the walls become thick and hard
• The lumen gradually narrows and may become obscured
• This leads to diffuse ischemia and death in various tissues such as
those of the: heart, kidneys, or brain
5. Atherosclerosis
• It is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a
build-up of fatty.
• Is differentiated by the presence of atheromas (plaques consisting of
lipids, cells, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi, which form
inside the walls of large arteries)
• Atheromas form primarily in large arteries such as the aorta and the
coronary arteries
6. Angina pectoris
• It is an episodic, reversible oxygen insufficiency
• This condition is the most common form of IHD
• Angina pectoris is applied to varying forms of transient chest pain
that are attributable to insufficient myocardial oxygen
• Atherosclerotic lesions that produce a narrowing of the coronary
arteries are the major cause of angina
• However, tachycardia(increased heart rate), anaemia,
hyperthyroidism, and hypotension can cause an oxygen imbalance
7. Myocardial Infarction
• Myocardial infarction (MI) is an area of dead cardiac muscle tissue,
with or without haemorrhage
• Myocardial infarction is produced by an obstruction of the coronary
artery, which results in a lack of oxygen to the tissue
• For those who survive an myocardial infarction, there is a notably
greater risk of a second myocardial infarction, congestive heart
failure, or a stroke occurring within a short time
8. Cardiac Arrhythmias (dysrhythmias)
• They are deviations from the normal cardiac rate or rhythm
• They may result from damage to the heart‘s conduction system or from
systemic causes such as electrolyte abnormalities, fever, hypoxia, stress,
and drug toxicity
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders
• This condition occurs when the heart is not able to pump enough blood to
meet the body‘s metabolic demands.
• Heart failure may be caused by any disorder that affects the heart‘s ability
to receive or eject blood
9. Aneurysm
• It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart
• When an aneurysm involves all three layers of the arterial wall
(intima, media, and adventitia) or the attenuated wall of the heart, it
is called a true aneurysm
10. Hypertension and its Risk Factors
• Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic blood
pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90mmHg
measured on three separate occasions.
There are three classifications of hypertension:
• Primary or essential hypertension. It is idiopathic (occurring
spontaneously from an unknown cause). Essential hypertension develops
when the blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg
• Secondary hypertension. It results from renal (e.g., nephrosclerosis) or
endocrine (e.g., hyperaldosteronism) disease, or pheochromocytoma, a
benign tumor of the adrenal medulla.
• Malignant hypertension. It is an uncontrollable, severe, and rapidly
progressive form of hypertension with many complications
11. NOTE: Hypertension is sometimes classified as systolic or diastolic
depending on the measurement that is elevated For example, elderly
persons with loss of elasticity in the arteries frequently have hig systolic
pressure and a low diastolic value.
12. Risk Factors for Hypertension
• Family history,
• Stress,
• Obesity,
• Smoking,
• Life style,
• Diabetes mellitus and
• Excessive lipid blood levels.
NOTE: Hypertension must be diagnosed in early stages, When it is not
properly treated, the risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, congestive
heart failure, and renal failure increases.
13. Key Points
• The common disorders of the cardiovascular system includes
hypertension, hypotension, cardiac failure, ischaemic heart diseases,
angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, varicose
veins, aneurisms, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
• There are many factors that contribute to heart disease, such as age,
genetics, and lifestyle.
• Proper diet, exercise, avoiding cigarette smoking, and getting enough
rest can do a lot to keep the heart functioning for a long time
• Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic
blood pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥
90mmHg measured on three separate occasions
14. Evaluation questions
• What is cardiovascular disorders?
• Identify common cardiovascular diseases?
• What is congestive heart failure?
• What are the risk factors of hypertension?
