Aids biology investigatory project class 12 CBSE 2020-21

1. JIBANTALA,SOUTH 24 PARGANAS
BIOLOGY INVESTOGORY PROJECT ON ACQUIRED
IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROM(AIDS)
REPORTED BY :-KAISAR ALI MOLLA
CLASS:-XII(SCIENCE)
CBSE ROLL NO. :-
REPORTED TO:- MS. LAXMI RAI [PGT BIOLOGY]
Sign of. Teacher Sign of. examiner

2. Acknowledgement
I, KAISAR ALI MOLLA of class XII-SCIENCE acknowledgesthe
valuablecontributionofthe entire individualand resources that
hadcontributedin carryingout this project work entitled
“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome- AIDS”
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my Biology teacher
MS. LAXMI RAI who gave her valuable suggestions and
assistance to complete this project as well as our principle
AMAL KARMAKARwho gave me the golden opportunity to
do this wonderfulproject.
I would also like to thank my family members and friends
who helped me to complete the project successfully.
Presented By,
Kaisar Ali Molla
Class – XII (SCIENCE)

3. Certificate
This is to certify that Kaisar Ali Molla of class XII-science
(2020-21), CBSE Roll no. Has efficiently and
dedicatedly worked on the project
“Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome - AIDS”
under the guidance of MS.Laxmi Rai
SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
BIOLOGY TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINOR

4. S.No. TOPIC
1. AIDS
2. Causes of AIDS
3. Symptoms of HIV- AIDS
4. Diagnose of AIDS
5. Treatment of HIV- AIDS
6. HIV Prevention
7. Conclusion
8. Hypothesis
9. Bibliography

5. AIDS:
Acquired Immuno
Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndromeor acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) is a syndromecaused by a virus called HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus). Theillness alters the immune system, making people
much morevulnerable to infections and diseases. This susceptibility worsens
as the syndrome
progresses.
HIV is found in the body
fluids of an infected person
(semen and vaginalfluids,
blood and breastmilk). The
virus is passed fromone
person to another through
blood- to-blood and sexual
contact. Inaddition,
infected pregnantwomen can pass HIV to their babies during pregnancy,
delivering the baby during childbirth, and through breastfeeding.
HIV can be transmitted in many ways, such as vaginal, oral sex, anal sex,
blood transfusion, and contaminated hypodermic needles.

6. “The red ribbon is the worldwide symbol of support and
awareness for people living with HIV.”
Both the virus and the syndrome are often referred to together as HIV/AIDS.
People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a result, some will then
develop AIDS.
The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an AIDS patient
can ultimately lead to death.
According to research, the origins of HIV date back to the late nineteenth or
early twentieth century in west-central Africa. AIDS and its cause, HIV, were
first identified and recognized in the
early 1980s.
There is currently no cure for HIV or
AIDS. Treatments can slow the
courseof the condition - some
infected people can live a long and
relatively healthy life.
 HIVis the virus which attacks the
T-cells in the immunesystem.
 AIDS is the syndromewhich
appears in advanced stages of
HIV infection.
 HIVis a virus.
 AIDS is a medicalcondition

7. HIV infection causes AIDS to develop.
However, it is possibleto be infected
with HIV withoutdeveloping AIDS.
Without treatment, the HIV infection is
allowed to progress and eventually it
will develop into AIDS in the vast
majority of cases.
HIV testing can identify infection in the
early stages. This allows the patient to
use prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the rate at which the
virus replicates, delaying the onset of AIDS.
AIDS patients still havethe HIV virus and arestill infectious. Someone with
AIDS can pass HIV to someoneelse.
Causes of HIV/AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system.
The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus
progression varies widely between individuals and depends on many factors
(age of the patient, body's ability to defend against HIV, access to health care,
existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's genetic inheritance,
resistanceto certain strains of HIV).

8. HIV CAN BE TRANMITTED THROUGH
Sexual transmission.It can happenwhenthere iscontactwithinfectedsexual secretions(rectal
, genital ororal mucousmembranes).Thiscanhappenwhile havingunprotectedsex,including
vaginal,oral and anal sex or sharingsex toyswithsomeone infectedwithHIV.
Prenatal transmission. Themother can pass the infection on to her
child during childbirth, pregnancy, and also through breastfeeding.
Bloodtransmission. Therisk of transmitting HIV through blood
transfusion is nowadays extremely low in developed countries, thanks to
meticulous screening and precautions. Among drug users, sharing and
reusing syringes contaminated with HIV-infected blood is extremely
hazardous.
Symptoms of HIV and AIDS
Many people with HIV haveno symptoms for severalyears. Others may
develop symptoms similar to flu, usually two to six weeks after catching the
virus. The symptoms can last up to four weeks.
Symptoms of early HIV infectionmay include:
 fever
 a red rash
 tiredness
 weakness
 weightloss

9.  chills
 jointpain
 muscleache
 sorethroat
 sweats (particularly atnight)
 enlarged glands
Asymptomatic HIV infection
In many cases, after the initial symptoms disappear, there will not be any
further symptoms for many years. During this time, the virus carries on
developing and damages the immune system. This process can take up to 10
years. The infected person will experience no symptoms, feel well and appear
healthy.
Late-stage HIV infection
If left untreated, HIV weakens the ability to fight infection. The person
becomes vulnerable to serious illnesses. This stage of infection is known as
AIDS.
Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may include:
 blurred vision
 diarrhoea, which is usually persistentor chronic
 dry cough

10.  nightsweats
 permanent tiredness
 shortness ofbreath
 swollen glands lasting for week
 weightloss
 whitespots on thetongue or mouth
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
A 2011reportissuedbythe CDC (CentresforDiseaseControland
Prevention),USA,foundthatabout 1 in every5 HIV-positiveAmericansis
unawareof theirHIV-status,andonly 49% of thosewho areawarereceive
ongoingmedical care and treatment.

11. Blood test
Diagnosis is made through a blood test that screens specifically for the virus.
If the HIV virus has been found, the test result is "positive". The blood is re-
tested several times before a positive resultis given to the patient.
For those whosetests came back positive, they will be asked to undergo
some other tests to see how the infection has progressed, and also to
decide when to start treatment.
If a person has been exposed to the virus, it is crucial that they get tested as
soon as possible. The earlier HIV is detected, the morelikely the treatment will
be successful. Also,
precautions can be taken to
prevent the virus fromspreading to
other people.
Treatments for HIV/AIDS
EarlierHIV antiretroviraltreatment is crucial - it improvesquality of life,
extendslife expectancyandreducestheriskof transmission,accordingto the
World Health Organization'sguidelinesissuedin June 2013.
Whenan HIV-positiveadult'sCD4 cellcountis 500 cells/mm3
or lower they
should starttreatmentimmediately.

12. Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. Buttreatments have
evolved which are much moreefficacious - they can improve patients'
general health and quality of life considerably.
Emergency HIV pills
If an individualbelievestheyhave beenexposedto theviruswithin the last72
hours(threedays),anti-HIVmedication, calledPEP (post-exposure
prophylaxis) maystop infection.The treatmentshouldbe takenas soonas
possibleaftercontact with the virus.
PEP is a very demanding treatment lasting four weeks. Itis also associated
with unpleasantside effects (diarrhea, malaise, nausea, weakness and
fatigue).
Complementary or alternative medicine
Although widely used, alternative/complementary medications, such has
herbal ones, have not been proven to be effective or ineffective. According to
some limited studies, mineral or vitamin supplements may providesome
benefits. Patients are urged to discuss these options with their doctors.

13. HIV Prevention
To prevent being infected
with HIV, healthcare
professionals advice
precautions related to:
Unprotected
sex
Having sex without a
condomcan put a person at
risk of being infected with
HIV and other sexually
transmitted
infections (STIs). HIV can be
spread by having unprotected sex(vaginal, oral and anal sex). Itcan also be
caught fromsharing sex toys with someoneinfected with HIV.
Drug abuse and needle sharing
Intravenous drug useis an important factor in HIV transmission in developed
countries. Sharing needles can expose users to HIV and other viruses, such as
hepatitis C.

14. Pregnancy
Anti-HIV medicines can harmthe
unborn child. But an effective
treatment plan can preventHIV
transmission from mother to baby.
Precautions have to be taken to
protect the baby´s health. Delivery
through caesarean section may be
necessary. Breastfeeding may have to
give way to bottle-feeding if the
mother is infected.
A study by scientists fromColumbia University,
New York, found
that breastfeeding for 6+ months with
antiretroviraltherapy could help
reduce mother-to-child HIV
transmission as well as improve
chances of infant's survival.
Education
Health education is an important factor in reducing HIV infection.

15. CASE STUDY
 Greg Louganis
Despite bringing home gold medals from two Olympic Games, this champion diver didn’t
think he’d live to see 30. When he was diagnosed at 28, justbefore the 1988 games, “we
thought of HIV as a death sentence,” he told ESPN magazine. More than 3 decades later,
Louganis says, “HIV taughtmenot to take anything for granted.” In recent years, he’s
mentored the U.S. diving team at the Rio Olympics, been the subjectof a Sports Emmy-
nominated documentary (Back on Board), and received America’s ultimate quirky stamp of
athletic honor -- his image on a Wheaties cereal box.
 Magic Johnson
The basketball legend announced he was HIV-positivein October 1991. Thenews was a
wake-up call to straightmen who thought they weren't at risk for the disease. Johnson
retired fromthe L.A. Lakers but played in the 1992 NBA All-Star Game and helped the U.S.
Olympic Team take the gold later that same year. Since then, he's worked to educate people
about HIV and AIDS.

16.  Charlie Sheen
Though actor Charlie Sheen learned he was HIV positivein 2011, itwasn'tuntil 2015 that he
publicly came forward abouthis condition. Sheen admitted to Today that he paid millions in
bribes to keep the information hidden, but wanted to end the "shakedowns"by going
public. He said he would not "be the poster man for this," but he would "not shun away
fromresponsibilities and opportunities that drive me to help others. I havea responsibility
now to better myself and help a lot of other people.
Managing HIV
General Health. Itis crucial for patients to take medication correctly and take
steps to avoid illness. Patients should seek to improvetheir general health and
reduce the risk of falling ill by practicing regular exercise, healthy eating, and
not smoking.
Additional precautions. HIV-infected people should be extra cautious to
prevent exposureto infection. They should be carefularound animals, avoid
coming into contact with cat litter, animal feces. Meticulous and regular
washing of hands is recommended.

17. CONCLUSION
After studying the cause and effects of ‘AIDS’ from differentviews, weconcludethat it is a
pandemic disease. It is mainly spreading sexually and person of the age group of 25-45
years are the most affected group. There are some methods like ‘AntiviralTherapy’ and
Immuno Simulative therapy which bring somehope that even then no specific treatment
has been found so for and morality form is virtually 100%. So only prevention in the test
medicine care. AIDS is non curabledue to its nature of pathogen. Italso damage immune
systemof the body. Therefore any medicine (Antiviral) drugs arenot effective againstHIV
virus. Ignoranceand lack of knowledgeabout this disease is the root cause of wide spread of
this disease.

18. Bibliography
Parts of this project have been referred from foreign sources and
have been included in this project after editing.
The reference of sources is as follows:-
Books:-
a) Biology NCERT Book class 12th
b) National Geographic Magazine
Internet Sources:-
a) www.google.com
b) www.hiv.gov
c) www.cdc.gov
d) www.who.int
e) en.m.wikipedia.org