Comparative anatomy of heart.pptx
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The circulatory system transports fluids like blood and lymph through vessels and channels. The blood vascular system is a closed system in vertebrates with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart receives blood via veins and pumps it into arteries to transport blood to organs like the lungs. Fish hearts have two chambers, an auricle and ventricle. Amphibian hearts have two auricles and one ventricle. Reptile hearts show improvement over amphibians with separated auricles and a partially divided ventricle. Bird hearts are large and four-chambered with separated pulmonary and systemic circulation. Mammal hearts are fully four-chambered.
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Comparative anatomy of heart structure
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Circulatory System Of The Vertebrates
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
Evolution of Heart
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
Development of Kidney In Vertebrates
The document summarizes the development of the kidney in vertebrates. It discusses the three main stages of kidney development: (1) the pronephros, which is an initial kidney that forms but then degenerates; (2) the mesonephros, which briefly functions as a kidney in some species; and (3) the metanephros, which develops from the intermediate mesoderm and ureteric buds and forms the permanent kidney through reciprocal interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. The ureteric buds branch and induce surrounding mesenchyme to form nephrons, while the mesenchyme causes further branching of the ureteric ducts, resulting in the
Aortic arches in vertebrates
Vertebrates generally have a ventral aorta and dorsal aorta, with six pairs of aortic arches that branch off and pass through gill arches. In fishes, the six pairs of arches each pass blood through the gills. Over time, some arches reduce or disappear, with sharks having five pairs and most fish having four functional pairs. In land vertebrates like reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals, the number of arches reduces further to three pairs or less as lungs replace gills and the circulatory system evolves to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Evolution of Urinogenital Ducts
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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Comparative anatomy of heart structure
1. All chordates have a circulatory system with blood and lymph traveling through separate yet interconnected vessels.
2. In vertebrates the blood vascular system is closed, with a contractile heart and continuous vessels. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the veins into the arteries.
3. Over the course of evolution, the structure of the heart has become more complex and compartmentalized. In early vertebrates like sharks the heart had two chambers, while in advanced mammals it is a four-chambered heart that fully separates pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
Three principles
The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
Circulatory System Of The Vertebrates
The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide and waste through blood vessels. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with blood contained within vessels. The human circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system, consists of the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins. The heart pumps oxygenated blood received from the lungs through the arteries and returns deoxygenated blood to the lungs through veins. Birds and mammals have further developed separate pulmonary and systemic circulatory circuits to oxygenate blood in the lungs before distributing it to the body.
Evolution of Heart
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
Development of Kidney In Vertebrates
The document summarizes the development of the kidney in vertebrates. It discusses the three main stages of kidney development: (1) the pronephros, which is an initial kidney that forms but then degenerates; (2) the mesonephros, which briefly functions as a kidney in some species; and (3) the metanephros, which develops from the intermediate mesoderm and ureteric buds and forms the permanent kidney through reciprocal interactions between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. The ureteric buds branch and induce surrounding mesenchyme to form nephrons, while the mesenchyme causes further branching of the ureteric ducts, resulting in the
Aortic arches in vertebrates
Vertebrates generally have a ventral aorta and dorsal aorta, with six pairs of aortic arches that branch off and pass through gill arches. In fishes, the six pairs of arches each pass blood through the gills. Over time, some arches reduce or disappear, with sharks having five pairs and most fish having four functional pairs. In land vertebrates like reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals, the number of arches reduces further to three pairs or less as lungs replace gills and the circulatory system evolves to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Evolution of Urinogenital Ducts
The document summarizes the evolution of kidneys and urino-genital ducts in vertebrates. It describes how the pronephros, mesonephros and metanephros kidney systems develop and how their associated ducts give rise to the male and female reproductive tracts. It explains that in females, the Müllerian ducts form the oviducts, while in males the mesonephric ducts form parts of the reproductive system or are reduced. The kidneys and ducts show adaptations for waste excretion, sperm transport, and supporting embryo development across vertebrate groups.
Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory System of Vertebrates
The document discusses the comparative anatomy of the respiratory systems of various vertebrates. It describes how respiration occurs through the skin, gills, lungs, and gas bladders in different organisms. It explains key differences in respiratory structures between cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and jawless fishes. Mechanisms of gas exchange are covered for fishes, as well as respiratory organs and processes for amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Heart in vetrebrates
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates
Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Receptor organs in vertebrates
Sense organs are the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings. There are five sense organs – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
External receptors (exteroceptors): sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing.
Internal receptors (interocepyors): these sense organs found in the body which detect the temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue and muscle position.
Urino genitial system of vertebrates
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
Respiratory system of pila
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Annelida- General Characters and classification
This document provides an overview of the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. It discusses their general characteristics such as segmentation, coelom, circulatory and excretory systems. It then describes the three main classes: Polychaeta (marine worms with many bristles), Oligochaeta (few bristled terrestrial and freshwater worms), and Hirudinea (leeches). Key details are provided on the morphology, habitat, reproduction and examples of representative species for each class.
Comparative Anatomy - Integumentary System
1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
Osmoregulation in Fishes and Birds
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
water vascular system by shivani bhomle
The water vascular system in echinoderms functions as a hydraulic system for locomotion. It consists of a madreporite that intakes water, a stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, lateral canals, polian vesicles, tiedemann's bodies, and tube feet. Contraction of muscles in the ampullae propels water into the tube feet, elongating them and allowing the echinoderm to attach to surfaces and move via the suction of the tube feet.
Onychophora A detailed note
This slide includes a dilated note on General Characters, Affinities and Classification of Onychophora
Lateral line system
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
PROTOTHERIA.pptx
The document discusses the characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of prototheria, the subclass of primitive egg-laying mammals. It notes that prototheria include monotremes like the platypus and echidna, which lay eggs but nourish their young with milk. While prototheria share some traits with reptiles like claws and an interclavicle bone, they also share traits with mammals like fur, mammary glands, and a four-chambered heart. The document outlines the anatomical features and development of prototheria in detail.
Digestive system of vertebrates
1. The document describes the digestive system of vertebrates, including the development and anatomy of key structures like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and gallbladder.
2. It notes that the digestive tract develops from the embryonic archenteron and surrounding mesoderm. Structures vary between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
3. Accessory organs like the tongue, teeth and salivary glands are described. The stomach and intestines show diversity between species related to diet. The liver and gallbladder function to produce and store bile.
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM.pptx
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Circulatory sysem of vertebrates
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Types of egg
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Comparative anatomy of aortic arches
The document discusses the development and modifications of aortic arches across vertebrates. In early embryos, most vertebrates develop 6 pairs of aortic arches that connect the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta and carry blood to the gills. Over evolution, there is a reduction in arches as respiration moves from gills to lungs. By adulthood, mammals and birds typically have 3 pairs of arches - the third becomes the carotid artery, fourth becomes systemic arteries, and sixth becomes pulmonary arteries.
Aortic arches
The basic fundamental plan of the aortic arches is similar in different vertebrates during embryonic stages.
But in adult the condition of the arrangement is changed either being lost or modified considerably.
The number of aortic arches is gradually reduced as the scale of evolution of vertebrates is ascended.
The embryonic aortic arches were basically six pairs.
But with progressive evolution , there has been consequent reduction in numbers of aortic arches.
In the basic pattern the major arterial channels consists of
A ventral aorta emerging from the heart and passing forward beneath the pharynx
A dorsal aorta paired above the pharynx and passing caudal above the digestive tract.
Six pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta to with the dorsal aorta.
1st aortic arch= Mandibular aortic arch
2nd Aortic arch= hyoid aortic arch
3rd ,4th ,5th and 6th aortic arches in case of aquatic animal , known as branchial aortic arches.
succession of kidneys in a vertebrate series
1. Kidneys evolve from the primitive archinephros to the pronephros, mesonephros, and finally the metanephros, which is the definitive kidney of amniotes.
2. The pronephros is the first to develop and is functional only in embryonic or larval stages. The mesonephros follows and is functional in embryos and adults of some species.
3. The metanephros is the adult kidney of amniotes and shows greater complexity with millions of nephrons and additional structures like loops of Henle in mammals.
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The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed and elaborate like those of the other terrestrial insects to compensate the absence of respiratory pigment in the blood.
It consists of a system of air tubes or tracheae through which every tissue of their body remains in direct contact with the environmental air for gaseous exchange. The environmental air enters into and escapes from the tracheae through the spiracles or stigmata.
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Heart in vetrebrates
Evolutionary change in heart of vertebrates
Heart is situated ventral to the oseophagus in the pericardial section of the coelom.
Heart is a highly muscular pumping organ that pumps blood into arteries and sucks it back through the veins.
In vertebrates it has undergone transformation by twisting from a straight tube to a complex multi-chambered organ.
. There has been an increase in the number of chambers in heart during evolution of vertebrates.
The heart is covered by a transparent protective covering, called pericardium. It is a single layer in fish.
Within pericardium there is a pericardial fluid, protects the heart from the external injury.
The evolution of the heart is based on the separation of oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood for efficient oxygen transport.
Receptor organs in vertebrates
Sense organs are the specialized organs composed of sensory neurons, which help us to perceive and respond to our surroundings. There are five sense organs – eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin.
External receptors (exteroceptors): sense organs for touch, smell, taste, sight and hearing.
Internal receptors (interocepyors): these sense organs found in the body which detect the temperature, pain, hunger, thirst, fatigue and muscle position.
Urino genitial system of vertebrates
The document discusses the urinogenital system in vertebrates. It begins by defining the urinogenital system and its components, which include the kidneys, urinary ducts, gonads, and genital ducts. It then describes the evolution and development of the kidney structures in vertebrates, from the primitive pronephros to the more advanced metanephros. Key points include that the kidney evolves from the intermediate mesoderm and progresses through pronephric, mesonephric, and metanephric stages. The metanephros is the definitive kidney structure in amniotes. The document also discusses kidney structure and blood supply in different vertebrate groups.
Respiratory system of pila
Pila is an amphibian that can perform both branchial and pulmonary respiration. When in water, it breathes through gills called ctenidia located in the branchial chamber. On land, it breathes through a pulmonary sac located in the pulmonary chamber. The pulmonary sac allows for gas exchange between air and blood. Pila can also respire underwater using a respiratory tube formed by its nuchal lobe to bring air into the pulmonary sac. Its osphradium organ helps detect chemicals in the water.
Annelida- General Characters and classification
This document provides an overview of the phylum Annelida, or segmented worms. It discusses their general characteristics such as segmentation, coelom, circulatory and excretory systems. It then describes the three main classes: Polychaeta (marine worms with many bristles), Oligochaeta (few bristled terrestrial and freshwater worms), and Hirudinea (leeches). Key details are provided on the morphology, habitat, reproduction and examples of representative species for each class.
Comparative Anatomy - Integumentary System
1. The document outlines different types of glands found in the skin, including simple and compound tubular and saccular glands.
2. Examples of simple tubular glands given are sweat glands and ceruminous glands, while mammary glands are identified as compound tubular glands.
3. The skin of mammals is described as the most complex, with two main layers - the epidermis and dermis, along with associated structures like hair, claws/nails, and glands.
Osmoregulation in Fishes and Birds
Osmoregulation is the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body. The fluids inside and surrounding cells are composed of water, electrolytes, and nonelectrolytes. An electrolyte is a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
water vascular system by shivani bhomle
The water vascular system in echinoderms functions as a hydraulic system for locomotion. It consists of a madreporite that intakes water, a stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, lateral canals, polian vesicles, tiedemann's bodies, and tube feet. Contraction of muscles in the ampullae propels water into the tube feet, elongating them and allowing the echinoderm to attach to surfaces and move via the suction of the tube feet.
Onychophora A detailed note
This slide includes a dilated note on General Characters, Affinities and Classification of Onychophora
Lateral line system
Origin of the Lateral Line System
Lateral line is a canal along the side of a fish containing pores that open into tubes supplied with sense organs sensitive to low vibrations.
Robert H. Denison explained the origin of the lateral line system. He explained that early vertebrates had a pore-canal system in the dermis which functioned as a primitive sensory system in detecting water movement.
Through the evidences from fossils, embryology and comparative anatomy, Denison (1966) established that the inner ear is closely related to the lateral line system. He found a distinct relationship between the pore canal system and the lateral line in Osteotraci.
The inner ear and the lateral line are developed from ectodermal thickenings, called dorso-lateral placodes. These have a number of similarities, including receptors with sensory hairs, and are both innervated by fibers in the acoustico-lateral area of the brain.
The pore canal system is present and developed in Osteostraci (ostracoderm).
It is also present in Heterostraci which is another group of ostracoderms and includes early vertebrates such as lungfishes and crossopterygians.
As its presence is extensive, it is reasonable to suggest that the pore canal system was a primitive character in early vertebrates .
In transverse sections also , it is very difficult to differentiate the pore canal system from a lateral line canal.
Structure of the Lateral Line System
Epidermal structures called neuromasts form the peripheral area of the lateral line.
Neuromasts consist of two types of cells, hair cells and supporting cells.
Hair cells have an epidermal origin and each hair cell has one high kynocyle (5-10 μm) and 30 to 150 short stereocilia (2-3 μm).
The number of hair cells in each neuromast depends on its size, and they can range from dozens to thousands.
Hair cells can be oriented in two opposite directions with each hair cell surrounded by supporting cells.
At the basal part of each hair cell, there are synaptic contacts with afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Afferent fibers, transmit signals to the neural centres of the lateral line and expand at the neuromast base. The regulation of hair cells is achieved by the action of efferent fibers.
Stereocilia and kinocilium of hair cells are immersed into a cupula and are located above the surface of the sensory epithelium.
The cupula is created by a gel-like media, which is secreted by non-receptor cells of the neuromast.
PROTOTHERIA.pptx
The document discusses the characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of prototheria, the subclass of primitive egg-laying mammals. It notes that prototheria include monotremes like the platypus and echidna, which lay eggs but nourish their young with milk. While prototheria share some traits with reptiles like claws and an interclavicle bone, they also share traits with mammals like fur, mammary glands, and a four-chambered heart. The document outlines the anatomical features and development of prototheria in detail.
Digestive system of vertebrates
1. The document describes the digestive system of vertebrates, including the development and anatomy of key structures like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and gallbladder.
2. It notes that the digestive tract develops from the embryonic archenteron and surrounding mesoderm. Structures vary between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
3. Accessory organs like the tongue, teeth and salivary glands are described. The stomach and intestines show diversity between species related to diet. The liver and gallbladder function to produce and store bile.
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM.pptx
The water vascular system of echinoderms consists of a network of canals filled with fluid connected to the coelom. It contains structures like the madreporite, stone canal, ring canal, radial canals, and tube feet. The system functions in locomotion, food capture, attachment, and sometimes respiration, excretion, and sensation. It varies in structure across the different echinoderm classes.
Circulatory sysem of vertebrates
In primitive vertebrates, such as the lancelet (petromyzon), the circulating fluid moves without a heart as the central organ of circulation.
In fishes’ single-circuit system, the gills and the heart are placed in series. The two-chambered heart supplies the blood to gills with pressures that exceed those in the arteries. Largely devoid of gravity, fish depend on water for respiration, fluid balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, and fin development.
The amphibians are adapted to life in water only during early stages of their development. Transition to land is marked by loss of fins and gills, and the emergence of tail and limbs.
Adaptation to air respiration introduces a fundamental change in the structure of the cardiovascular system. The heart and the lung are joined by a newly formed pulmonary circulation placed in parallel with the systemic circulation. In contrast to fish, the circulatory loops cross and assume the shape of a lemniscate (figure-eight or ∞-shaped curves).
The heart acquires a new chamber, the left atrium, while a common ventricle is shared between the pulmonary and systemic loops. Amphibians continue to depend for temperature, reproduction, and part of their respiratory needs on water (skin respiration).
Through the development of complicated organ systems such as thermoregulation, respiration, excretion, inner reproduction, and locomotion, mammals have attained a high degree of environmental liberation.
The cardiovascular system consists of two anatomically separate, but functionally unified, parts—the systemic and pulmonary circulations—placed in series.
In addition to an independent inner watery environment, mammals have developed an “inner atmosphere,” reflected primarily in the partial pressure of oxygen and nitrogen in the blood that parallels the atmospheric pressure.
The essential new feature of the mammalian circulation is a pressurized arterial compartment. The similarity of arterial pressure across the mammalian species suggests that the pressure as such does not serve the blood propulsion.
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems:
transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat, & various other materials
consist of heart, arteries, capillaries, & veins:
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart
have muscular, elastic walls
terminate in capillary beds
Capillaries
have very thin walls (endothelium only)
are the site of exchange between the blood and body cells
Veins
carry blood back to the heart
have less muscle in their walls than arteries but the walls are very elastic
begin at the end of capillary beds
Heart
a muscular pump (cardiac muscle)
contains a pacemaker to regulate rate but rate can also be influenced by the Autonomic Nervous System
Types of egg
There are three main ways to classify types of eggs: by amount of yolk, distribution of yolk, and presence of a shell. In terms of yolk amount, eggs can be alecithal (negligible yolk), microlecithal (small yolk), mesolecithal (moderate yolk), or polylecithal (large yolk). Distribution of yolk determines if an egg is isollecithal (evenly distributed), telolecithal (yolk on one pole), or centrolecithal (yolk in center). Finally, eggs can have a hard shell (cleidoic) like reptiles and birds or lack a shell (non-cleido
Comparative anatomy of aortic arches
The document discusses the development and modifications of aortic arches across vertebrates. In early embryos, most vertebrates develop 6 pairs of aortic arches that connect the dorsal aorta to the ventral aorta and carry blood to the gills. Over evolution, there is a reduction in arches as respiration moves from gills to lungs. By adulthood, mammals and birds typically have 3 pairs of arches - the third becomes the carotid artery, fourth becomes systemic arteries, and sixth becomes pulmonary arteries.
Aortic arches
The basic fundamental plan of the aortic arches is similar in different vertebrates during embryonic stages.
But in adult the condition of the arrangement is changed either being lost or modified considerably.
The number of aortic arches is gradually reduced as the scale of evolution of vertebrates is ascended.
The embryonic aortic arches were basically six pairs.
But with progressive evolution , there has been consequent reduction in numbers of aortic arches.
In the basic pattern the major arterial channels consists of
A ventral aorta emerging from the heart and passing forward beneath the pharynx
A dorsal aorta paired above the pharynx and passing caudal above the digestive tract.
Six pairs of aortic arches connecting ventral aorta to with the dorsal aorta.
1st aortic arch= Mandibular aortic arch
2nd Aortic arch= hyoid aortic arch
3rd ,4th ,5th and 6th aortic arches in case of aquatic animal , known as branchial aortic arches.
succession of kidneys in a vertebrate series
1. Kidneys evolve from the primitive archinephros to the pronephros, mesonephros, and finally the metanephros, which is the definitive kidney of amniotes.
2. The pronephros is the first to develop and is functional only in embryonic or larval stages. The mesonephros follows and is functional in embryos and adults of some species.
3. The metanephros is the adult kidney of amniotes and shows greater complexity with millions of nephrons and additional structures like loops of Henle in mammals.
Respiratory system of Cockroach.pptx
The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed and elaborate like those of the other terrestrial insects to compensate the absence of respiratory pigment in the blood.
It consists of a system of air tubes or tracheae through which every tissue of their body remains in direct contact with the environmental air for gaseous exchange. The environmental air enters into and escapes from the tracheae through the spiracles or stigmata.
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Heart in vertebrates
A comparative account of heart in different vertebrates such Reptiles, birds, mammals, where number heart chamber is varied to different vertebrates
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Transport in animals
A powerpoint designed for the South African Life Sciences syllabus for grade 11. Includes information about blood and it's transportation, the human heart, the lymph system etc. Hope it helps :)
Heart anatomy
The document provides information about the anatomy and function of the heart. It describes the heart as a muscular pump located between the lungs that circulates blood through two circuits: deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium and is pumped to the lungs by the right ventricle, then oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and is pumped through the body by the left ventricle. It details the chambers, valves, coverings and blood flow pathway through the heart.
Comp anatomy of heart
This document provides an overview of heart development and comparative anatomy across vertebrates. It describes how the heart originates from mesodermal tissue and develops into a tubular structure. Across species, the heart evolves from a two-chambered structure in fish to a four-chambered heart with complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in mammals. Key developments include the formation of four chambers, completion of the interatrial and interventricular septa, and separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation. Differences in heart structure across fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals are also summarized.
Blood-circulation.pdf
Fishes have a closed circulatory system with a two-chambered heart that pumps deoxygenated blood to the gills and then oxygenated blood throughout the body in a single loop. The heart consists of four parts - the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus. Prawns have an open circulatory system where blood is pumped into body cavities and tissues are surrounded by blood, with no true blood vessels. Their circulatory system includes a heart, arteries that branch throughout the body, and blood sinuses where arteries end instead of forming capillaries.
CIRCULATION: HEART AND AORTIC ARCHES
This document discusses the evolution of the circulatory system and heart in chordates. It begins by defining open and closed circulatory systems. It then describes the heart structure in various chordate groups, starting with a single-chambered heart in primitive chordates. Fish have a two-chambered heart. Amphibians and most reptiles have a three-chambered heart, while crocodilians have a four-chambered heart. Birds and mammals also have a four-chambered heart that allows for complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood via double circulation. References are provided at the end.
Heart .
The document discusses the structure and function of hearts in humans, reptiles, and fish. It describes that the human heart has four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles separated by a septum. Reptiles typically have a three-chambered heart with two atria and one partially divided ventricle, except for crocodiles which have a four-chambered heart like mammals and birds. Fish have the simplest heart consisting of only two chambers, one atrium and one ventricle, without a septum.
UNIT 4-WPS Office.pptx
The circulatory system is divided into the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood into the pulmonary and systemic circulations. The right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a conducting system to coordinate contractions. Arteries carry blood away from the heart while veins return blood to the heart.
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM.pdf for bsc nursing students
The cardiovascular system refers to the heart, blood vessels and the blood.
Blood contains oxygen and other nutrients, which your body needs to survive. The body takes these essential nutrients from the blood.
At the same time, the body dumps waste products like carbon dioxide, back into the blood, so they can be removed.
The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive.
Veins deliver used blood from the body back to the heart. Blood in the veins is low in oxygen (as it has been taken out by the body) and high in carbon dioxide (as the body has unloaded it back into the blood).
All the veins drain into the superior and inferior vena cava, which then drain into the right atrium.
The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle. Then the right ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk, through the pulmonary arteries and into the lungs.
In the lungs the blood picks up oxygen that we breathe in and gets rid of carbon dioxide, which we breathe out. The blood is becomes rich in oxygen, which the body can use.
From the lungs, blood drains into the left atrium and is then pumped into the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps this oxygen-rich blood out into the aorta, which then distributes it to the rest of the body through other arteries.
This blood will again return back to the heart through the veins and the cycle continues.
The cardiovascular system can be thought of as the transport system of the body.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself.
The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes.
Blood can be thought of as a fluid, which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes, which need to be removed.
独中高中生物Chapter 9 transportation in animals
This document provides an overview of circulatory systems in animals. It begins by explaining the objectives and importance of understanding circulation. There are two main types of circulatory systems - open and closed. Open systems have blood that flows freely in the body cavity, while closed systems keep blood within vessels. Examples of open and closed systems from different animal groups are described. The human circulatory system uses a double closed circulatory system, with pulmonary and systemic circulation. Key structures of the heart and pathways of blood flow are outlined for pulmonary, systemic, hepatic portal, and coronary circulation.
Final heart
The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body using the heart as a pump. The heart has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles. It is surrounded by membranes and tissues. Blood enters the right atrium from the body, then passes to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and passes to the left ventricle which pumps it out to the body via the aorta. The heart contracts over 100,000 times per day to circulate blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Valves ensure blood only flows in one direction through the heart.
Circulation in plants and animals
Internal transport in animals occurs through circulatory systems. Simple organisms rely on diffusion through their gastrovascular cavities or two cell layers. More complex animals have developed muscular pumps (hearts) that circulate fluid (blood or hemolymph) through tubular vessels. Most animals have closed circulatory systems with double circulation, where blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and then to the rest of the body. The human cardiovascular system has further evolved to include arteries, veins, and a four-chambered heart that fully separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
Lecture 6 transport circulation_part 1
The circulatory system transports nutrients, gases, hormones, blood cells, etc to and from cells, helps fight pathogens, and regulates homeostasis. It is either open (heart pumps fluid into body cavity) or closed (heart pumps blood through vessels). Vertebrates have a four-chambered heart and double circulation with pulmonary and systemic circuits. The heart pumps blood which contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in plasma. Blood pressure, cardiac cycle, blood vessels, capillaries, and hemophilia are also discussed.
Heart .
The document compares the heart structure of humans, reptiles, and fish. It notes that while the human heart has four chambers, reptile hearts typically have three chambers except for crocodiles which have four chambers like humans. Fish have the simplest heart structure with only two chambers. The document also discusses differences in circulatory systems, the presence of septums between ventricles, and the role of the sinus venosus between the species.
Heart .
The document compares the heart structures of humans, reptiles, and fish. It notes that while the human heart has four chambers, reptile hearts typically have three chambers except for crocodiles which have four chambers like humans. Reptiles also have an incomplete ventricular septum allowing for some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. In contrast, fish have the simplest heart structure with only two chambers and no septum.
Heart
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the middle mediastinum at the level of T5-T8 vertebrae. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles separated by valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs in the left atrium and pumps it to the body and receives deoxygenated blood which it pumps to the lungs. It is supplied by the left and right coronary arteries and its rhythm is regulated by the cardiac conduction system.
Heart
The three main chambers of the heart are the two atria which receive blood, and the two ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. One-way flow is ensured by atrioventricular and semilunar valves. The cardiac cycle involves the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system transfers absorbed nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and more throughout the body. It has two main parts - the blood vascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood, and the lymphatic system including lymph vessels and lymph fluid. The evolution of the vertebrate heart is traced from single-chambered hearts in primitive chordates to modern four-chambered hearts with separate pulmonary and systemic circulation in birds and mammals.
Transport.pptx
This document summarizes transport processes in plants and animals and the cardiovascular system. In plants, materials move into, within, and out of the body through processes like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. In animals, the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and excretory systems facilitate movement of materials. The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart and blood vessels, transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes. It includes arteries, which carry blood away from the heart; capillaries, where gas and nutrient exchange occurs; and veins, which return blood to the heart. The circulatory system allows for distribution of materials throughout the body.
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CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM.pdf for bsc nursing students
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Comparative anatomy of heart.pptx
- 1. Circulatory System • All chordates have a circulatory or vascular system comprising a system of vessels and channels through which 2 kinds of fluids travel in separate, yet interconnected vessels. • The fluids are the blood and the lymph
- 2. Blood Vascular System • The blood vascular system is a closed system in vertebrates. • It has a contractile heart and continuous tube called vessels.
- 3. • Heart is a hollow muscular pumping organ, • It is conical in shape. • Heart is always ventral to the gut, lying in a specialized coelomic compartment, the pericardium.
- 4. Vertebrate Heart • Vertebrates have a pulsating heart • It receives blood from various parts of the body at the posterior end by means of veins and pumps it into arteries at the anterior end, which carry the blood to various organs including the breathing organs
- 5. Fishes • The heart of shark has only two chambers, namely an auricle and a ventricle. • On the dorsal side of the auricle there is a sac-like sinous which receives blood from all parts of the body. • This opens into the auricle by an aperture. • Auricle communicate with the ventricle. • Ventricle is continued ventrally and forward by another swollen part called conus arteriosus. • Conus extend forward as ventral aorta • Heart of shark deals with only deoxygenated blood
- 7. Amphibian • The heart of frog has 2 auricles and one ventricle • 2 auricles are seperted by an interauricular septum • Sinus venosus on the dorsal side, opens into the right auricle through sinuauricular aperature. • Left auricle- oxygenated blood. • The 2 auricles open into the ventricle by a common aperature which is guarded by the auriculo-ventricular valve.
- 8. Reptiles • The heart of reptiles show improvement over the amphibians. • Sinus venosus merged with the right auricle. • Right and left auricles are completely seperated by interauricular septum. • The ventricle is also divided imperfectly into two halves. • Conus split upto the base into 2 vessels namely, pulmnory artery and aorta, that cross each other.
- 9. Aves • The first land vertebrates to have achieved complete separation of pulmnory and systemic circulation. • Heart- large and 4 –chambered, • Sinus venosus and conus are absent. • RA- deoxygenated blood, 2 postcaval and 1 precaval vein • LA- oxygenated blood, pulmnory vein. • RA opens into RV by monocuspid valve. • LA opene into LV by bicuspid valve.
- 10. Mammals • Heart- 4 chambered, completely divided auricle and ventricle. • RA opens into RV by tricuspid valve. • LA opens into LV by bicuspid valve. • Wall of heart supplied by coronary arteries