The Chemistry of Thermite
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Thermite is a chemical reaction between aluminum and iron oxide that produces intense heat. It has various applications including welding and incendiary weapons. Thermite reactions burn underwater and are difficult to extinguish due to the extreme temperatures produced. Some conspiracy theories suggest thermite was involved in historic events like the Hindenburg disaster and 9/11 attacks.
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The document discusses thermite reactions. Thermite is a chemical reaction between iron oxide and aluminum that produces iron and aluminum oxide. It burns at extremely high temperatures and was used historically for welding railroad tracks. Thermite reactions were discovered in 1893 and have various applications including incendiary weapons and disabling artillery in war. Care must be taken as thermite reactions produce very high heat and cannot be easily extinguished.
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this is my web site : http://btechadvanceproject.blogspot.in/
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Follow On Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/md.raza72/
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Pre-treatment of hot metal involves removing silicon, phosphorus, and sulfur to produce high quality steel. It is done between the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace. Desiliconization removes excess silicon using oxidizing agents and fluxes to produce a neutral slag. Dephosphorization requires oxidizing conditions and a basic slag to remove phosphorus after silicon removal. Desulphurization uses reagents like lime, calcium carbide, and magnesium injected through lances to convert sulfur to slag. Dip lance injection is a reliable method to reduce sulfur levels to 0.001%. Proper removal of sulfur-rich slag and refractory development are areas of ongoing work.
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The document summarizes the process of thermit welding. It discusses the history of thermit welding which was developed in the late 19th century. The principle is that a thermite reaction between iron oxide and aluminum produces molten iron. This molten metal is then used to fuse metal parts together. The procedure involves preparing the joint, mixing thermite materials, igniting the mixture to produce molten metal, and pouring it into a mold to join the parts. Thermit welding is portable, inexpensive, and used to repair large metal structures like rails or ships. However, it can only be used on ferrous metals.
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Thermite welding uses a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum that produces extremely high temperatures when ignited, reaching 2500°C. This allows metal parts to be fused together without needing to be removed. The process was discovered in the late 1800s and was first used commercially to weld train tracks together. It remains ideal for welding rails due to its portability and ability to weld tracks without removing them. The thermite mixture is ignited in a crucible and poured into a mold containing the metal parts to be joined, where it fuses them together upon solidifying. While cheap and not requiring external power, the welds can be porous and it is limited to ferrous metals.
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The Chemistry of Thermite
- 2. • Thermite is the product of an aluminum metal and iron oxide reaction at an extreme temperature. • Thermite has a wide variety of uses in the world today. • It is mainly used for welding and incendiary bombs. • During the WWII thermite was used by the United States military in incendiary bombs. • Today the military still uses thermite in grenades which can burn through armor with ease Summary
- 3. • A thermite reaction can’t be put out by anything. • Because of the intense heat of the reaction itself, thermite will burn underwater. • It has been at the center of many conspiracies. • It was speculated that thermite could have been the cause of the Hindenburg disaster in 1937. • Conspiracy theorists have also speculated that controlled thermite demolition bombs were the cause of the 9-11 terror attacks. Summary
- 4. • “Thermite is a generic name given to high-temperature reactions between certain metal oxides and aluminum (Tinnesand 14).” • The thermite reaction is an exothermic, single replacement combustion reaction. • The chemical formula for the thermite reaction is Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe + heat. • The change in enthalpy is about -850 kJ/mol • In this reaction iron oxide and aluminum metal react with each other to produce aluminum oxide, an elemental iron, and heat. Chemistry
- 5. • Other metals such as chromium oxide and copper oxide are also used. • Iron is more reactive with the aluminum. • In order to achieve the temperatures necessary to begin the reaction, magnesium ribbons (Mg) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4) + Glycerin. • When the metals are ignited they reach temperatures as high as 3000 C which is about 5432 F. • Thermite gives off enough energy to sustain itself. • This intense heat causes the metals aluminum and iron oxide to melt down to a molten liquid state. Chemistry
- 6. • Other metals such as chromium oxide and copper oxide are also used. • Iron is more reactive with the aluminum. • In order to achieve the temperatures necessary to begin the reaction, magnesium ribbons (Mg) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4) + Glycerin. • When the metals are ignited they reach temperatures as high as 3000 C which is about 5432 F. • Thermite gives off enough energy to sustain itself. • This intense heat causes the metals aluminum and iron oxide to melt down to a molten liquid state. Chemistry
- 7. • Thermite is important to our lives because it has literally built this country. • Without it welding would be near impossible. • Skyscrapers could not have been built without thermite. • Thermite has and will continue to be used as a weapon to protect our soldiers fighting abroad who are defending freedom. Implications
- 9. Chemistry Daily. N.p., 4 Jan. 2007. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Thermite>. Tinnesand, Michael. "MightyThermite." ChemMatters Feb. 2002: 14-15. Print About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://usmilitary.about.com/od/weapons/a/thermite.htm> Ask theTA. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://www.askthetachemistryhelp.com/thermite.html>. "Thermite." Amazing Rust. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2013. http://web.archive.org/web/20110707122310/amazingrust.com/experiments/ how_to/Thermite.html Works Cited