i. Introduction
ii. Pyro-metallurgy
Calcinations
Roasting
Smelting
Slags and fluxes
iii. Hydro- Metallurgy
• Advantages of hydro metallurgy
General methods of extraction
• Leaching operations
iv. Electro-metallurgy
Electrolytic decomposition
Structure of solvent media
Molten(fused) salt electrolytes
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
Role –energy in metal extraction
CHAPTER 3 MINERALS ORES AND METHODES OF SEPARATION.pdfWeldebrhan Tesfaye
i. Introduction
ii. Minerals and ores
iii. Sources of metals
iv. Methods of beneficiation of ores and miners
a. Comminution
Size reduction by crushing and grinding
Minerals, ores and methods of beneficiation
Liberation
Laws of crushing and grinding
Sizing
b. Classification and concentration
c. Classification and concentration
d. Magnetic separation
e. Electro- static separation
f. Flotation
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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CHAPTER 3 MINERALS ORES AND METHODES OF SEPARATION.pdfWeldebrhan Tesfaye
i. Introduction
ii. Minerals and ores
iii. Sources of metals
iv. Methods of beneficiation of ores and miners
a. Comminution
Size reduction by crushing and grinding
Minerals, ores and methods of beneficiation
Liberation
Laws of crushing and grinding
Sizing
b. Classification and concentration
c. Classification and concentration
d. Magnetic separation
e. Electro- static separation
f. Flotation
Non - Ferrous Extraction of Metals Lecture NotesFellowBuddy.com
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Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
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Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
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# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
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Introduction
Winning of metals from sulphide ores
Extraction of Copper
a. Hydro - metallurgy of copper
b. Pyro - metallurgical extraction of copper
c. Newer process for copper extraction
d. Energy concepts in copper smelting
Extraction of metals from oxide members
Extraction of Lead
i. Treatments of ores of lead and its production
ii. Modern developments in lead smelting
Extraction of Zinc
a. Pyro - metallurgical extraction
b. Hydro – metallurgical extraction
c. Imperial smelting process
d. Production of other metals by ISP
e. Zinc from lead slags by slag fuming
Extraction of Nickel
Pyro – metallurgical process
The Step by Step Process of Extracting Iron from its Ore using the Blast Furnace with details of Chemical Reactions. Question Answers based on the process of extraction of metals.
Introduction
Magnesium extraction
a. Pidgeon process
b. Magnotherm process
Extraction of metals from oxide members
c. Electrolytic process (Dow process )
Aluminum extinction
a. Baye’s process
b. Hall- heraoult process
c. Methods of titrating low grades ores
d. Newer process for Aluminum production
Tantalum extraction
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Mineral...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Minerals and Mineral Processing, Extractive Metallurgy, Ore Dressing, Minerals Engineering (Mining, Non – Ferrous Metals, Iron Ore Slimes, Limes, Limestone, Asbestos, Coal Beneficiation, Coal and Ore Fines, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ammonium Salts, Fertilizers)
Mineral is defined as a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not have a specific chemical composition.
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Ammonium Salts, Business guidance for Mineral Production, Business guidance to clients, Business of Mining, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business Plan small scale mining project, Business start-up, Chemistry and physics of Asbestos, Chemistry of nitrogen and its inorganic compounds, Coal and Ore Fines, Coal Beneficiation, Extractive Metallurgy, Fertilizers, Great Opportunity for Startup, Growing a mineral processing business, How to start a Mineral manufacturing business, How to Start a Mineral processing industry?, How to Start a Mineral Production Business, How to start a mining business, How to start a successful Mineral processing business, How to start mineral grinding industry in India, How to Start Mineral Processing Industry in India, Introduction to Mineral Processing, Limes manufacturing, Limestone exploration and extraction, Limestone Processing, Manufacture of Ammonium Bicarbonate, Manufacture of ordinary superphosphate, Metals and Minerals Production in India, Metals, Minerals & Mining Industry, Mineral Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Mineral industry, Mineral mining business plan, Mineral processing, Mineral Processing & mining Based Profitable Projects, Mineral processing book, Mineral processing Business, Mineral Processing Industry in India, Mineral processing metallurgy, Mineral processing plants, Mineral Processing Projects, Mineral processing Small Business, Mineral processing technology, Mineral Production, Mineral production for mining sector, Minerals and Mineral Processing, Minerals Engineering, Mining & mineral processing industry, Mining and Mineral Processing, Mining processing, Mining Sector Investment and Business, Mining, Mineral Processing & Metals Industry, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Mineral Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Mineral processing industry, Non – Ferrous Metals Production, Ordinary Superphosphate, Ore Dressing, Processing of Iron Ore Slimes, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Mineral processing, Setting up and opening your Mineral processing Business, Setting up of Mineral Processing Units, Small Business ideas in the Mining Industry
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Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
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Introduction
Winning of metals from sulphide ores
Extraction of Copper
a. Hydro - metallurgy of copper
b. Pyro - metallurgical extraction of copper
c. Newer process for copper extraction
d. Energy concepts in copper smelting
Extraction of metals from oxide members
Extraction of Lead
i. Treatments of ores of lead and its production
ii. Modern developments in lead smelting
Extraction of Zinc
a. Pyro - metallurgical extraction
b. Hydro – metallurgical extraction
c. Imperial smelting process
d. Production of other metals by ISP
e. Zinc from lead slags by slag fuming
Extraction of Nickel
Pyro – metallurgical process
The Step by Step Process of Extracting Iron from its Ore using the Blast Furnace with details of Chemical Reactions. Question Answers based on the process of extraction of metals.
Introduction
Magnesium extraction
a. Pidgeon process
b. Magnotherm process
Extraction of metals from oxide members
c. Electrolytic process (Dow process )
Aluminum extinction
a. Baye’s process
b. Hall- heraoult process
c. Methods of titrating low grades ores
d. Newer process for Aluminum production
Tantalum extraction
General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements.pptxDamnScared
t is usually contaminated with earthly or undesired materials known as gangue. The extraction and isolation of metals from ores involves the following major steps: • Concentration of the ore, • Isolation of the metal from its concentrated ore, and • Purification of the metal.
It is a chemistry related presentation on metallurgy process and their extraction procedure with diagrams. it will be useful to all school students and under graduate level students
Introduction
• Review of thermodynamic principles
• Ellingham diagrams
a. Graphical representation of free energy data with temperature of oxides
b. Calculation of oxygen pressures in equilibrium with a metal and its
oxide at a given temperature
Thermodynamic principles of extraction
c. Use of oxygen scale
d. Use of CO/CO2 scale
e. Use of H2/H2O scale
• Free energies of formation of sulphides
• Thermo-chemical data bank
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
2. Content
i. Introduction
ii. Pyro-metallurgy
Calcinations
Roasting
Smelting
Slags and fluxes
iii. Hydro- Metallurgy
• Advantages of hydro metallurgy
General methods of extraction
• Advantages of hydro metallurgy
• Leaching operations
iv. Electro-metallurgy
Electrolytic decomposition
Structure of solvent media
Molten(fused) salt electrolytes
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
Role –energy in metal extraction
3. INTRODUCTION
In metal extraction, bulk of metal separated from impurities present in the ore-
using a system comprising more than one phase.
Driving force for the reactions involved in metal extraction depends on differences
in chemical potentials of the chemical elements.
Specific amount of energy required to reduce or release a metal ion present in
compound (solid or liquid) in association with other elements.
There are three main methods of extracting metals from their ores
General methods of extraction
1
There are three main methods of extracting metals from their ores
• Pyrometallurgy: Metallic extraction at elevated temperatures, ore compounds
relatively unstable facilitating the release of metals.
• Electrometallurgy: dissociation or decomposition of a compound in solution
(i.e. reduction of an ion) – by electrical forces.
• Hydrometallurgy: reduction process depends on the judicious manipulation of
chemical reactions taking place in an aqueous solution.
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4. PYRO-METALLURGY
Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal (Word
“Pyro” indicates “Fire”) treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and
concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to
enable recovery of valuable metals .
Heating and smelting operations are used in this process to recover the valuable
General methods of extraction
1
Heating and smelting operations are used in this process to recover the valuable
metals such as Fe ,Cu ,Zn ,Cr, Mn which are extracted by pyrometallurgy.
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5. PROCESSES
Pyrometallurgical processes required energy to takes place . The energy provided by
fuel combustion ,electrical heat ,exothermic reaction of materials.
This processes is auto-genous and exothermic.
General methods of extraction
1
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6. Cont’d
Pyro-metallurgy deals with the extraction of minerals from ore by treating them with
heat.
General methods of extraction
1.Calcination
Heating below MP* in absence or limited supply of air
2. Roasting
1
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2. Roasting
Heating below MP* in presence of excess oxygen for oxidation
3. Smelting
Reduced to metals by heating with carbon at high temperature
4. Refining
Removal of impurities from materials by a thermal process
MP* = Melting Point
7. CALCINATION
Calcination is a process in which the ore is heated in a limited supply of air at a
temperature insufficient to melt it.
During calcination , organic matter , volatile impurities and moisture present in the
ore are expelled and remaining mass becomes porous.
Calcination is also done to remove water from hydrated oxide ores or CO from
General methods of extraction
1
Calcination is also done to remove water from hydrated oxide ores or CO2 from
carbonate ore.
Calcination is generally done in reverberatory furnace to render the porous and easily
workable in subsequent stages.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 (g) Lime stone is heated to give of CO2
PbCO3 → PbO + CO2 (g)
Al2O3.2H2O→ Al2O3+ 2H2O (g) Bauxite is calcinated H2O is removed
Fe2O3.2Fe(OH)3 → 2Fe2O3+ 3H2O (g) Hydrrous Iron is calcinated to remove H2O
DUC 2019/20
8. ROASTING
In roasting, the ore is heated in a regular supply of air in a furnace at a temperature
below the melting point of the metal.
Roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated
temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s).
Often before roasting, the ore has already been partially purified, e.g. by froth
General methods of extraction
1
Often before roasting, the ore has already been partially purified, e.g. by froth
floatation. The concentrate is mixed with other materials to facilitate the process.
This process is generally applied to sulphide minerals. During roasting, the sulfide is
converted to an oxide, and sulfur is released as sulfur dioxide, a gas..
For the ores Cu2S (chalcocite) , ZnS (sphalerite) and PbO
2Cu2 S + 3O2 → 2Cu2 O + 2SO2
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
2PbS + 3O2 → 2PbO + 2SO2
DUC 2019/20
9. SMELTING
A large number of metal oxides obtained during roasting can be reduced to metals by
heating with carbon at elevated temp .This process is called smelting.
The roasted ore is mixed with a suitable quantity of carbon and heated to a high
temperature above the smelting point of the metal. Carbon monoxide reduce the oxide
to the free metal.
General methods of extraction
7
to the free metal.
During reduction ,an additional substance called flux is added to ore . It combines
with impurities to form fusible product slag.
Impurities + flux=slag
Fe2 O3 +3C → 2Fe+3CO
Fe2 O3 +3CO → 2Fe+3CO2
PbO + C → Pb+CO
PbO + CO → Pb+CO2
NB: Smelting is carried out in reverbretory or blast furnace in a controlled supply of air
DUC 2019/20
10. PURIFICATION
Purification Occurs after reduction
Types
Mond process for Nickel
Produces extremely pure metals
General methods of extraction
450- 470°K
330- 350°K
8
DUC 2019/20
11. FLUXES:
When metal is smelted, the metal is separated from its impurities by melting, with
the impurities forming a molten slag on top of the metal.
Many of the impurities associated with the ore are difficult to melt, and so they will
not form a proper slag easily, which retards the smelting process.
To make these impurities easier to melt, fluxes are added.
General methods of extraction
To make these impurities easier to melt, fluxes are added.
Limestone (CaCO3) or dolomite ((Ca,Mg)CO3) are two typical fluxes used in blast
furnaces. When a large amount of sulfur needs to be removed from the furnace
charge, limestone is the preferred flux.
9
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12. Cont’d
Limestone is also a better flux to use if slag from the blast furnace is to be used as a
raw material for cement manufacture.
An important criterion for flux selection is availability and cost, and dolomite is often
more readily available and less expensive than limestone.
SLAGS
General methods of extraction
SLAGS
Two main functions of a slag are:
1. To collect the unreduced gangue minerals so as to form a separate layer in a
metal extraction process.
2. To provide a medium in which the impurities in a metal can collect during a
refining process. (often, the impurities get partitioned between the metal and
the slag).
10
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13. Cont’d
To effectively fulfill these functions, a slag must possess the following properties:
1. The difference between the specific gravities of the slag and the metal should be
sufficiently high so that one can be easily separated from the other.
2. The slag must be fluid enough to permit its easy separation from the metal and
also to bring about a mass transfer faster (than when the slag is not fluid enough)
General methods of extraction
also to bring about a mass transfer faster (than when the slag is not fluid enough)
of the reacting and product species. (If the slag is viscous, the loss of metal by
entrapment in the slag is high).
3. The slag must have a chemical composition which ensures that the activities of the
impurities and of the dissolved gangue minerals are low.
11
DUC 2019/20
14. HYDRO- METALLURGY
Hydrometallurgy takes place with help of aqueous solution or water.
Removal of impurities by different physical methods, grinding are the basic processes
in preparation of ores in hydrometallurgy.
Steps of Hydrometallurgy
General methods of extraction
12
DUC 2019/20
Convert the valuable metals into soluble salts
1. Leaching
Convert the valuable metals into soluble salts
2. Concentration & Purification
Remove impurities to increase metal concentration
3.Metal Recovery
Metals are recovered from solution to solid form
15. Cont’d
Advantages:
1. Suitable for low grade ore.
2. Valuable byproducts can be recovered.
3. Less environmental pollution
4. Less cost as compared to pyro-metallurgy.
General methods of extraction
5. It can produce metals like nodules or powder form
6. Even in leaching , low temperatures are involved
13
Disadvantages:
1. Process requires large volume.
2. Handling of chemicals require special care.
3. Large space is required.
4. Chances of corrosion and erosion in handling equipments
16. ELECTRO-METALLURGY:
It is a branch of metallurgy that deals with the application of electric current either
for electrolytic deposition or as a source of heat.
Electrometallurgy is related with electrodeposition.
There are four types of this process:
i. Electro-winning : it represents extraction of metal from ores
General methods of extraction
i. Electro-winning : it represents extraction of metal from ores
ii. Electro-refining : it represents purification of metals.
iii. Electro-plating : in this deposition of a layer of one metal on another metal is
involved.
iv. Electro-forming : it includes forming of thin metal parts through
electroplating
14
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17. Cont’d
The Electrolysis of Molten NaCl
An idealized cell for the electrolysis of sodium chloride is shown in the figure below.
A source of direct current is connected to a pair of inert electrodes immersed in
molten sodium chloride. Because the salt has been heated until it melts, the Na+ ions
flow toward the negative electrode and the Cl- ions flow toward the positive
General methods of extraction
flow toward the negative electrode and the Cl ions flow toward the positive
electrode.
The net effect of passing an electric current through the molten salt in this cell is to decompose
sodium chloride into its elements, sodium metal and chlorine gas. 15
Negative electrode (cathode (-)):
Na+ + e- → Na
Positive electrode (anode (+)):
2 Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e-
18. Cont’d
The Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl
The figure below shows an idealized drawing of a cell in which an aqueous solution
of sodium chloride is electrolyzed.
General methods of extraction
Once again, the Na+ ions migrate toward the negative electrode and the Cl- ions
migrate toward the positive electrode. But, now there are two substances that can be
reduced at the cathode: Na+ ions and water molecules
Cathode (-): Anode (+):
Na+ + e- → Na Eo
red = -2.71 V 2 Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e- Eo
ox = -1.36 V
2 H2O + 2 e- → H2 + 2 OH- Eo
red = -0.83 V 2 H2O → O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e- Eo
ox = -1.23 V
Then: 2 H2O + 2 e- → H2 + 2 OH- Then: 2 Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e-
16
19. Example 4.1
Using the information below calculate °E for the process
Cu2+ (aq) +Zn(s) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
General methods of extraction
Substance Zn Cu Zn2+ Cu2+
ΔG 0KJ 0KJ -147KJ 64.77KJ
Example 4.2
Based on the electro chemical process
Au+3 (aq) + 3e- → Au (s)
How many grams of Au are plated out by passing current 13.5 amp through a solution of
gold(III) chloride for 4 hrs? (molar mass Au=197 g/mol)
17