The cell cycle involves regular phases of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. It proceeds through interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Abnormal cell cycle regulation can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and disease. The cycle includes gap phases where the cell grows and organelles replicate, S phase where DNA replicates, and mitosis where the cell divides into two daughter cells through nuclear division and cytokinesis. Precise control of the cell cycle is necessary for healthy cell turnover and tissue maintenance.

1. The Cell
Cycle

2. Cell follows definite stages of
growth, duplication and division
known as the CELL CYCLE.
This cycle involves distinct and
regular phases of growth and repair
If this cellular cycle goes out of
control, abnormal cell growth can
occur and it can be manifest in the
body of the organism

3. Stages of Cell Cycle

4. Interphase
The growth period in the
cell cycle and is divided
in three parts.

5. Gap 1(G1)
The cell carries out its normal
metabolic functions
Cells also increase their size as
their organelles increase in
number.
Cells spend most of their lives in
this phase, though the length
differ among cell types
Cells have a size limit.

6. Synthesis (S)
 The time that the cell makes a copy of the genetic
material in the form of nuclear DNA
 The cell spends considerable amount of time and
energy to make copy of its chromosomes
 DNA replication- ensures that the daughter cell
receives exact copies of the parents genetic
material during cell division
 It also produce a copy of protein complex that will
later help the cell organize its content.
 After completion, the cell continues to grow then
prepares for cell division.

7. Gap 2(G2)
Cell continues to carry out their
normal functions and also
undergo further growth
The cell make sure that
everything is in order(size and
DNA without damage)

8. Mitosis (M)
Division of the nucleus and the genetic
material
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
Telophase
The hereditary material of the parent cell is
given to the daughter cell, that leads to the
formation of two daughter cells
The cell nuclear membrane disintegrates,
while DNA condense forming two nuclei

9. Cytokinesis
Divides the cytoplasm of the
cell
Begins early during telophase
and continues after the nuclei
have formed in the daughter cell

10. Rates of Cell
division

11.  Prokaryotic cells have similar structures with
eukaryotic cells but not identical.
 Prokaryotic cells lack membrane bound organelles
and cytoskeleton that make them divide more
rapidly.
 Cell division is faster during embryonic age and
childhood.
 Cell replacement is higher in areas subjected to lot
of wear and tear (skin and intestinal layer)
 Intestinal cells(every few days)
 Intestinal lining, lung, heart, kidney (occasionally.
Injury or cell death)
 Skin cells(after a few weeks)
 Liver cells(when repaiir is needed)

12. Gap 0 (G0)
Cells are unlikely to divide but still
continue to perform normal function
Neuron cells and heart muscle cells that
are highly differentiated or specialized that
the body cannot easily replace
Neuron(lymphocytes)- remain in the body
until the body recognize an invader

13. The mechanism of cell
division

14. Mitosis
 Division of nucleus into genetically
identical nuclei containing the same full
set of DNA
 Prepares the cell for the cytokiniesis

15. Prophase: start of Mitosis
 1. Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled
chromosomes, that consists of two identical
sister chromatid
 The chromosomes are packaged into neat
bundles for an easy movement when the
division starts
 2. the nuclear envelopes breakdown
 The nucleolus also disappears.