Political organization
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This document discusses the characteristics of simple political systems from bands to tribes to chiefdoms and states. Bands are small groups formed by families that practice informal leadership through consensus. Tribes are larger groups that practice pantribal association through councils but remain egalitarian. Chiefdoms have formal hereditary leadership of a paramount chief and social hierarchy. States are the highest level with a government, sovereignty over land and people, and may or may not have a shared national identity.
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It should not have more than 3 slides or overcrowd text per slide. The reading provides definitions and examples of bands, tribes, chiefdoms and states to include in the presentation.
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The document discusses the differences between nations and states. A nation is defined by cultural and social bonds between a population, while a state is a political entity with defined territory, government, and sovereignty. Key differences are that nations do not have the same legal sovereignty as states and are not necessarily defined by formal political structures, whereas states have governments, laws, and institutions that govern their populations. The document also briefly discusses concepts of globalization in economic, political, and cultural contexts in relation to nations and states.
Social stratification e. ember
Social stratification refers to the hierarchical arrangement of social groups within a society based on factors like power, wealth, and prestige. While hierarchies vary between societies, most state-level cultures are stratified. Stratification involves dividing a society into layers with some groups having more advantages than others. Societies range from egalitarian with equal access for all, to ranked where prestige differs, to class-based societies with unequal access to economic and political power. The development of agriculture and conflicts over surplus production have been proposed as reasons for the emergence of social stratification.
Nation & state
A nation-state is a country where the borders of the state encompass a territory inhabited by a group of people who share a common culture, language, religion, and history. In a nation-state, everyone typically speaks the same language and shares similar cultural values. Before the rise of nation-states in Europe in the 18th century, the dominant political entities were multi-ethnic empires that ruled over diverse populations but were dominated by a single ethnic group. A key characteristic of modern nation-states is that their territories are considered sacred and non-transferable between rulers.
Ethnicity and ethnic conflict.pptx
This document defines key terms related to ethnicity and ethnic conflict, including:
- Ethnic group, which is based on shared ancestry, culture, and history.
- Ethnic boundary markers and origin myths, which unite and distinguish ethnic groups.
- Ethnogenesis, nationality, homeland, and subnationalities in relation to ethnic identity and geography.
- Terms like assimilation, segregation, accommodation, and cleansing that describe relationships between ethnic groups.
Nationalism 2
Nationalism involves a strong identification of a group with a political entity defined in national terms, such as a nation. It has both united people and divided them, helping to liberate some from oppressive rule while also causing conflict, bitterness, and war. Nationalist struggles have contributed to the redrawing of state boundaries. A nation is an "imagined community" held together by shared beliefs, history, territory, political ideals, and common political identity among its members.
Bsoc 132 e.m
This document discusses two assignments for a sociology course on India. The first assignment asks students to describe elements of unity and diversity in India and define tribes and their characteristics in India. The second assignment defines key sociological concepts like caste and ethnicity and asks students to discuss attributional approaches to studying caste and major ethnic movements in India.
World political region
This document discusses different political regions around the world categorized based on cultural development and power. It defines key terms like political region and characteristics. It then provides descriptions of different regions including North America, South and Central America, Japan and Korea, Russia, Europe, Australia and Oceania, Middle East, Africa, South and Southeast Asia, China. It also categorizes political systems into democracy, monarchy, dictatorship and communism.
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What is biology
Scientists revived a giant virus that was buried in Siberian ice for 30,000 years. The virus, called Pithovirus, replicates by copying itself in the host cell's cytoplasm. The Human Genome Project aimed to sequence the three billion DNA bases in the human cell, which was completed in 2003 and provided new insights into diagnosing and treating human diseases. John Craig Venter founded Celera Genomics, the first private group to sequence the human genome using a "shotgun method" that helped complete the project. Biology is the study of life through structures, functions, and relationships of living things and their environment.
understanding culture society and poltics
The document defines key concepts in culture, anthropology, society, and sociology such as material and non-material culture, and discusses important figures in the fields like Franz Boas, Ruth Benedict, and Margaret Mead. It also outlines the development of sociology from thinkers like Auguste Comte, Karl Marx, and Emile Durkheim. Finally, it traces the emergence of sociology in the Philippines from its early focus on social philosophy to its current scientific orientation.
The cell cycle
The cell cycle involves regular phases of growth, DNA replication, and cell division. It proceeds through interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Abnormal cell cycle regulation can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and disease. The cycle includes gap phases where the cell grows and organelles replicate, S phase where DNA replicates, and mitosis where the cell divides into two daughter cells through nuclear division and cytokinesis. Precise control of the cell cycle is necessary for healthy cell turnover and tissue maintenance.
Politics
Here are some key points about the song lyrics:
- The female speaker is telling her boyfriend to leave after a breakup/fight, showing she has agency to end the relationship.
- She doesn't believe his apologies since he only says sorry for getting caught, not for his actual actions, showing a lack of genuine remorse.
- The references to grabbing clothes and hurrying before the sprinklers come on portray the breakup as something quick and unceremonious with little emotion, implying she has detached from the relationship.
This depiction of females gaining independence and asserting boundaries in relationships relates to feminist theory. By ending the relationship on her own terms rather than passively accepting empty apologies, the female in the song
evolution
Biological evolution was based on Darwin's theory of evolution, which introduced the idea that species were not created in fixed forms. Early hominids like Ardipithecus had small brains and used tools like sticks and stones, living in small social groups. Australopithecus afarensis, like "Lucy", were common ancestors that could walk upright. Homo species had bigger brains and were bipedal, including Homo habilis who made tools called Oldowan and Homo erectus who were more intelligent and the first to use fire and complex tools. Homo sapiens had the largest brains at 1400 cc and lived in shelters, hunted, gathered, and used fire and metals.
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Political organization
- 2. Bands and tribes and chiefdoms
- 3. Considered as the simplest political systems Considered as acephalous Bands and tribes
- 4. Typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendships, affiliations and members usually have a common interest or enemy Kinship by blood or affinity Power is less hierarchical status( age) Women are gatherers while men are hunter band
- 5. Informal leadership (gift) and by consensus Leaders does not possess absolute political power, can not compel others but just give advice. Decision is done by consensus band
- 6. Band fissioning- band splitting along family lines Social velocity- those who leave the band will form their own group. *if a band survives band fissioning and social velocity even if it experiences increase in population and a shift from foraging and hunting to a multiple communities engaged in horticultural and pastoral form of livelihood will become a TRIBE band
- 7. Still an acephalous community even if it is more complex than band because of more elaborate way of organizing to settle conflict to prevent society from breaking apart. Pantribal association- council or tribal elders Decrease in women leadership Headed by a village headman, still don’t have absolute power. Egalitarian Economically self sufficient and larger and more integrated than bands tribe
- 8. Formal leadership exist and authority rest solely on the selected family Composed of number of communities that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming from elite family Power is inherited Social structure is hierarchical Social classes and class mobility exist chiefdom
- 9. Simple chiefdom- central village ruled by a single family A number of smaller communities surround this smaller community with each being headed by subsidiary leader subservient to the central ruler Complex chiefdom- several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single paramount center Highly structured and hierarchical political system with a class system where the elites demand tribute from the commoner(tributary system) Chiefdom
- 10. Nation and state Can a nation become a state? Can a state become a nation?
- 11. Presence of group of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits and ethnicity. Conscious of their identity and of their potential to become autonomous and unified Nation
- 12. Political unit consisting of a government that has a sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well defined territory. Highest form of political organization Nation-state- when the citizens of a state belong to only one nation Nation within a state, states that govern people who have different cultural identities and who are conscious of their being distinct. state
- 14. Authority- The power to make binding decisions and issue commands Legitimacy- moral and ethical concept that bestows on who possesses power the right to exercise such power since such is perceived to be justified and proper. Authorized or legit?????
- 15. Traditional authority- derived from well- established costums, habits and social structures Charismatic authority- emanates from charisma of an individual Rational-legal/ bureaucratic authority- formal rules promulgated by the state through fundamental and implementing laws. Types of legitimate authority