1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Temperature inversions occur when the normal atmospheric pattern of decreasing temperature with increasing altitude is reversed, so that temperature increases with height. There are several types of inversions including surface-based, subsidence, and frontal inversions. Surface inversions form near the ground due to radiational cooling at night or when warm air moves over a cooler surface. Subsidence inversions occur when descending air warms due to compression. Frontal inversions form at boundaries between differing air masses. Inversions can lead to severe weather like freezing rain or intense thunderstorms and trap pollutants causing smog.
The document summarizes key topics related to the atmosphere and climate:
1) The atmosphere is divided into layers - the troposphere where weather occurs, the stratosphere containing the ozone layer, the mesosphere where meteors burn up, and the thermosphere containing the aurora borealis.
2) Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect which influences global temperatures.
3) Weather patterns like monsoons and frontal systems develop from atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, influenced by factors like the Coriolis effect.
4) Natural climate variability occurs on different timescales, but data from ice cores show a close correlation between past
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere as primarily nitrogen and oxygen, along with smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It also discusses atmospheric layers and how factors like temperature vary with altitude and latitude. Additional topics covered include atmospheric influences like water vapor and pollution, the water cycle, air movement through processes like convection and pressure systems, and how clouds form through condensation.
Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorologists use weather stations around the world to collect data on elements like clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments are used to measure these elements. The history of meteorology dates back to ancient times and key developments over centuries included the invention of the barometer, thermometer, and satellites that now allow global weather monitoring.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.2 THE GLOBAL ENER...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.2 The Global Energy Budget, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins by explaining that the atmosphere protects Earth and drives weather patterns. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases. Early atmospheres lacked oxygen but organisms began producing it over billions of years, forming an ozone layer. The atmosphere has five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - defined by temperature trends. Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect warm the atmosphere, while convection currents driven by temperature differences and the Coriolis effect produce global wind patterns like the trade winds and jet streams that influence weather. Clouds form through condensation in rising air.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
1. The document discusses key concepts about Earth's atmosphere including how solar radiation drives global climate and local weather patterns.
2. It explains different climate types based on factors like latitude, proximity to bodies of water, and elevation. Humid climates receive more precipitation than potential evapotranspiration while arid climates experience the opposite.
3. Atmospheric circulation patterns like global wind belts and ocean currents play an important role in moderating Earth's climate by transporting heat energy from the tropics to poles and distributing it around the globe over long time periods.
Temperature inversions occur when the normal atmospheric pattern of decreasing temperature with increasing altitude is reversed, so that temperature increases with height. There are several types of inversions including surface-based, subsidence, and frontal inversions. Surface inversions form near the ground due to radiational cooling at night or when warm air moves over a cooler surface. Subsidence inversions occur when descending air warms due to compression. Frontal inversions form at boundaries between differing air masses. Inversions can lead to severe weather like freezing rain or intense thunderstorms and trap pollutants causing smog.
The document summarizes key topics related to the atmosphere and climate:
1) The atmosphere is divided into layers - the troposphere where weather occurs, the stratosphere containing the ozone layer, the mesosphere where meteors burn up, and the thermosphere containing the aurora borealis.
2) Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing the greenhouse effect which influences global temperatures.
3) Weather patterns like monsoons and frontal systems develop from atmospheric circulation and ocean currents, influenced by factors like the Coriolis effect.
4) Natural climate variability occurs on different timescales, but data from ice cores show a close correlation between past
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere as primarily nitrogen and oxygen, along with smaller amounts of other gases like carbon dioxide. It also discusses atmospheric layers and how factors like temperature vary with altitude and latitude. Additional topics covered include atmospheric influences like water vapor and pollution, the water cycle, air movement through processes like convection and pressure systems, and how clouds form through condensation.
Meteorology is the science that studies atmospheric phenomena like weather. Meteorologists use weather stations around the world to collect data on elements like clouds, rain, wind, humidity, and instruments are used to measure these elements. The history of meteorology dates back to ancient times and key developments over centuries included the invention of the barometer, thermometer, and satellites that now allow global weather monitoring.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.2 THE GLOBAL ENER...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.2 The Global Energy Budget, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
The document discusses the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It begins by explaining that the atmosphere protects Earth and drives weather patterns. It is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, and traces of other gases. Early atmospheres lacked oxygen but organisms began producing it over billions of years, forming an ozone layer. The atmosphere has five main layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - defined by temperature trends. Solar radiation and the greenhouse effect warm the atmosphere, while convection currents driven by temperature differences and the Coriolis effect produce global wind patterns like the trade winds and jet streams that influence weather. Clouds form through condensation in rising air.
CAMBRIDGE GEOGRAPHY AS ULTRA REVISION TEST 2 ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHERGeorge Dumitrache
Cambridge Geography AS Ultra Revision Test 2, with questions and answers for chapter 2 Atmosphere and Weather. This is a test with 30 questions, 2 minutes each.
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather by interacting and creating storms. Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and require specific atmospheric ingredients. While high and low pressure systems impact weather, small changes in data can lead to different model predictions, making weather forecasting challenging.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.1 LOCAL ENERGY BU...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.1 Local Energy Budgets, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
This document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It begins by describing the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then discusses the key properties of air, such as its composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. Next, it differentiates between weather and climate, and lists some factors that influence weather like atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind, and humidity/precipitation. Finally, it outlines the Earth's major climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and provides examples of different climate types within those zones, like Mediterranean, continental, oceanic, equatorial, tropical, and polar climates. Maps and diagrams
The Earth's atmosphere consists of several layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains most of the weather and extends from the Earth's surface to about 10 km. Above that, the stratosphere contains much of the ozone layer which protects the Earth from UV radiation. The mesosphere is a cold layer above the stratosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude. Above that, the thermosphere contains the ionosphere and absorbs solar radiation, causing temperatures to rise dramatically with altitude.
earth is being cover with the blanket of gases called atmosphere which is further divided into 4 layers troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermospere
each layer is made up of some chemical constituents which could be water molecule traces of gases etc, Japan has done research and send a satellite in space to observe it as describe in this presentation
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure and temperature of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere including the major gases like nitrogen and oxygen. It explains how temperature varies with altitude and divides the atmosphere into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. It also discusses how Earth's rotation and revolution influence factors like seasons and the length of daylight.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
This document defines key terms related to weather processes and phenomena. It discusses topics like adiabatic lapse rates, air masses, altitude, clouds, condensation, humidity, instability, precipitation and more. Weather results from changes in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature and moisture levels, which can cause air masses to rise or fall. Various types of precipitation form through different processes, like convectional rainfall from rising warm air or orographic rainfall on the windward sides of mountains. Fog occurs when air is cooled to its dew point through advection or radiation.
This document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It begins by describing the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then discusses the composition and properties of air, including temperature, pressure, and humidity. Finally, it explains atmospheric dynamics related to weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also describes the Earth's different climate zones and types.
Here are the key points about heat and temperature scales:
1) Heat is the total amount of thermal energy in an object or system. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is compared to a reference point.
2) Fahrenheit uses 32°F as the freezing point of water and 212°F as the boiling point. Celsius uses 0°C as the freezing point and 100°C as the boiling point. Kelvin uses 0K as absolute zero. Water freezes at 273.15K and boils at 373.15K.
3) Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor in air will condense into liquid water. Condensation occurs when air reaches saturation point and can hold no
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
Atmosphere revision booklet 2014 cg maliaMalia Damit
This document defines key terms related to atmospheric processes and the global circulation of the atmosphere. It describes condensation, sublimation, incoming and outgoing solar and terrestrial radiation, reflected solar radiation, latent and sensible heat transfer, relative humidity, and temperature inversions. It then explains the three-cell model of atmospheric circulation - the Hadley cell near the equator, Ferrel cell in the mid-latitudes, and Polar cell near the poles - driven by differential heating between the equator and poles.
1. The highest recorded wind speed occurred in Mount Washington, New Hampshire in 1934 and was 372 km/h.
2. Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air above and is measured using a barometer. It affects wind, temperature, humidity and weather forecasting.
3. Differences in air pressure cause wind to flow from high to low pressure areas, and the rotation of the Earth causes winds to be deflected via the Coriolis effect.
The document summarizes the key components of Earth's atmosphere and how weather and climate work. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then explains important atmospheric properties like composition, temperature, pressure, and humidity. Next, it distinguishes between weather, which refers to short-term conditions in a region, and climate, which considers conditions over long time periods. Factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation are also outlined. Finally, the major climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate regions are defined, as well as the nine specific climate types.
The document discusses the water cycle and atmospheric processes involving water. It describes the different states of water and the processes of changing between states, such as melting, evaporation, and condensation. It also discusses humidity, cloud formation mechanisms like lifting and cooling of air, cloud classification, how precipitation forms within clouds, and the different forms of precipitation like rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
The document discusses water in the atmosphere and its role in weather and climate. It covers key topics such as absolute and relative humidity, evaporation and condensation, dew, frost, fog, mist, cloud types including cirrus, cumulus, stratus and nimbus clouds, precipitation including rainfall, snowfall, hail, and sleet. It also discusses different types of rainfall including convectional, orographic, and frontal rainfall, as well as the global distribution of rainfall.
The document discusses various topics relating to air temperature, including:
1) How daily, monthly, and annual mean temperatures are calculated from temperature data readings.
2) The main controls that cause temperatures to vary, such as differential heating of land and water, ocean currents, altitude, geographic position, and cloud cover/albedo.
3) Additional factors like land/water differences, ocean currents, altitude, windward/leeward coasts, and the global distribution of temperatures.
4) Cycles of air temperatures including daily and annual variations.
5) Instruments used to measure temperature and their shelters.
6) Common temperature scales and their reference points.
7) Indices used to
The document summarizes key concepts about the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the different states of water, how humidity is measured, the formation of clouds through lifting mechanisms like convection and orographic lifting, different types of clouds, and how precipitation forms through processes like the Bergeron process and collision-coalescence.
Get to learn the basic quantities and definitions used in aerodynamics.
So basic, but necessary for any foundation!
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic+Standard+Atmosphere
Meteorologists use various data sources to predict the weather, but it is difficult to always be correct due to rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Data comes from surface weather stations, weather balloons, satellites, radars, and computer models. Air masses and fronts influence weather by interacting and creating storms. Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and require specific atmospheric ingredients. While high and low pressure systems impact weather, small changes in data can lead to different model predictions, making weather forecasting challenging.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.1 LOCAL ENERGY BU...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.1 Local Energy Budgets, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
This document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It begins by describing the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then discusses the key properties of air, such as its composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. Next, it differentiates between weather and climate, and lists some factors that influence weather like atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind, and humidity/precipitation. Finally, it outlines the Earth's major climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and provides examples of different climate types within those zones, like Mediterranean, continental, oceanic, equatorial, tropical, and polar climates. Maps and diagrams
The Earth's atmosphere consists of several layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The troposphere contains most of the weather and extends from the Earth's surface to about 10 km. Above that, the stratosphere contains much of the ozone layer which protects the Earth from UV radiation. The mesosphere is a cold layer above the stratosphere where temperatures decrease with altitude. Above that, the thermosphere contains the ionosphere and absorbs solar radiation, causing temperatures to rise dramatically with altitude.
earth is being cover with the blanket of gases called atmosphere which is further divided into 4 layers troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermospere
each layer is made up of some chemical constituents which could be water molecule traces of gases etc, Japan has done research and send a satellite in space to observe it as describe in this presentation
The document summarizes key concepts about the structure and temperature of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the composition of the atmosphere including the major gases like nitrogen and oxygen. It explains how temperature varies with altitude and divides the atmosphere into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere. It also discusses how Earth's rotation and revolution influence factors like seasons and the length of daylight.
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
This document defines key terms related to weather processes and phenomena. It discusses topics like adiabatic lapse rates, air masses, altitude, clouds, condensation, humidity, instability, precipitation and more. Weather results from changes in atmospheric conditions, such as temperature and moisture levels, which can cause air masses to rise or fall. Various types of precipitation form through different processes, like convectional rainfall from rising warm air or orographic rainfall on the windward sides of mountains. Fog occurs when air is cooled to its dew point through advection or radiation.
This document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It begins by describing the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then discusses the composition and properties of air, including temperature, pressure, and humidity. Finally, it explains atmospheric dynamics related to weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also describes the Earth's different climate zones and types.
Here are the key points about heat and temperature scales:
1) Heat is the total amount of thermal energy in an object or system. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is compared to a reference point.
2) Fahrenheit uses 32°F as the freezing point of water and 212°F as the boiling point. Celsius uses 0°C as the freezing point and 100°C as the boiling point. Kelvin uses 0K as absolute zero. Water freezes at 273.15K and boils at 373.15K.
3) Dew point is the temperature at which water vapor in air will condense into liquid water. Condensation occurs when air reaches saturation point and can hold no
Earth's early atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium. After the Moon formed, volcanic activity produced CO, CO2, and water vapor. Once cyanobacteria evolved and performed photosynthesis, they consumed CO2 and produced oxygen. Currently, Earth's atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases. Burning fossil fuels adds excess CO2 and pollutants, warming the climate. CFCs have also depleted the ozone layer.
Atmosphere revision booklet 2014 cg maliaMalia Damit
This document defines key terms related to atmospheric processes and the global circulation of the atmosphere. It describes condensation, sublimation, incoming and outgoing solar and terrestrial radiation, reflected solar radiation, latent and sensible heat transfer, relative humidity, and temperature inversions. It then explains the three-cell model of atmospheric circulation - the Hadley cell near the equator, Ferrel cell in the mid-latitudes, and Polar cell near the poles - driven by differential heating between the equator and poles.
1. The highest recorded wind speed occurred in Mount Washington, New Hampshire in 1934 and was 372 km/h.
2. Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of the air above and is measured using a barometer. It affects wind, temperature, humidity and weather forecasting.
3. Differences in air pressure cause wind to flow from high to low pressure areas, and the rotation of the Earth causes winds to be deflected via the Coriolis effect.
The document summarizes the key components of Earth's atmosphere and how weather and climate work. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then explains important atmospheric properties like composition, temperature, pressure, and humidity. Next, it distinguishes between weather, which refers to short-term conditions in a region, and climate, which considers conditions over long time periods. Factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation are also outlined. Finally, the major climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate regions are defined, as well as the nine specific climate types.
The document discusses the water cycle and atmospheric processes involving water. It describes the different states of water and the processes of changing between states, such as melting, evaporation, and condensation. It also discusses humidity, cloud formation mechanisms like lifting and cooling of air, cloud classification, how precipitation forms within clouds, and the different forms of precipitation like rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
The document discusses water in the atmosphere and its role in weather and climate. It covers key topics such as absolute and relative humidity, evaporation and condensation, dew, frost, fog, mist, cloud types including cirrus, cumulus, stratus and nimbus clouds, precipitation including rainfall, snowfall, hail, and sleet. It also discusses different types of rainfall including convectional, orographic, and frontal rainfall, as well as the global distribution of rainfall.
The document discusses various topics relating to air temperature, including:
1) How daily, monthly, and annual mean temperatures are calculated from temperature data readings.
2) The main controls that cause temperatures to vary, such as differential heating of land and water, ocean currents, altitude, geographic position, and cloud cover/albedo.
3) Additional factors like land/water differences, ocean currents, altitude, windward/leeward coasts, and the global distribution of temperatures.
4) Cycles of air temperatures including daily and annual variations.
5) Instruments used to measure temperature and their shelters.
6) Common temperature scales and their reference points.
7) Indices used to
The document summarizes key concepts about the water cycle and atmospheric moisture. It discusses the different states of water, how humidity is measured, the formation of clouds through lifting mechanisms like convection and orographic lifting, different types of clouds, and how precipitation forms through processes like the Bergeron process and collision-coalescence.
Get to learn the basic quantities and definitions used in aerodynamics.
So basic, but necessary for any foundation!
#WikiCourses
https://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic+Standard+Atmosphere
Learn about Airfoils ...
What are they? How are they characterized?
How do we measure the characteristics?
What are Lift, Drag, and their coefficients?
#AcademyOfKnowledge
http://AcademyOfKnowledge.org
For videos about this topic check our website:
https://sites.google.com/academyofknowledge.org/theakweb/engineering-and-science/introduction-to-aerospace-engineering/airfoils
The document identifies four basic sampling techniques: random sampling which uses chance methods to select samples, systematic sampling which selects every k-th subject, stratified sampling which divides the population into groups and samples from each, and cluster sampling which divides the population into clusters and randomly selects some clusters. The objective is to identify these four basic sampling techniques for collecting data.
Basics of Flight and Aerodynamics (Groups B/D)Logan Nielsen
In this presentation, you will learn how the airfoil works and how it produces lift. Also, you will learn what four basic foces of flight are acting upon the plane during flight and how they affect the way the plane flies.
The document is a lecture on airfoils and wings given by Mohammad Tawfik on the WikiCourses website. It discusses topics such as finite wings, aspect ratio, wingtip vortices, changes in lift slope and induced drag, and high-lift mechanisms like flaps. The lecture content can be accessed on the WikiCourses website at the provided URL.
This document discusses understanding tsunamis and their effects. It aims to teach the reader about what caused the 2011 tsunami in Japan and its impact. The document provides background on tsunamis and earthquakes, videos to watch, discussion questions, and an activity to create a poster explaining what to do during a tsunami.
This document discusses solar and hydroelectric energy. It provides details on how solar energy is a renewable resource harnessed from the sun to provide heating, electricity and food cooking. It also discusses hydroelectric energy which uses the kinetic energy of flowing water through dams to power generators and produce electricity. The largest solar plant currently operates in California, while major hydroelectric dams in India harness energy from falling or flowing water without pollution. Both solar and hydroelectric are renewable but dams can impact wildlife, sedimentation and submerge land.
Distance from the sea
Ocean currents
Prevailing winds
Relief (the lay of the land, including altitude)
Proximity to the equator (how near or far)
El Niño
Human activity
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants and provides details about the Mangla Dam hydroelectric power station in Pakistan. It includes lists of group members and contents. It then provides explanations of the basic principles of hydroelectric power generation, the historical background, and types of hydroelectric power plants. It also gives specifics about the Mangla Dam, including its components, capacity, cost, and technical details about its turbines, generators, and electrical transmission system.
Accident At Russias Biggest Hydroelectric PlantWinson Ng
The document summarizes a catastrophic accident that occurred at the Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Power Station in Russia in 2009. A sudden surge in water pressure caused turbine 2 to be ejected from its mounting, severely damaging turbines 7 and 9 as well. The accident resulted in 76 deaths and flooding of the powerhouse. It will take a long time and cost an estimated $310 million to repair the damage caused.
The document discusses information graphics and provides examples of their use. It lists various websites that utilize information graphics to visualize data on topics like climate change, health outbreaks, social media sentiments, crime patterns, and more. Government sites in New Zealand are also highlighted for their use of information graphics.
The document introduces the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol. It was developed through a multi-stakeholder process to provide a consistent methodology for assessing hydropower projects globally. The Protocol consists of a set of tools to evaluate projects during preparation, implementation, and operation. It addresses topics like communications, governance, environmental and social impacts. Assessments are conducted by accredited professionals and result in scores from 1 to 5. The goal is to promote continuous improvement, not pass/fail judgments. Governance oversight is provided by a multi-chamber Council.
Pressure buffering hydropower introduction, Bogorodsky Power Co.Andrew Bogorodsky
The document describes a new type of hydropower plant called pressure buffering hydropower. It utilizes buoys in the ocean that are pushed up and down by wave motion, which pumps water through pipes to a storage reservoir located above the buoys. The pressurized water is then released through turbines to generate electricity. This design aims to provide stable renewable energy production while being scalable and able to operate without electricity in seawater. The document outlines the market opportunity and competitive advantages of this technology over other renewable energy sources.
Dammed or damned: the role of hydropower in the water and energy nexusAndrea Castelletti
This document discusses the water-energy nexus and the role of hydropower within it. It begins with defining the water-energy nexus as the interdependencies between water and energy systems, noting that both water and energy production require the other as an input. Hydropower is presented as an important part of the nexus as it is a source of energy that relies directly on water availability. However, global climate change poses an added challenge as it threatens to disrupt water availability and increase weather extremes. The document will examine case studies and discuss potential solutions through a "soft path" approach that considers alternatives and tradeoffs.
1. The document discusses improving hydropower reservoir operation at the Kemano system in British Columbia by using snow-related information. The system has conflicting objectives around maximizing revenue, minimizing flood impact, and supplying power to aluminum smelters.
2. Simple single-objective operating policies are not effective due to these conflicts. A multi-objective modeling approach was used to generate Pareto fronts and identify optimal reservoir trajectories.
3. Snow data on water content is important input for the model to accurately anticipate future inflows and better balance the objectives. The approach has been implemented at Rio Tinto Alcan to improve reservoir management.
The Study on Notification and Decision-Making Processes on the Hydropower in ...CPWF Mekong
By Ham Kimkong, DES/RUPP, M-POWER Fellow
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 8a: Presenting the work of the M-POWER Fellows
This document provides an overview of Earth's climate system and its components. It discusses the five major parts that make up the climate system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. It then examines several key aspects of the climate system in more detail, including the atmosphere, oceans, cryosphere, and how they interact and influence climate and weather patterns globally. Specific topics covered include atmospheric composition, ocean circulation, atmospheric lapse rates, and the importance of understanding stability in the atmosphere.
The document provides an overview of weather and climate concepts. It discusses the water cycle, factors that affect weather like the sun, atmosphere, oceans, and how weather occurs in the troposphere. It also defines climate as the long-term patterns over large areas, and describes the three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical. Storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of Earth's atmosphere including:
- Its composition of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and trace amounts of other gases.
- It describes the layers of the atmosphere from lowest to highest - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
- Key topics covered include the nitrogen cycle, how pressure decreases with altitude, measuring pressure, atmospheric chemistry, and issues like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ozone depletion.
The document summarizes the Earth's atmosphere. It is divided into four main layers from the surface up: the troposphere where weather occurs, the stratosphere containing the ozone layer which protects from UV rays, the mesosphere where meteorites burn up, and the thermosphere which has the ionosphere that produces the northern lights and the outer exosphere where satellites orbit. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, as well as varying amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and other particles that affect air quality and climate conditions on Earth.
The document discusses the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It notes that the atmosphere is composed of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and other gases. Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas but plants cannot use it directly, instead relying on bacteria to fix nitrogen from the air. Carbon dioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis and contributes to the greenhouse effect. The layers of the atmosphere include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Weather occurs over short periods in a limited area while climate describes conditions over 30 years. Additional topics covered include temperature, insolation, air pressure, wind systems, rainfall, and the greenhouse effect.
Atmospheric Layers, Air Pressure, Weather Variablesrebelbrindley
The atmosphere is composed of several thin layers that surround the Earth. It is made up mostly of nitrogen and oxygen and protects life by trapping heat, providing breathable air, and blocking harmful radiation. Weather occurs in the lowest layer, the troposphere, where conditions vary daily. Climate describes average weather conditions over many years. Higher layers include the ozone-containing stratosphere, cooling mesosphere, and very thin thermosphere and exosphere at the top, where temperatures are extremely high despite low air density.
This document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It discusses the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It describes properties of air like composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and humidity. It explains concepts of weather and climate, factors that influence weather like pressure, temperature, wind, and precipitation. It also outlines the Earth's climate zones of cold, hot, and temperate, and identifies nine climate types based on temperature and precipitation patterns. Climographs are introduced as a way to graphically represent annual temperature and precipitation data to identify a location's climate.
The document describes the composition and layers of Earth's atmosphere. It explains that the atmosphere contains nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. It also discusses the mechanisms of heat transfer in the atmosphere, including radiation, conduction, and convection. Finally, it explains the greenhouse effect, how greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and warm the planet.
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
The document discusses the causes and effects of global climate change. It explains that global warming is primarily driven by increased greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. This traps more heat in the atmosphere and causes temperatures to rise globally. Potential consequences include some areas becoming wetter or drier, rising sea levels submerging coastlines, and tropical diseases spreading farther.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere. It describes the early atmosphere and how it has changed over time with the introduction of oxygen and the ozone layer. It then discusses the composition of the modern atmosphere and layers, including the troposphere where humans live and the protective ozone layer in the stratosphere. It also addresses how atmospheric gases transfer heat energy via radiation, conduction and convection, and how wind patterns are formed.
This document provides a summary of key topics related to air, weather, and climate:
1. It outlines the composition and layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, and thermosphere.
2. It describes greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect, how solar radiation is absorbed and reflected, and factors influencing global temperatures.
3. It discusses weather patterns like convection currents, wind systems, ocean currents, frontal systems, and cyclonic storms.
4. It also covers natural climate variability, historical climate changes, human-caused climate change, and potential solutions to reducing greenhouse gases.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen, along with other gases. The atmosphere is divided into layers with varying temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere closest to Earth's surface. Weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions in a particular place, while climate refers to average weather conditions over a longer period of time.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's atmosphere in three layers:
1) It describes the five principal layers - troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere - and discusses characteristics of each like temperature and composition.
2) It explains atmospheric phenomena like air masses, fronts, humidity, wind patterns, and how solar radiation and the greenhouse effect impact weather and climate.
3) It introduces common meteorological tools like thermometers, psychrometers, and barometers that are used to measure important variables like temperature, pressure, and humidity.
The atmosphere can be summarized as follows:
1) The atmosphere is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth that makes life possible. It is mainly composed of nitrogen and oxygen and extends thousands of kilometers above the Earth's surface.
2) The atmosphere is divided into layers with different temperatures, thicknesses, and compositions including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
3) Key components of the atmosphere include temperature, air pressure, precipitation, and wind, which are all influenced by global and local geographic factors and help determine the weather and climate of different regions.
Grade 9 Different Factors Affecting Climate.pptxpauloalegria3
The document discusses several key topics related to climate and climate change:
- Climate is determined by various factors like latitude, elevation, proximity to water, ocean currents, and winds. It summarizes three main climate zones based on latitude.
- Human activities like increased greenhouse gas emissions are the main drivers of current climate change. Rising temperatures, sea level rise, extreme weather, and ocean acidification are some of the major impacts.
- Mitigating climate change requires concerted global efforts like increasing carbon sequestration, use of renewable energy, improved energy efficiency, and reducing agricultural emissions.
The atmosphere is divided into layers including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. It extends thousands of kilometres and is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen but also contains argon, carbon dioxide and other gases. The temperature, thickness and composition varies between each atmospheric layer.
This document discusses the Earth's atmosphere and climate. It begins by describing the different layers of the atmosphere, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. It then discusses the key properties of air, such as its composition, temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. Next, it differentiates between weather and climate, and lists some factors that influence weather like atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind, and humidity/precipitation. Finally, it outlines the different climate zones on Earth and various climate types within those zones.
The document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and weather phenomena. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and variable amounts of water vapor. It also contains trace gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone.
2) The atmosphere is divided into spheres based on temperature changes, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.
3) Weather occurs primarily in the lower atmosphere and is driven by uneven heating of the Earth and the movement of air masses and pressure systems. Various storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes and cyclones form.
This document explains the key differences between observational and experimental studies. Observational studies involve observing phenomena as they occur naturally, while experimental studies involve manipulating variables and determining their effects. It defines related concepts like independent and dependent variables, treatment and control groups. It notes advantages of experimental studies like controlling subject selection and variable manipulation, and disadvantages like artificial settings and potential confounding variables.
This document discusses different types of variables and levels of measurement. It defines qualitative and quantitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. There are four levels of measurement for variables: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. Nominal variables classify without order, ordinal can be ranked but differences are unknown, interval are ranked with precise differences but no true zero, and ratio have a true zero and allow for ratios. The document provides examples for each variable type and level of measurement.
The document discusses the proper and improper uses of statistics. It explains how statistics can be used to describe data, compare data sets, determine relationships, and test hypotheses. However, it also outlines several ways statistics can be misused, such as to sell ineffective products, prove false claims, or induce fear in audiences. Specifically, it describes how using small, biased, or inconvenient samples, ambiguous averages, detached statistics without comparisons, implied connections without proof, misleading graphs, and biased survey questions can distort the truth.
1.1-1.2 Descriptive and Inferential Statisticsmlong24
Statistics involves collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to draw conclusions. Descriptive statistics summarize and describe data, while inferential statistics generalize from samples to populations through estimation, hypothesis testing, and prediction. The chapter introduces key concepts including variables, data, random variables, data sets, data values, populations, samples, descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. Students are assigned problems applying these statistical concepts.
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent frequency distributions: histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. It provides examples and instructions for constructing each graph type. Histograms use vertical bars to represent frequencies, frequency polygons connect points plotted for class midpoints, and ogives show cumulative frequencies. The document also discusses relative frequency graphs and common distribution shapes like bell-shaped, uniform, and skewed. It assigns practice constructing different graph types from example data.
This document discusses different types of graphs used to represent data including Pareto charts, time series graphs, and pie charts. It provides details on how to construct each graph type, including arranging bars from largest to smallest frequency for a Pareto chart and dividing a circle into wedges according to category percentages for a pie chart. Examples and steps are given for drawing each graph. Additional topics covered include stem and leaf plots and comparing data sets using different graph types.
This document discusses organizing raw data from a study on employee commute distances into a grouped frequency distribution. The raw data consists of the number of miles each employee traveled to work each day. To draw useful conclusions, the data is organized into a table with class intervals, tallies of data points within each interval, and cumulative frequencies. The document provides guidelines for determining class limits and widths to properly categorize the data while maintaining mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes of equal size. Organizing data into a frequency distribution in this way facilitates analysis and presentation of the distribution's shape.
This document discusses exploratory data analysis techniques including boxplots and five-number summaries. It explains how to organize and graph data using histograms, frequency polygons, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker plots. The five important values used in a boxplot are the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum. An example constructs a boxplot for a stockbroker's daily client numbers over 11 days.
This document discusses measures of variation in data, including range, variance, and standard deviation. It provides examples of calculating these measures for both individual data points and grouped data. The key measures are:
- Range is the highest value minus the lowest value.
- Variance is the average of the squared distances from the mean.
- Standard deviation is the square root of the variance, measuring average deviation from the mean.
- Coefficient of variation allows comparison of variables with different units by expressing standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
- Chebyshev's theorem and the empirical rule specify what proportion of data falls within a given number of standard deviations of the mean.
This document discusses various measures of position such as percentiles, quartiles, and standard scores. It provides examples of how to calculate percentiles, quartiles, z-scores, and identify outliers. Key points covered include how to interpret percentiles and z-scores, how to calculate quartiles and find values corresponding to specific percentiles, and the procedure for identifying outliers in a data set.
This document discusses measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode. It provides examples of calculating the mean from raw data sets and frequency distributions. The median and mode are defined as the middle value and most frequent value, respectively. Methods for calculating each from both types of data are shown. Other measures covered include the midrange and the effects of outliers. Shapes of distributions are discussed including positively and negatively skewed and symmetric. Practice problems are provided to reinforce the concepts.
This document discusses the addition rules for probability of compound events. It defines mutually exclusive events as events that cannot occur at the same time, and explains that for mutually exclusive events A and B, the probability of A or B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B. For events that are not mutually exclusive, the probability of A or B is equal to the probability of A plus the probability of B minus the probability of A and B occurring together. Several examples are provided to illustrate calculating probabilities using these addition rules.
The document defines key concepts in probability theory, such as probability experiments, outcomes, sample spaces, events, classical probability, empirical probability, and subjective probability. It provides examples of how to calculate probabilities of simple and compound events using classical probability methods, including determining probabilities using fractions or decimals and interpreting "and" and "or" probabilities.
This document discusses displacement, velocity, and related concepts. It begins by defining displacement as the straight-line change in an object's position, measured in meters. Displacement is distinguished from distance traveled, as displacement considers only the net change in position regardless of path. Equations for calculating average velocity from displacement and time are provided. Positive and negative displacement and velocity are described based on direction of motion. Instantaneous velocity is defined as the velocity at a specific point and can be determined from the slope of a tangent line on a position-time graph. Sample problems and practice questions are included for students to calculate displacement and average velocity in various scenarios.
This document discusses acceleration and kinematic equations for objects experiencing constant acceleration. It defines acceleration as the rate of change of velocity and introduces the average acceleration equation. It then derives and explains the equations for displacement given constant acceleration using the relationships between velocity, acceleration, displacement and time. Sample problems demonstrate applying the equations to calculate values when given acceleration, initial/final velocities, displacement or time. The key equations covered are for average and final velocity, and displacement given constant acceleration.
This document provides an overview of measurements and significant figures in physics experiments. It defines key terms like accuracy, precision, and significant figures. Accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value, while precision describes the exactness of a measurement. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measuring device. The document reviews proper techniques for measurements, unit conversions using dimensional analysis, and calculating with significant figures in additions, subtractions, multiplications and divisions. Students are expected to learn the basic SI units, prefixes, and how to determine the number of significant figures in given values and calculations.
Physics is the study of the physical world and how it behaves. It can be broken down into seven main categories including mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, and electromagnetism. The scientific method involves making observations, formulating hypotheses, testing with experiments, and drawing conclusions. Models are used to simplify complex physical systems and guide hypothesis building and experimental design by focusing only on relevant characteristics.
This document provides an introduction to the language of physics. It discusses how mathematical equations are used to describe physical phenomena and symbols commonly used in equations. Examples are provided on how to interpret equations and use dimensional analysis to check if equations are dimensionally consistent by evaluating the dimensions on each side. Students are assigned textbook problems evaluating physics expressions using these concepts.
This document provides an introduction to physics, covering several key topics:
- The main areas of physics are mechanics, thermodynamics, vibrations and waves, optics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
- Dimensional analysis is used to determine whether equations are valid by checking that quantities with the same dimensions can be combined and that both sides of an equation have the same dimensions.
- Symbols like Δ, Σ, g, x are commonly used in physics equations to represent concepts like change, sum, gravitational acceleration, and displacement.
Branding uses colors, symbols, and designs to identify companies and convey instant messages to consumers. John Deere's iconic green and yellow symbol is instantly recognizable due to their strategic use of color in branding. McDonald's similarly uses the stimulating color red and friendly color yellow in their logo and marketing to trigger hunger and attract customers. Facebook's blue and white logo was influenced by Mark Zuckerberg's colorblindness but blue is also known to convey qualities of trust, loyalty, and communication that are suitable for a technology company. Color plays an important role in branding by increasing brand recognition and subliminally influencing consumer perceptions.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
2. Bellringer
List the ways that the atmosphere is
different from outer space.
Write your list in your notebook.
3. Objectives
Describe the composition of Earth’s
atmosphere.
Explain why air pressure changes with
altitude.
Explain how air temperature changes with
atmospheric composition.
Describe the layers of the atmosphere.
4.
5. What is the Atmosphere?
Mixture of gases that surrounds the
Earth
6. Composition of the Atmosphere
The atmosphere is made up mostly of
nitrogen gas. Oxygen makes up a little
more than 20% of the atmosphere.
7. Atmospheric Pressure
The atmosphere is held around the Earth
by gravity. Gravity pulls gas molecules in
the atmosphere toward the Earth’s
surface, causing air pressure.
Air pressure: measure of the force with
which air molecules push on a surface
As altitude increases, air pressure
decreases.
8. Atmospheric Temperature
Air temperature decreases as altitude
increases.
Lower parts of the atmosphere are
warmer because they contain a high
percentage of gases that absorb solar
energy.
9. Layers of the Atmosphere
Troposphere: Layer where we live. Is
the lowest layer of the
atmosphere, contains almost all life-
forms, water, and weather. Jet stream is
at the top of the layer.
Stratosphere: Home of the Ozone Layer.
Average temperature is -60°C but
temperature increases as altitude does.
10. Layers of the Atmosphere
Mesosphere: The middle layer of the
atmosphere. It is also the coldest layer,
temperature decreases with altitude.
Thermosphere: Uppermost atmospheric
layer, temperatures can be 1,000°C or
higher but you would freeze
11.
12. Layers of the Atmosphere
Ionosphere: Home of the Auroras. In
the upper mesosphere and the lower
thermosphere, nitrogen and oxygen
atoms absorb harmful solar energy.
These atoms become electrically
charged and give off light as they radiate
their energy.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Bellringer
How is food heated in an oven?
Record your response in your notebook.
20. Objectives
Describe what happens to solar energy
that reaches Earth.
Summarize the processes of radiation,
thermal conduction, and convection.
Explain the relationship between the
greenhouse effect and global warming.
21.
22. Energy in the Atmosphere
Radiation: The Earth receives energy from
the sun by radiation. Radiation is the
transfer of energy as electromagnetic
waves.
Conduction: transfer of thermal energy
through a material by contact.
Convection: transfer of thermal energy by
the circulation or movement of a liquid or
gas.
23.
24. Urban Heat Islands
Cities that have few spaces with
vegetation and are mostly asphalt have
temperatures that are about 10°C hotter
than surrounding rural areas.
This is due to the concrete and asphalt
absorbing solar radiation and reradiating
it.
25. The Greenhouse Effect and
Life on Earth
The greenhouse effect is the process by
which gases in the atmosphere absorb
thermal energy and radiate it back to
Earth.
26.
27. Global Warming
Some scientists think that an increase of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
may be the cause of global warming.
Radiation Balance: The amount of
energy Earth receives and the amount
of energy returned to space must be
approximately equal.
28. Think/Pair/Share
A metal spoon left in a bowl of hot soup
feels warm. Which process of thermal
energy transfer is mainly responsible for
heating the spoon?
What is a convection current?
How does a greenhouse stay warm?
29. Bellringer
Write a poem about moving air. The
poem should include an explanation of
why air moves.
Record your response in your notebook.
30. Objectives
Explain the relationship between air
pressure and wind direction.
Describe global wind patterns.
Explain the causes of local wind
patterns.
31. Why Air Moves
As the cold air sinks, it creates areas of
high pressure around the poles. This
cold polar air then flows toward the
equator.
Pressure Belts Are Found Every 30º
Convection cells are separated by
pressure belts, bands of high and low
pressure.
32. What is Wind?
The movement of air caused by
differences in air pressure.
The greater the air pressure difference,
the faster the wind moves.
33.
34.
35. Coriolis Effect
The apparent curving of the path of
currents due to the Earth’s rotation is
called the Coriolis effect.
Winds deflect to the right in the Northern
Hemisphere and to the left in Southern
Hemisphere.
36. Naming Winds
Wind is always named for the direction
the wind is coming from.
37. Global Winds
Polar Easterlies are the wind belts that
extend from the poles to 60° latitude in
both hemispheres.
Westerlies are the wind belts found
between 30° and 60° latitude in both
hemispheres.
Trade Winds are the winds that blow from
30° latitude almost to the equator in both
hemispheres
38. The Doldrums: The trade winds of the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres meet
in an area around the equator.
The Horse Latitudes: At about 30° north
and 30° south latitude, sinking air creates
an area of high pressure.
Jet Streams are narrow belts of high-
speed winds that blow in the upper
troposphere and lower stratosphere.
39.
40. Local Winds
Local winds generally move short
distances and can blow from any
direction.
Sea and land breezes are affected by
temperature.
41.
42. Other Local Winds
Mountain and valley breezes are
examples of local winds caused by an
area’s geography.
43. Bellringer
Examine the filter mask. Make a list of
three situations in which one might wear
such a mask.
Write your list in your notebook.
44. Objectives
Compare primary and secondary air pollution.
Identify the major sources of pollution.
Explain the effects of the ozone hole.
List five effects of air pollution on the human
body.
Identify ways to reduce air pollution.
45. Primary Pollutants
• Pollutants that are put directly into the air by
human or natural activity are primary pollutants.
• Examples: CO, dust, smoke, and chemicals
from paint and other substances.
46. Secondary Pollutants
• Pollutants that form when primary pollutants
react with other primary pollutants or with
naturally occurring substances, such as water
vapor, are secondary pollutants.
• Smog is a secondary pollutant that forms when
ozone and vehicle exhaust react with sunlight, as
shown in the next slide.
47.
48.
49. Sources of Human-Caused Air
Pollution
•Many industrial plants and electric power plants
burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce energy.
This can release large amounts of air pollution.
•Sometimes, the air inside a building can be more
polluted than the air outside. Sources of indoor
air pollution are shown on the next slide.
50.
51. Acid Precipitation
Rain, sleet or snow that contains a high
concentration of acids
Can effect life in many different ways
Raise acidity of soil
Has damaged large areas of forest
Raises acidity of a lake or stream
52. The Ozone
The Earth is protected by the ozone layer
because it absorbs harmful UV radiation. This
can damage genes and cause skin cancer.
The destruction of the ozone layer is caused
by CFCs. These served as a propellant Hole
In 1987, most nations of the world agreed to
ban CFCs.
Because CFCs remain active for 60 to 120
years, however, it will take many years for the
ozone layer to recover.
53. Air Pollution and Human Health
Short-Term: coughing, headaches, and
itchy, watery eyes
Long-Term effects are very dangerous
because they may not show until many
years after exposure.
54. Cleaning Up Air Pollution
The EPA sets air quality standards to
protect against the effects of air pollution
The Clean Air Act requires many
industries to use pollution-control
devices.
55. Reducing Air Pollution
The Allowance Trading System
Companies are fined for exceeding limits
and rewarded for low emissions.
The EPA requires car makers to meet a
certain standard for vehicle exhaust.
People can make choices to reduce air
pollution, such as car-pooling and
conserving electricity.