The document provides an overview of the Earth's atmosphere including its composition, structure, and weather phenomena. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, argon and variable amounts of water vapor. It also contains trace gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and ozone.
2) The atmosphere is divided into spheres based on temperature changes, including the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere.
3) Weather occurs primarily in the lower atmosphere and is driven by uneven heating of the Earth and the movement of air masses and pressure systems. Various storms like thunderstorms, hurricanes and cyclones form.
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
power point presentation in atmospheric chemistryJamaicaFiel
this will provide quick discussion on atmospheric chemistry and some other details on atmosphere including layers of the atmosphere and environmental problems in the atmosphere
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
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Similar to The Earth's Atmosphere Notes -2012 (1).ppt
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. Overview of the
Earth’s Atmosphere
• The atmosphere, when scaled to the size of an
apple, is no thicker than the skin on an apple.
• The atmosphere is a gas.
• The atmosphere is a fluid.
• There is a surface but no “top” – the atmosphere
gradually thins out with increasing altitude
2. Earth's Atmosphere
99% of atmospheric gases, including water vapor, extend only 30
kilometer (km) above earth's surface.
Most of our weather, however, occurs within the first 10 to 15 km.
Thin Gaseous envelope
3. Composition of the
Atmosphere
permanent gases
variable gases
trace gases
aerosols
• roles of nitrogen, oxygen and argon
• role of water vapor
• carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, CFCs, et al.
4. Composition of the
Atmosphere
The “dry atmosphere”: 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% Ar
• N2 is primordial – it’s been part of the
atmosphere as long as there’s been an
atmosphere
• O2 has been rising from none at all about 2.2
Gya – comes from photosynthesis
• Ar40/Ar36 tells us that the atmosphere has
been outgassed from volcanoes
5. Composition of the
Atmosphere
Water Vapor: H2O 0-4%
• H20 can exist in all three phases at the surface of the
Earth – solid, liquid and gas
• Liquid or solid H2O can be suspended by atmospheric
winds (clouds) or fall to the surface (precipitation)
• VERY powerful greenhouse gas (both in vapor form
and as clouds)
8. Composition of the
Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide
• 390 ppm (by mass) and counting…
• Natural and anthropogenic sources/sinks
• Strong greenhouse gas (GHG)
CO2 is neither the strongest atmospheric GHG pound-for-pound
nor molecule-for-molecule…
Why the fuss?
CO2 is a product of the reaction that allows modern civilization to
exist: combustion.
11. Composition of the
Atmosphere
Methane
• CH4 concentration: 1.8 ppmv
• anthropogenic and natural sources/sinks too
• powerful greenhouse gas
• oxidizes rapidly, hence low concentrations
• Large concentrations proposed to explain
greenhouse warming of early Earth
12. Composition of the
Atmosphere
Ozone, CFCs and NOx
Ozone (O3)
• shields the surface from UV rays
• produced by reaction with NOx and sunlight near the surface
CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons)
• destroy stratospheric ozone
• chlorine is a catalyst: it destroys one O3 molecule and then
is free to find another
• Ozone at high altitudes (stratosphere) is “good”;
ozone at low altitudes (troposphere) is “bad.”
13. Atmospheric Gases
Nitrogen, oxygen,
argon, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and
most other gases are
invisible.
Clouds are not gas,
but condensed vapor
in the form of liquid
droplets.
Ground based smog,
which is visible,
contains reactants of
nitrogen and ozone.
Ozone – is the primary ingredient of smog!
14. Aerosols & Pollutants
Human and
natural activities
displace tiny soil,
salt, and ash
particles as
suspended
aerosols,
as well as sulfur
and nitrogen
oxides, and
hydrocarbons as
pollutants.
15. Composition of the
Atmosphere
Aerosols
• Dust
• Sea-spray
• Microbes
Suspended particles in the atmosphere are
responsible for cloud formation: water drops
nucleate on them
Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN)
16. Other Atmospheres
YES NO
Earth The Moon
Mars all the other satellites
Venus Mercury
Jupiter asteroids
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Triton (Neptune’s moon)
Titan (Saturn’s moon)
The Sun
17. Other Atmospheres
Planet Composition Temperature Pressure
Venus CO2 96.5%, N2
3.5%
750 K 90000 mb
Earth N2 78%, O2 21%,
Ar 1%
290K 1000 mb
Mars CO2 95%, N2
2.7%, Ar 1.6%
220K 10 mb
18. History of Meteorology
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and its
phenomena
Aristotle wrote a book on natural philosophy (340
BC) entitled “Meteorologica”
Sum knowledge of weather/climate at time
Meteors were all things that fell from the sky or
were seen in the air
“meteoros” : Greek word meaning “high in air”
19. History of Meteorology
Invention of weather
instruments
1500’s Galileo invented
water thermometer
1643 Torricelli invented
mercury barometer
1667 Hooke invented
anemometer
1719 Fahrenheit developed
temp scale based on
boiling/freezing water
1735 Hadley explained how
the earth’s rotation
influences winds in tropics
1742 Celsius developed the
centigrade temp scale
20. History of Meteorology
1787 Charles discovered
relationship between temp
and a volume of air
1835 Coriolis used math to
demonstrate the effect that
the earth’s rotation has on
atmos. Motions
1869 first isobars were placed
on map
1920 concepts of air masses
and weather fronts were
formulated in Norway
1940’s upper air ballons/3-D
view of atmos
1950’s high speed computers
1960 Tiros 1 first weather
satellite
22. Atmospheric Layers
8 layers are defined by constant
trends in average air
temperature (which changes
with pressure and
radiation), where the outer
exosphere is not shown.
1. Troposphere
2. Tropopause
3. Stratosphere
4. Stratopause
5. Mesosphere
6. Mesopause
7. Thermosphere
8. Exosphere
23. Atmospheric Layers
Troposphere – Temp decrease w/ height
Most of our weather occurs in this layer
Varies in height around the globe, but
Averages about 11 km in height.
Tropopause separates Troposphere from
Stratosphere. Generally higher in summer
Lower in winter.
24. The troposphere is the lowest major atmospheric layer, and is located from the Earth's
surface up to the bottom of the stratosphere. It has decreasing temperature with height (at
an average rate of 3.5° F per thousand feet (6.5 ° C per kilometer); whereas the
stratosphere has either constant or slowly increasing temperature with height. The
troposphere is where all of Earth's weather occurs. The boundary that divides the
troposphere from the stratosphere is called the "tropopause", located at an altitude of
around 5 miles in the winter, to around 8 miles high in the summer, and as high as 11 or 12
miles in the deep tropics. When you see the top of a thunderstorm flatten out into an anvil
cloud, like in the illustration above, it is usually because the updrafts in the storm are
"bumping up against" the bottom of the stratosphere
28. The Stratosphere and Ozone Layer
Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, where air flow is mostly horizontal. The thin ozone layer in the upper
stratosphere has a high concentration of ozone, a particularly reactive form of oxygen. This layer is primarily responsible
for absorbing the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The formation of this layer is a delicate matter, since only when
oxygen is produced in the atmosphere can an ozone layer form and prevent an intense flux of ultraviolet radiation from
reaching the surface, where it is quite hazardous to the evolution of life. There is considerable recent concern that
manmade flourocarbon compounds may be depleting the ozone layer, with dire future consequences for life on the Earth.
The Mesosphere and Ionosphere
Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere and above that is the ionosphere (or thermosphere), where many atoms are
ionized (have gained or lost electrons so they have a net electrical charge). The ionosphere is very thin, but it is where
aurora take place, and is also responsible for absorbing the most energetic photons from the Sun, and for reflecting radio
waves, thereby making long-distance radio communication possible.
29. A Brief Look at Air Pressure
and Air Density
air density (ρ pronounced “row”)
air pressure (p)
sea-level pressure (ps)
• Baseballs travel farther in higher-altitude air (Denver)
than they do in lower-altitude air.
30. Pressure & Density
Gravity pulls gases
toward earth's
surface, and the
whole column of
gases weighs 14.7 psi
at sea level, a
pressure of 1013.25
mb or 29.92 in.Hg.
Air Density is
The number of air
Molecules in a given
Space (volume)
The amount of force
exerted Over an area of
surface is called
Air pressure!
32. Meteorology 101
Air Pressure
On average, air weighs
about 14.7 lb/in2
14.7 lb/in2 =29.92
“inches of mercury”
Air Pressure varies over
the globe
1”
1”
“Top”
33. Meteorology 101
Changing Pressure - Winds
Take more out than put in – decrease pressure
Put more in than take out – increase pressure
35. Meteorology 101
• Lows tend to bring cloudy, wet weather
• Highs tend to bring fair, dry weather.
Rising Air near ows
• Rising air cools; water vapor in the air
condenses to form clouds/precipitation
Sinking air near ighs
• Sinking air warms and dries out.
36. Meteorology 101
Some Fundamentals
• Earth is heated unevenly: Tropics are
warmer than the Polar Regions.
• Nature tries to try to even out
temperature differences.
• Uneven heating sets atmosphere in
motion and is the fundamental cause
of all weather.
37. Meteorology 101
Westerlies - High-Altitude winds blow
generally west-to-east 3-6 miles above mid-
latitudes.
Jet Stream – River of fastest-moving air
within the westerlies.
Ridge
Trough
Upper-
Level
Features
40. Elements of Weather
air temperature
air pressure
humidity
clouds
precipitation
visibility
wind
• Certain weather elements, like
clouds, visibility and wind, are
of particular interest to pilots.
41. Climate
Average weather
• time-average
• regional (spatial) average
Extremes
Trends
Climate represents long-term
(e.g. 30 yr) averages of weather.
42. A Satellite’s View of the
Weather
geostationary satellites
• Atmospheric observation
from satellites was an
important technological
development in
meteorology. Other
important developments
include computers, internet,
and Doppler radar.
43. Storms of all Sizes
midlatitude cyclonic storms
hurricanes and tropical storms
thunderstorms
tornadoes
• Storms are very exciting, but they also play an
important role in moving heat and moisture around
throughout the atmosphere.