The Anatomy of a Theory
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The document discusses the building blocks of communication theories. It explains that theories have four main goals: description, explanation, understanding/prediction/control, and reform. It then covers some key concepts in developing communication theories, including determinism vs. free will, thrownness, objectivism vs. constructivism, law-based vs. rule-based approaches, and behaviorism vs. humanism. The document concludes that theories reflect points of view, different theories are not necessarily incompatible, and that theories have limited focus and scope.
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10-5
Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. There are two main views on how knowledge is acquired: rationalism and empiricism. Rationalists believe some knowledge comes from innate ideas or concepts that are known a priori through intuition or deduction, while empiricists believe all knowledge comes from experience through the senses a posteriori. Rationalists like Descartes argued reason is superior to sense experience as the source of knowledge, while empiricists like Locke argued there are no innate ideas and knowledge comes only from sensation and reflection on sense experiences.
Lec 7 different theories
This document outlines several philosophical theories and traditions:
Rationalism holds that reason is the chief source of knowledge, while empiricism states that knowledge comes from sensory experience. Pragmatism evaluates theories based on their practical application. Phenomenology investigates conscious experience without determining what is objectively real. Behaviorism is concerned with observable behavior rather than internal events like thinking. Realism believes abstract concepts exist objectively, while nominalism sees them as merely words. Skepticism questions the possibility of true knowledge. Idealism holds that nothing exists outside of minds. Existentialism denies any intrinsic meaning or purpose in the universe. The analytic tradition emphasizes detailed argumentation, semantics, and clarity of meaning.
Epistemology & Phenomenology
This document provides an overview of epistemology and phenomenology. It defines epistemology as the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It discusses key thinkers in phenomenology like Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schutz, and Peter Berger and their contributions to understanding subjective experience and the development of social reality. Phenomenology examines patterns of consciousness and how social relationships shape shared meanings and reality. The document also notes some limitations of phenomenology in being subject to interpretation.
Ontology. epistemology
This document discusses ontology, which is the philosophical study of the nature of being and existence. It outlines several essential ontological dichotomies, such as universals and particulars, substance and accident, and idealism and materialism. It then defines several ontological concepts, including subject, individual, phenomenon, essence, quality, motion, development, system, structure, whole, part, content, form, cause, and effect. The document also briefly discusses epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, outlining its main areas of focus and some methods of cognition.
Research perspective overview_slides_2008-2009
The document discusses different perspectives on research methodology, including questions about the nature of truth and knowledge. It explores debates around whether truth is absolute or relative, if knowledge is discovered or constructed, and whether social knowledge depends on context. Different methodological perspectives are examined, including positivism, interpretivism, and participatory research. Key aspects of these perspectives like their underlying epistemological and ontological assumptions are outlined. The relationship between epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, and methods is also mapped out.
Positivism n post posit by humayun
Positivism holds that authoritative knowledge can only come from logical, mathematical, and empirical evidence from the senses. It rejects metaphysics and introspection. Positivism was developed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century and argues that society, like the physical world, operates according to observable laws. Post-positivism rejects the central tenets of positivism and believes that while reality exists independently, our observations are theory-laden and fallible, so objective knowledge requires triangulating across multiple perspectives.
Ontology
Ontology is the study of being or reality. It deals with questions about what entities exist and how they can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. There are differing philosophical views about the nature of reality, including whether reality is objective and exists independently of human observation, or is subjective and constructed through human experiences and social interactions. Ontological questions also concern whether social entities should be viewed as objective, external realities or as social constructions.
Logical positivism
Positivism is a philosophical system rooted in science and empiricism that rejects metaphysics and holds that knowledge is only derived from logical reasoning and sensory experience. It views society and the physical world as operating according to general laws that can be observed and measured scientifically. Some key aspects of positivism include its rejection of introspection and intuition, focus on observation and experimentation to verify phenomena, and belief that anything beyond direct observation cannot be known. Logical positivism refined these ideas, proposing that philosophy should only consider statements that are verifiable or confirmable through observation or experiment.
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Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and what can be known. There are two main views on how knowledge is acquired: rationalism and empiricism. Rationalists believe some knowledge comes from innate ideas or concepts that are known a priori through intuition or deduction, while empiricists believe all knowledge comes from experience through the senses a posteriori. Rationalists like Descartes argued reason is superior to sense experience as the source of knowledge, while empiricists like Locke argued there are no innate ideas and knowledge comes only from sensation and reflection on sense experiences.
Lec 7 different theories
This document outlines several philosophical theories and traditions:
Rationalism holds that reason is the chief source of knowledge, while empiricism states that knowledge comes from sensory experience. Pragmatism evaluates theories based on their practical application. Phenomenology investigates conscious experience without determining what is objectively real. Behaviorism is concerned with observable behavior rather than internal events like thinking. Realism believes abstract concepts exist objectively, while nominalism sees them as merely words. Skepticism questions the possibility of true knowledge. Idealism holds that nothing exists outside of minds. Existentialism denies any intrinsic meaning or purpose in the universe. The analytic tradition emphasizes detailed argumentation, semantics, and clarity of meaning.
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This document provides an overview of epistemology and phenomenology. It defines epistemology as the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It discusses key thinkers in phenomenology like Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schutz, and Peter Berger and their contributions to understanding subjective experience and the development of social reality. Phenomenology examines patterns of consciousness and how social relationships shape shared meanings and reality. The document also notes some limitations of phenomenology in being subject to interpretation.
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Research perspective overview_slides_2008-2009
The document discusses different perspectives on research methodology, including questions about the nature of truth and knowledge. It explores debates around whether truth is absolute or relative, if knowledge is discovered or constructed, and whether social knowledge depends on context. Different methodological perspectives are examined, including positivism, interpretivism, and participatory research. Key aspects of these perspectives like their underlying epistemological and ontological assumptions are outlined. The relationship between epistemology, theoretical perspective, methodology, and methods is also mapped out.
Positivism n post posit by humayun
Positivism holds that authoritative knowledge can only come from logical, mathematical, and empirical evidence from the senses. It rejects metaphysics and introspection. Positivism was developed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century and argues that society, like the physical world, operates according to observable laws. Post-positivism rejects the central tenets of positivism and believes that while reality exists independently, our observations are theory-laden and fallible, so objective knowledge requires triangulating across multiple perspectives.
Ontology
Ontology is the study of being or reality. It deals with questions about what entities exist and how they can be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. There are differing philosophical views about the nature of reality, including whether reality is objective and exists independently of human observation, or is subjective and constructed through human experiences and social interactions. Ontological questions also concern whether social entities should be viewed as objective, external realities or as social constructions.
Logical positivism
Positivism is a philosophical system rooted in science and empiricism that rejects metaphysics and holds that knowledge is only derived from logical reasoning and sensory experience. It views society and the physical world as operating according to general laws that can be observed and measured scientifically. Some key aspects of positivism include its rejection of introspection and intuition, focus on observation and experimentation to verify phenomena, and belief that anything beyond direct observation cannot be known. Logical positivism refined these ideas, proposing that philosophy should only consider statements that are verifiable or confirmable through observation or experiment.
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Western philosophy developed through various historical periods and schools of thought. In ancient Rome, Stoicism emphasized morality, virtue and emotional control. During the Medieval period, Scholasticism applied philosophy to religious doctrines. The Renaissance saw the rise of Humanism and an emphasis on understanding humanity. The Enlightenment era was defined by Rationalism, which viewed reason as the basis of knowledge, and Empiricism, which held that knowledge comes from experience. Modern philosophy included movements like Existentialism, which focused on individual responsibility, and Pragmatism, which emphasized practical applications of ideas.
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Epistemology of Social Science, ISSJ Unesco Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, 1984
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- Postulates of Moral and Social Philosophy
- The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry
- The Context and Scope of Inquiry
- Modes of Inquiry
- Method of Ethical Inquiry
Logical positivism and Post-positivism
Logical Positivism held that the only meaningful knowledge is scientific knowledge that can be empirically verified. It rejected metaphysics and theology. Post-Positivism recognizes the limitations of Positivism in assuming objective truth and the fallibility of observation. Post-Positivism believes that while reality exists independently, our knowledge of it is imperfect and constructed based on fallible perceptions. The goal of science is to get closer to the truth about reality through revisable theories rather than uncover absolute truth.
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1) Idealism views knowledge as dependent on the mind and prioritizes ideas over the material world. Realism views the material world as primary.
2) There are three types of idealism - subjective, phenomenalistic, and absolute. Subjective idealism holds that ideas depend on individuals. Phenomenalistic idealism says we can only know phenomena, not things-in-themselves. Absolute idealism sees ideas and material as a synthesis.
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Positivism is a philosophy of science that suggests social behavior should be studied using principles of natural science. Early positivists believed this research could lead to improved control and advancement of society. Key features of positivism include producing objective facts and theories through empirical research, separating facts from values using scientific methods, and discovering causal laws that explain relationships between variables. However, positivism has been criticized for being too reductionist, deterministic, and failing to recognize the meaningful social interactions and experiences of different groups.
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Rationalism holds that reason rather than experience is the basis of knowledge. Two main rationalist philosophers discussed are Plato and Descartes.
Plato believed that knowledge comes from innate ideas and recollection of forms from our pre-earthly existence. He believed that reason allows understanding of transcendent truths. Descartes developed a method of intuition and deduction, believing that some truths about reality can be intuitively known with certainty and further knowledge deduced from intuitions.
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The document discusses the nature of knowledge. It states that knowledge has both rational and empirical aspects. Some knowledge, like mathematical and geometric judgments, are a priori while other knowledge comes from experience and is a posteriori. The document also distinguishes between pure and empirical knowledge and provides examples to illustrate the different types of knowledge.
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The document discusses epistemology and the scientific method. It defines epistemology as the study of knowledge and how knowledge is gained. The scientific method is presented as the standard process for building valid knowledge and includes formulation of problems, hypotheses, experimentation, and conclusions. Scientific knowledge must be consistent with previous theories and match empirical facts. There are different stages of cultural and scientific development and various patterns of explanation used in science.
Positivist approach to research
The document discusses the philosophy of positivism in social science research. Positivism traces its roots back to philosophers like Bacon and Descartes in the 17th century. It developed into a philosophy championed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, which believes that scientific observation and experiment are the only ways to arrive at true knowledge. Positivism applies the scientific method to social sciences by focusing on quantifiable data that can be statistically analyzed to discover objective social truths and laws. The researcher takes an independent, objective role in this process.
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Critical realism
Critical realism is a philosophical approach to social science based on philosophy of science, ontology, and epistemology. It focuses on developing theoretical explanations for observable phenomena in the social world. Critical realism believes there is an unobservable real world that causes observable events. It views reality as having four modes: material, ideal, social, and artifact. Critical realism holds that our knowledge is fallible but there is an objective reality we can know, even if imperfectly. It can be applied to both social science and natural science to analyze how social structures and human actions continuously change over time.
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Western philosophy
Western philosophy developed through various historical periods and schools of thought. In ancient Rome, Stoicism emphasized morality, virtue and emotional control. During the Medieval period, Scholasticism applied philosophy to religious doctrines. The Renaissance saw the rise of Humanism and an emphasis on understanding humanity. The Enlightenment era was defined by Rationalism, which viewed reason as the basis of knowledge, and Empiricism, which held that knowledge comes from experience. Modern philosophy included movements like Existentialism, which focused on individual responsibility, and Pragmatism, which emphasized practical applications of ideas.
Chapter iii
Method of Moral and Social Philosophical Inquiry
- Postulates of Moral and Social Philosophy
- The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry
- The Context and Scope of Inquiry
- Modes of Inquiry
- Method of Ethical Inquiry
Epistemology of Social Science, ISSJ Unesco Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, 1984
International Social Science Journal, VolXXXVI, n°4, 1984
EPISTEMOLOGY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
The scientific status, values and institutionalisation
Positivism and Its Criticism
This document provides an overview of positivism and logical positivism. It discusses the key figures behind each approach, such as Auguste Comte for positivism and members of the Vienna Circle like Carnap, Hahn, and Neurath for logical positivism. The document also outlines some of the main ideas associated with each, such as positivism's emphasis on empirical facts and logical positivism's principle of verifiability. Finally, it notes that while positivism and logical positivism aimed to eliminate non-empirical philosophy, they have both faced criticism for being too reductionist in their views.
Postpositivism and educational research final
Objectivity is important for competent research but values cannot be completely eliminated from the research process. The document discusses different types of values such as external values from outside the research community and internal values held by researchers. Some values are considered epistemologically relevant if they influence the interpretation of results in a non-scientific way, while epistemologically irrelevant values encourage objective research. There is no perfect way to insulate against all values, but the scientific community works to minimize bias through processes like peer review, replication, and allowing marginalized groups to participate.
Phenomenology
Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that studies conscious experience and attempts to understand the world from the point of view of acting subjects rather than scientific observers. It focuses on micro-level interactions and seeks to understand common sense and daily life experiences. Edmund Husserl is considered the father of phenomenology and believed that true meaning could only be understood through analyzing individual consciousness, not empirical facts. Later phenomenologists like Alfred Schutz and Peter Berger applied these ideas to sociology, positing that social reality is constructed through processes of externalization, objectification, and internalization of shared meanings. They viewed society through concepts like time consciousness, stock of knowledge, and reification. While providing insights into perception and social structures,
Chapter 3 - Method of Moral and Social Philosophical Inquiry
Method of Moral and Social Philosophical Inquiry
- Postulates of Moral and Social Philosophy
- The Nature of Philosophical Inquiry
- The Context and Scope of Inquiry
- Modes of Inquiry
- Method of Ethical Inquiry
Logical positivism and Post-positivism
Logical Positivism held that the only meaningful knowledge is scientific knowledge that can be empirically verified. It rejected metaphysics and theology. Post-Positivism recognizes the limitations of Positivism in assuming objective truth and the fallibility of observation. Post-Positivism believes that while reality exists independently, our knowledge of it is imperfect and constructed based on fallible perceptions. The goal of science is to get closer to the truth about reality through revisable theories rather than uncover absolute truth.
philosophy
This document outlines different philosophical theories of idealism and realism. It discusses:
1) Idealism views knowledge as dependent on the mind and prioritizes ideas over the material world. Realism views the material world as primary.
2) There are three types of idealism - subjective, phenomenalistic, and absolute. Subjective idealism holds that ideas depend on individuals. Phenomenalistic idealism says we can only know phenomena, not things-in-themselves. Absolute idealism sees ideas and material as a synthesis.
3) Realism is divided into popular and scientific realism. Popular realism holds primary qualities like shape are objective, while secondary qualities like color are subjective
SociologyExchange.co.uk Shared Resource
Positivism is a philosophy of science that suggests social behavior should be studied using principles of natural science. Early positivists believed this research could lead to improved control and advancement of society. Key features of positivism include producing objective facts and theories through empirical research, separating facts from values using scientific methods, and discovering causal laws that explain relationships between variables. However, positivism has been criticized for being too reductionist, deterministic, and failing to recognize the meaningful social interactions and experiences of different groups.
Knowledge
This document provides an outline of knowledge and discusses various topics related to epistemology. It begins by defining epistemology as the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of knowledge. It then discusses four main areas of debate in epistemology including the definition of knowledge, problems of skepticism, sources and scope of knowledge, and criteria for knowledge and justification. The document goes on to discuss related topics like metaphysics, meta-epistemology, genetic epistemology, constructivist epistemology, sources of knowledge, and theories of knowledge structure like foundationalism and coherentism.
L5 the way of reason
Rationalism holds that reason rather than experience is the basis of knowledge. Two main rationalist philosophers discussed are Plato and Descartes.
Plato believed that knowledge comes from innate ideas and recollection of forms from our pre-earthly existence. He believed that reason allows understanding of transcendent truths. Descartes developed a method of intuition and deduction, believing that some truths about reality can be intuitively known with certainty and further knowledge deduced from intuitions.
Descartes presented rules in his Discourse on Method to ensure the intellect can grasp all that can be known through orderly and certain processes of reason alone.
Psychoanalysis and Management
This document discusses the intersections between psychoanalysis and management. It argues that psychoanalysis can provide a theory of human subjectivity and help understand unconscious processes that influence organizational phenomena. Psychoanalysis views individuals as desubstantivized subjects influenced by operative fantasies rather than having a fixed human nature. It can examine how unconscious identification and transferential dynamics between organizations and countries like geopolitical relationships influence their behavior in non-rational ways. Psychoanalysis aims to help managers and leaders understand these unconscious dynamics to minimize irrational decision making and acting out of conflicts within organizations.
Philosophy of man 9
This document discusses different philosophical theories of materialism. Materialism is the doctrine that all existence is composed of matter or is an attribute of matter. It is opposed to idealism. There are several types of materialism discussed, including anti-religious materialism espoused by 18th century French philosophers like Diderot and d'Holbach, and historical materialism developed by Karl Marx which argues that economic systems determine societal organization. Modern philosophical materialism and cultural materialism are also mentioned. The document also discusses related concepts like determinism, which holds that all events are caused, technological determinism, and environmental determinism.
The Evolution of the Idea of Humanhood 3
This document discusses contemporary approaches to the self. It summarizes that the self is not a fixed thing according to naturalism and Hume, but is also not purely determined by external forces. A phenomenological approach views the self as a pre-reflective feature of experience rather than an object. The narrative self is a cultural construction but still real. An hermeneutical approach sees identity as co-authored within social and historical contexts rather than fully known or described. The document concludes that there is a minimal self and an extended narrative self, with the latter built upon the former, converging with neuroscientific accounts of core and extended consciousness. This allows defending experience of self without reducing it to cultural design.
Knowledge is Both Rational & Empirical
The document discusses the nature of knowledge. It states that knowledge has both rational and empirical aspects. Some knowledge, like mathematical and geometric judgments, are a priori while other knowledge comes from experience and is a posteriori. The document also distinguishes between pure and empirical knowledge and provides examples to illustrate the different types of knowledge.
Epistimologi - Filsafat Ilmu
The document discusses epistemology and the scientific method. It defines epistemology as the study of knowledge and how knowledge is gained. The scientific method is presented as the standard process for building valid knowledge and includes formulation of problems, hypotheses, experimentation, and conclusions. Scientific knowledge must be consistent with previous theories and match empirical facts. There are different stages of cultural and scientific development and various patterns of explanation used in science.
Positivist approach to research
The document discusses the philosophy of positivism in social science research. Positivism traces its roots back to philosophers like Bacon and Descartes in the 17th century. It developed into a philosophy championed by Auguste Comte in the 19th century, which believes that scientific observation and experiment are the only ways to arrive at true knowledge. Positivism applies the scientific method to social sciences by focusing on quantifiable data that can be statistically analyzed to discover objective social truths and laws. The researcher takes an independent, objective role in this process.
A quest for depth and breadth of insight through combination of positivism an...
Dr. Awais e Siraj Managing Director Genzee Solutions, A Strategy, Balanced Scorecard, Scenario Planning, Competency Based Human Resource Management Consulting Company
Methods of philosophizing
This document discusses different philosophical methods for determining truth: phenomenology bases truth on consciousness; existentialism bases it on personal freedom and choice; postmodernism rejects absolute truth and emphasizes cultures and power structures; analytic tradition views language as socially constructed. It also discusses logic and critical thinking as tools to reason, distinguish facts from opinions, and identify fallacies. Logical arguments can be deductive, moving from general premises to specific conclusions, or inductive, using observations to make probable claims.
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Epistemology of Social Science, ISSJ Unesco Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, 1984
Epistemology of Social Science, ISSJ Unesco Vol. XXXVI, No. 4, 1984
Chapter 3 - Method of Moral and Social Philosophical Inquiry
Chapter 3 - Method of Moral and Social Philosophical Inquiry
A quest for depth and breadth of insight through combination of positivism an...
A quest for depth and breadth of insight through combination of positivism an...
Similar to The Anatomy of a Theory
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Critical realism is a philosophical approach to social science based on philosophy of science, ontology, and epistemology. It focuses on developing theoretical explanations for observable phenomena in the social world. Critical realism believes there is an unobservable real world that causes observable events. It views reality as having four modes: material, ideal, social, and artifact. Critical realism holds that our knowledge is fallible but there is an objective reality we can know, even if imperfectly. It can be applied to both social science and natural science to analyze how social structures and human actions continuously change over time.
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Empiricism, Positivism and Post-Positivism In An Introduc
Empiricism, Positivism and Post-Positivism
In: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology
By: Kerry E. Howell
Pub. Date: 2015
Access Date: June 17, 2022
Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd
City: London
Print ISBN: 9781446202999
Online ISBN: 9781473957633
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473957633
Print pages: 32-54
© 2013 SAGE Publications Ltd All Rights Reserved.
This PDF has been generated from SAGE Research Methods. Please note that the pagination of the
online version will vary from the pagination of the print book.
https://dx.<wbr>doi.<wbr>org/10.4135/9781473957633
https://dx.<wbr>doi.<wbr>org/10.4135/9781473957633
https://dx.<wbr>doi.<wbr>org/10.4135/9781473957633
Empiricism, Positivism and Post-Positivism
Introduction
Research involves understanding the relationship between theory, philosophy (ontology and epistemology),
methodology and methods. Any research project whether this be a dissertation, thesis or research paper
requires some understanding and explanation of the relationships between these areas. This text explains
these relationships through a discussion of rationalist arguments in Chapter 1, theory in Chapter 2 and
empiricist, positivist and phenomenological positions in this and the following chapter. It is useful to have
some knowledge of these positions when undertaking research projects because the paradigms of inquiry
and subsequent methodological approaches and methods of data collection extend what may be considered
valid knowledge generation or accumulation actually entails. Based in empiricism, positivism provided an
important and relevant addition to our conceptualisation of how knowledge may be measured, defined and
accumulated.
In a bid to fully explain the relationship between methodology and the philosophical and scientific
underpinnings of specific paradigms of inquiry, this chapter analyses the differentiations between empiricism,
positivism and post-positivism each of which, it may be argued, exemplifies a certain modernist approach
to knowledge generation. However, this demarcation can become problematic when a close analysis is
undertaken. For instance, as noted above, the falsification process and the distaste for grand theory apparent
in post-positivism in some contexts render it postmodernist.
The modernist/postmodernist debate picks up on a number of issues identified in Chapters 1 and 2 in terms
of ongoing debates regarding the nature of reality, truth, knowledge and theory. That is, whether or not the
world has a real existence beyond human thought? Positivists consider an external reality exists that can
be understood completely whereas post-positivists argue that even though such a reality can be discerned
it may only be understood probabilistically. Empiricists consider that scientific truth and reality are based on
experience and observation and that ‘human consciousness which is subjective is not accessib ...
PHI 1000 Free Body and Mind Essay.docx
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philosophyofnursing-141111111610-conversion-gate01.pptx
This document discusses various philosophies related to nursing, including naturalism, idealism, pragmatism, romanticism, realism, philosophical theism, theistic realism, and humanism. It provides definitions and key thinkers for many of these philosophies. For some philosophies like naturalism, it explores their implications for nursing practice, education, research, management, and behaviors. The document also discusses related concepts like atheism, deism, agnosticism, and different types of theism. Overall, the document serves as a comprehensive overview of important philosophies that provide a basis for understanding the nature of nursing.
Ethical Egoism
Ethical egoism faces challenges as a moral theory because it lacks definitions and frameworks. Without clarifying the nature of self-interest, ethical egoism can endorse harmful behaviors by appealing to humanity's animal instincts alone. It also fails to resolve conflicts of interest between individuals acting in their own self-interest. Due to these weaknesses, ethical egoism proves unstable as an evolutionary strategy and does not adequately guide moral decision-making.
Philosophy of nursing
This document discusses several philosophies of nursing including naturalism, idealism, pragmatism, and romanticism. Naturalism is defined as the belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes, with Thomas Aquinas cited as an early philosopher of naturalism. Key principles of naturalism for healthcare are discussed. Idealism holds that reality is fundamentally mental or immaterial, with various forms described. Pragmatism is presented as a problem-solving approach focused on practical application and consequences. Romanticism is mentioned but not defined. Examples are given of how these philosophies influence nursing practice, education, research, management, and behavior.
Social Justice as a Form of Discourse Impacting Identity for Action.docx
Social Justice as a Form of Discourse Impacting Identity for Action
By Philip S. Mirci, Ph.D. (2015)Introduction
Richard Paul (1992) wrote:
Because we do not come to our experience with a blank slate for a mind, because our thinking is already, at any given moment, moving in a direction, because we can form new ideas, beliefs, and patterns of thought only through the scaffolding of our previously formed thought, it is essential that we learn to think critically in environments in which a variety of competing ideas are taken seriously. … Knowledge is discovered by thinking, analyzed by thinking, organized by thinking, transformed by thinking… There is no way to take the thinking out of knowledge, or the struggle out of thinking, just as there is no way to create a neat and tidy step-by-step path to knowledge that all minds can mindlessly follow … But thinking requires counter-thinking, opposition and challenge, as well as support. We need reasons meaningful to us, some persuasive logic, to move our minds from one set of ideas or beliefs to another. In other words, we must “argue” ourselves out of our present thinking and into thinking that is more or less novel to us if we are to gain genuine knowledge [Critical thinking: what every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Santa Rosa, CA: The Foundation for Critical Thinking, p. xi].
The search for truth and knowledge is one of the finest attributes of man ― though often it is most loudly voiced by those who strive for it the least.
The world we have made as a result of the level of thinking we have done thus far creates problems that cannot be solved at the same level of thinking at which we created them.
Constructivism, as a learning theory, was consistent with neuroscience research: the brain makes sense of experience by accessing its own existing knowledge base in order to interpret that experience. Furthermore, one’s identity is connected to this sense-making process. Thus, one’s own knowledge about self, others, and the world is limited. Intellectual humility is the discipline of bringing this awareness to different methods of knowing. Stephen Freeman (2000) summarized three different methods of knowing that were first stated by Charles Peirce in 1940:
The first method of knowing, the method of tenacity, states that people hold firm to truths they “know” are true. In establishing these truths there may be a tendency to omit evidence that does not support our beliefs and to find and include that, which does. This represents the well-known problem of objectivity. Frequent repetition or re-indoctrination of these assumptions or truths enhances their validity. This, simply stated, means one finds what one looks for…
The second method of knowing is the method of authority or established belief. This method has the weight of tradition and public sanction behind it. Many of the things we think we know have been handed down by tradition. People have also .
Notions of morality
The document discusses several popular notions of morality, including deontological ethics, utilitarianism, pragmatism, altruism, intrinsicism, subjectivism, collectivism, pacifism, humanism, anarchism, existentialism, and eudaimonism. Deontological ethics focuses on duty and moral obligation, while utilitarianism believes the moral worth of an action is determined by its contribution to overall utility and happiness. Pragmatism sees the function of thought as guiding action. [END SUMMARY]
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The Anatomy of a Theory
- 1. The Anatomy of aTheory Building Blocks of CommunicationTheories Prepared by: Ms Jahwella Ocay, BA Comm
- 2. It’s what we do everyday.
- 3. Central to the identity and the history of Communication are theories that define its scope and that cultivate insight into human interaction.
- 4. Theories have four goals. Description Explanation Understanding, Prediction and Control Reform
- 5. ONTOLOGY Determinism vs. FreeWill: Do we just automatically respond to things or do we make choices about how to act?
- 6. THROWNNESS Martin Heidegger advanced the idea that individual freedom is constrained by this. It refers to the fact that we are thrown into a multitude of arbitrary conditions that influence our lives and our opportunities.
- 7. EPISTEMOLOGY OBJECTIVISM vs. CREATING MEANINGS – is reality external to human mind or is it subjective and based on a person’s perceptions?
- 8. Some individuals believe that truth is an objective phenomenon that humans can discover through careful observation or other scientific methods. Other people think that reality is ultimately subjective and that what we know is intimately tied up with who we are.
- 9. PURPOSE OFTHEORIZING LAW-BASED vs. RULES-BASED – does a theory want to establish laws that will remain true across a variety of circumstances or rules that will explain and describe patterns of behavior
- 10. FOCUS OFTHEORIZING BEHAVIORISM vs. HUMANISM – is it focusing on observable behavior or on meanings?
- 11. Brute Facts (objective, concrete phenomena) Institutional Facts (what an observable phenomenon means)
- 12. So…What can we say about theories? 1.They reflect points ofView 2.DifferentTheories are not necessarily incompatible 3.They have limited focus and Scope