This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from a textbook on 8051 microcontrollers and embedded systems. The chapter introduces microcontrollers by comparing them to microprocessors and microcomputers. It describes the basic components of a computer system and how microcontrollers integrate CPU, memory and I/O components onto a single chip. The chapter also covers classifications of microcontrollers based on word length, memory architecture and instruction set, and provides examples of their applications in embedded systems.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microcontrollers. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and other peripherals. It then discusses the 8051 microcontroller in more detail, outlining its addressing modes, block diagram, operation, features, applications, and advantages over microprocessors. Finally, it provides a pin description and diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors. A microprocessor contains a central processing unit while a microcontroller contains additional components like memory and input/output interfaces integrated into a single chip. Microcontrollers require less external hardware than microprocessors. The document describes the basic architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers including components like registers, buses, and memory. It compares the von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Interrupts and memory-mapped I/O are also discussed.
Chapter 3 Charateristics and Quality Attributes of Embedded SystemMoe Moe Myint
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the characteristics of embedded systems and important quality metrics. It then describes key characteristics like being application specific, reactive and real-time in nature, operating in harsh environments, being distributed, requiring small size and weight, and having power concerns. Finally, it outlines important quality attributes for embedded systems during operational and non-operational modes, including response, throughput, reliability, maintainability, security, and safety.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
This document provides an introduction and overview of microcontrollers. It begins by defining a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing a CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and other peripherals. It then discusses the 8051 microcontroller in more detail, outlining its addressing modes, block diagram, operation, features, applications, and advantages over microprocessors. Finally, it provides a pin description and diagram of the 8051 microcontroller.
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the history of microprocessors from early 4-bit processors to modern 64-bit processors. A microprocessor contains a central processing unit while a microcontroller contains additional components like memory and input/output interfaces integrated into a single chip. Microcontrollers require less external hardware than microprocessors. The document describes the basic architecture of microprocessors and microcontrollers including components like registers, buses, and memory. It compares the von Neumann and Harvard architectures. Interrupts and memory-mapped I/O are also discussed.
Chapter 3 Charateristics and Quality Attributes of Embedded SystemMoe Moe Myint
This document discusses the characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It begins with learning objectives about understanding the characteristics of embedded systems and important quality metrics. It then describes key characteristics like being application specific, reactive and real-time in nature, operating in harsh environments, being distributed, requiring small size and weight, and having power concerns. Finally, it outlines important quality attributes for embedded systems during operational and non-operational modes, including response, throughput, reliability, maintainability, security, and safety.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
The document discusses various aspects of the ARM-7 architecture including its addressing modes, instruction set, and data processing instructions. It describes 9 different addressing modes including immediate, absolute, indirect, register, register indirect, base plus offset, base plus index, base plus scaled index, and stack addressing. It also provides details about the ARM instruction set, Thumb instruction set, and I/O system. Examples are given to illustrate different instructions such as MOV, SUB, ORR, CMP, MUL, branch instructions, LDR, STR, and SWI.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode systems of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, the 8086 generates all control signals and a single processor is used. In maximum mode, an external bus controller chip generates control signals and multiple processors can be used. It describes the components, address latching, read and write cycles, and I/O interfacing for both minimum and maximum mode 8086 systems.
This document discusses various arithmetic and logical instructions in 8051 microcontroller including ADD, SUBB, MUL, DIV, INC, DEC, DA, flags, logical operations, rotate instructions, swap instruction, and comparison operations. It provides examples to explain the working of instructions and how they affect the flag registers. It also summarizes the topics discussed in the lecture on arithmetic and logical operations in 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
The document discusses the timing diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It explains that a timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of each instruction. It then describes the different machine cycles of the 8085 including the opcode fetch cycle, memory read cycle, memory write cycle, I/O read cycle, I/O write cycle, and interrupt acknowledge cycle. It provides details on the T-states within each machine cycle and examples of timing diagrams for different instructions like STA, IN, OUT, MVI, INR and ADD. Finally, it lists several references used to collect information on the 8085 timing diagram.
Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, outlining key components and concepts. It discusses the core of embedded systems including processors, programmable logic devices, and memory. Sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces are also reviewed. Embedded firmware, other system components like reset circuits and watchdogs, and printed circuit boards are examined. The objectives are to learn about the building blocks of embedded systems and factors in selecting components.
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
This document discusses interfacing an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an 8051 microcontroller. It describes the ADC0804 and DAC0808 integrated circuits. The ADC0804 is an 8-bit ADC that converts analog voltages to 8-bit digital values. It has a resolution of 8-bits and a maximum conversion time of 110us. The DAC0808 is an 8-bit DAC that converts digital values to an analog current. Software is provided to generate a sine wave using the DAC and control a stepper motor by interfacing it with the microcontroller ports. Programs in C are given to read the switch status and rotate
The document discusses the different addressing modes used by the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It describes 5 addressing modes: direct, register, register indirect, immediate, and implicit. Direct addressing specifies the operand address in the instruction itself. Register addressing uses processor registers as the operand. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair. Immediate addressing encodes the operand within the instruction. Implicit addressing has fixed source and destination registers, so no operands are needed.
The document discusses the architecture of microprocessors, specifically the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the three busses (address, data, control) used by the 8085 and how they function. It then explains the internal architecture of the 8085 including registers like the program counter and stack pointer. Finally, it discusses memory organization and how the microprocessor accesses and reads/writes to memory locations.
This document provides an overview of ARM embedded systems, including the ARM processor architecture, instruction set, hardware components, and software stack. It describes the RISC design philosophy behind ARM and how its instruction set is optimized for embedded applications. It also discusses the ARM bus technology, memory, peripherals, boot code, operating systems, and common application areas for ARM processors like networking, automotive, mobile devices, and more.
This document contains 99 questions related to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The questions cover topics such as PLC components, ladder logic programming, registers, instructions, numbering systems, and applications. They range from basic questions testing understanding of PLC concepts to more complex questions involving designing PLC programs to solve application problems. The questions are divided into three units, with unit one focusing on basic PLC operation, unit two on registers and instructions, and unit three on numbering systems, subroutines, and advanced instructions.
2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre
The document discusses the key hardware components of an embedded system, including:
- An embedded processor that has a control unit and execution unit to fetch and execute instructions.
- A power supply to power the system, which may be an external or internal source like a battery.
- A reset circuit that starts processor instruction execution from a default address on power up.
- A clock circuit that controls instruction execution time and machine cycles.
- An interrupt controller to handle interrupts from processes and multiple interrupts simultaneously.
- Timers to schedule tasks and provide a real-time clock function.
- Memory like ROM, RAM, and flash to store the program and data internally without a disk.
- I/
This PPT covers some important points of 8051 microcontroller like Applications, block diagram, Architecture, comparison between microprocessor and microcontroller, Pin diagram, RAM memory space allocation, register banks, Instruction set, Addresing modes, serial communication, baud rate, machine cycle, serial interface with PC, Introduction to Timers/Counters etc....
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller by vijayVijay Kumar
The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to simplify the interrupt interface of 8088/8086 microprocessor systems. It can accept up to 8 interrupt requests and expand to 64 requests by cascading additional PICs. The PIC is programmable through initialization command words to configure operating modes and interrupt vector assignments. It also has operation command words to control interrupt masking, priorities, and acknowledgement.
The document discusses the programmer's model of the ARM7TDMI processor. It describes the two operating states (ARM and THUMB) and how transitions occur between them using the BX instruction or exceptions. It also covers memory formats, data types, operating modes, registers, program status registers, exceptions, and the actions taken when entering or leaving exceptions.
Question paper with solution the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systems...manishpatel_79
This document contains a question paper with solutions for the subject Microcontrollers from VTU's 4th semester B.E. examination from June-July 2013. The paper tests knowledge of CPU architectures like CISC, RISC, von Neumann, and Harvard. It also compares microprocessors and microcontrollers and tests understanding of interfacing 8051 microcontrollers to external memory. Finally, it examines the five addressing modes of 8051 - immediate, register, direct, indirect and indexed addressing - providing examples of each.
This document summarizes sections from a book on microcontroller solutions. It discusses 8-bit microcontrollers and provides examples of code. It covers topics like registers, ports, bit manipulation, timers, and interrupts. It gives code examples to blink LEDs, delay, use timers, and perform math operations with registers. Overall it provides an overview of programming and interfacing with an 8-bit microcontroller.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to control electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in various sizes based on their word length and internal bus width, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They also differ based on their memory architecture and instruction set. A microcontroller allows easy programming to control devices in embedded systems and provides advantages like low cost, small size, and flexibility.
In this presentation we can learn about basic concept of Instruction set, Byte Oriented Instructions, Bit Oriented instructions, Literal Instructions clearly.
The document discusses the minimum and maximum mode systems of the 8086 microprocessor. In minimum mode, the 8086 generates all control signals and a single processor is used. In maximum mode, an external bus controller chip generates control signals and multiple processors can be used. It describes the components, address latching, read and write cycles, and I/O interfacing for both minimum and maximum mode 8086 systems.
This document discusses various arithmetic and logical instructions in 8051 microcontroller including ADD, SUBB, MUL, DIV, INC, DEC, DA, flags, logical operations, rotate instructions, swap instruction, and comparison operations. It provides examples to explain the working of instructions and how they affect the flag registers. It also summarizes the topics discussed in the lecture on arithmetic and logical operations in 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It provides three key criteria for choosing a microcontroller: 1) meeting computing needs efficiently and cost effectively, 2) availability of software development tools, and 3) reliable sources. It then describes the basic components and features of the 8051, including 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, four 8-bit I/O ports, two timers/counters, a serial interface, and support for external memory. Finally, it explains the memory organization and allocation of the 8051, distinguishing program memory, data memory, and external RAM.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
The document discusses the timing diagram of the 8085 microprocessor. It explains that a timing diagram is a graphical representation of the execution time of each instruction. It then describes the different machine cycles of the 8085 including the opcode fetch cycle, memory read cycle, memory write cycle, I/O read cycle, I/O write cycle, and interrupt acknowledge cycle. It provides details on the T-states within each machine cycle and examples of timing diagrams for different instructions like STA, IN, OUT, MVI, INR and ADD. Finally, it lists several references used to collect information on the 8085 timing diagram.
Introduction to Embedded System I: Chapter 2 (5th portion)Moe Moe Myint
The document provides an introduction to embedded systems, outlining key components and concepts. It discusses the core of embedded systems including processors, programmable logic devices, and memory. Sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces are also reviewed. Embedded firmware, other system components like reset circuits and watchdogs, and printed circuit boards are examined. The objectives are to learn about the building blocks of embedded systems and factors in selecting components.
this ppt only for beginner who want to understand concept of Timer counter operation of LPC2148 step by step.
hope it may help u.
always welcoming ur suggestion.
This document discusses interfacing an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an 8051 microcontroller. It describes the ADC0804 and DAC0808 integrated circuits. The ADC0804 is an 8-bit ADC that converts analog voltages to 8-bit digital values. It has a resolution of 8-bits and a maximum conversion time of 110us. The DAC0808 is an 8-bit DAC that converts digital values to an analog current. Software is provided to generate a sine wave using the DAC and control a stepper motor by interfacing it with the microcontroller ports. Programs in C are given to read the switch status and rotate
The document discusses the different addressing modes used by the Intel 8085 microprocessor. It describes 5 addressing modes: direct, register, register indirect, immediate, and implicit. Direct addressing specifies the operand address in the instruction itself. Register addressing uses processor registers as the operand. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair. Immediate addressing encodes the operand within the instruction. Implicit addressing has fixed source and destination registers, so no operands are needed.
The document discusses the architecture of microprocessors, specifically the 8085 microprocessor. It describes the three busses (address, data, control) used by the 8085 and how they function. It then explains the internal architecture of the 8085 including registers like the program counter and stack pointer. Finally, it discusses memory organization and how the microprocessor accesses and reads/writes to memory locations.
This document provides an overview of ARM embedded systems, including the ARM processor architecture, instruction set, hardware components, and software stack. It describes the RISC design philosophy behind ARM and how its instruction set is optimized for embedded applications. It also discusses the ARM bus technology, memory, peripherals, boot code, operating systems, and common application areas for ARM processors like networking, automotive, mobile devices, and more.
This document contains 99 questions related to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). The questions cover topics such as PLC components, ladder logic programming, registers, instructions, numbering systems, and applications. They range from basic questions testing understanding of PLC concepts to more complex questions involving designing PLC programs to solve application problems. The questions are divided into three units, with unit one focusing on basic PLC operation, unit two on registers and instructions, and unit three on numbering systems, subroutines, and advanced instructions.
2. block diagram and components of embedded systemVikas Dongre
The document discusses the key hardware components of an embedded system, including:
- An embedded processor that has a control unit and execution unit to fetch and execute instructions.
- A power supply to power the system, which may be an external or internal source like a battery.
- A reset circuit that starts processor instruction execution from a default address on power up.
- A clock circuit that controls instruction execution time and machine cycles.
- An interrupt controller to handle interrupts from processes and multiple interrupts simultaneously.
- Timers to schedule tasks and provide a real-time clock function.
- Memory like ROM, RAM, and flash to store the program and data internally without a disk.
- I/
This PPT covers some important points of 8051 microcontroller like Applications, block diagram, Architecture, comparison between microprocessor and microcontroller, Pin diagram, RAM memory space allocation, register banks, Instruction set, Addresing modes, serial communication, baud rate, machine cycle, serial interface with PC, Introduction to Timers/Counters etc....
This document provides an introduction to microcontrollers. It defines microcontrollers as small computers capable of performing specific tasks, like in appliances. Microcontrollers contain a CPU core, memory, input/output ports, timers and other peripherals on a single chip. They are classified as either microcontroller units (MCU) or microprocessor units (MPU) depending on whether external components are needed. Common microcontroller components and their functions are described, along with factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application.
8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller by vijayVijay Kumar
The 8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) is used to simplify the interrupt interface of 8088/8086 microprocessor systems. It can accept up to 8 interrupt requests and expand to 64 requests by cascading additional PICs. The PIC is programmable through initialization command words to configure operating modes and interrupt vector assignments. It also has operation command words to control interrupt masking, priorities, and acknowledgement.
The document discusses the programmer's model of the ARM7TDMI processor. It describes the two operating states (ARM and THUMB) and how transitions occur between them using the BX instruction or exceptions. It also covers memory formats, data types, operating modes, registers, program status registers, exceptions, and the actions taken when entering or leaving exceptions.
Question paper with solution the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systems...manishpatel_79
This document contains a question paper with solutions for the subject Microcontrollers from VTU's 4th semester B.E. examination from June-July 2013. The paper tests knowledge of CPU architectures like CISC, RISC, von Neumann, and Harvard. It also compares microprocessors and microcontrollers and tests understanding of interfacing 8051 microcontrollers to external memory. Finally, it examines the five addressing modes of 8051 - immediate, register, direct, indirect and indexed addressing - providing examples of each.
This document summarizes sections from a book on microcontroller solutions. It discusses 8-bit microcontrollers and provides examples of code. It covers topics like registers, ports, bit manipulation, timers, and interrupts. It gives code examples to blink LEDs, delay, use timers, and perform math operations with registers. Overall it provides an overview of programming and interfacing with an 8-bit microcontroller.
Solution manual the 8051 microcontroller based embedded systemsmanishpatel_79
This document provides an overview of microcontrollers and the 8051 microcontroller. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, common applications of microcontrollers, on-chip resources available in microcontrollers, microcode, CISC vs RISC architectures, features of the 8051 microcontroller, factors to consider when choosing a microcontroller for an application, and advantages of using the 8051 family of microcontrollers.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the history and evolution of microprocessors from early minicomputers in the 1960s to modern microcontrollers that integrate CPU, memory and I/O onto a single chip. The document outlines common microprocessor components like registers, ALU, buses and control units. It also covers digital logic gates, memory systems, number representations and instruction sets.
Microcontrollers are used in many automobile applications like radar speed guns, GPS tracking systems, temperature sensors, parking sensors, and ambulance tracking. They are small, cheap, and reduce the cost and size of embedded systems. Microcontrollers are used in vehicle control systems and driver information displays. They have advantages like low cost and easy troubleshooting but are limited in the number of tasks they can perform simultaneously.
The document discusses the applications of microprocessors. It explains that microprocessors are used as the central processing unit in microcomputers to perform computing tasks and make decisions. Microprocessors are commonly used in embedded systems and reactive systems to control external hardware and events in applications like consumer electronics, home appliances, automotive systems, medical instrumentation, industrial automation, communication devices, and more. The document provides examples of microprocessors being used for functions like speed control of motors, traffic light control, instrument measurement, appliance operation, building automation, and other control systems.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, pin configuration, memory organization, timers, interrupts, and interfacing capabilities. It describes the 8051's features like on-chip RAM, ROM, timers and low power consumption which make it suitable for control applications. The document outlines the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and covers various interfacing examples like switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, ADCs and relay interfacing. It concludes with common applications of the 8051 such as in automobiles, industrial processing, robotics and consumer electronics.
A microcontroller is a single-chip microprocessor system consisting of a CPU, memory, and input/output ports. It can be considered a complete computer on a single chip. The 8051 was an early microcontroller developed by Intel for use in embedded systems. It had 4KB of program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, timers, counters, and I/O ports. The 8051 has separate memory spaces for program and data memory and its CPU, registers, timers and I/O ports allow it to monitor and control external devices.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller. It lists advantages of microcontroller-based systems such as lower cost, smaller size, and higher reliability compared to microprocessor-based systems. It describes some 8051 family members and compares their features such as ROM type, RAM size, and number of timers. It also discusses important components of the 8051 like ROM, RAM, I/O ports, timers, and serial port. The document provides block diagrams of the 8051 internal architecture and pinout. It describes the functions of various pins and registers.
1 Microcontroller overview
1.1 Industrial automation systems overview
1.2 Microcontroller architecture
1.3 The pedagogical robot
1.4 Digital Inputs/Outputs
1.5 Embedded C Language
This document provides a report on an industrial training program at Microlink Peripheral Pvt. Limited. It includes a study and analysis of various computer, electronics, and microcontroller concepts and applications. Projects were designed and developed including circuits to control an LED, 7-segment display, DC motor, and interfacing a microcontroller with devices. Concepts covered include computer basics, number systems, data representation, electronics components, op-amps, timers, and microcontrollers.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It discusses the history and components of microcontrollers, advantages over microprocessors, and major market players like Texas Instruments and Atmel. The document focuses on the AVR microcontroller, describing its history, features, family and architecture. It also introduces PIC and ARM microcontrollers and describes a mini project to build a haptic robotic arm using an Atmel microcontroller.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers, including a brief history of microprocessors from 1971-1993. It discusses the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, with microcontrollers including memory, input/output devices, timers/counters, and communication protocols on a single chip. The document outlines the various types of memory that can be included on a microcontroller, such as RAM, ROM, flash, and registers. It also describes common components of a microcontroller like analog-to-digital converters, input/output ports, and timers/counters. The document provides guidance on selecting a microcontroller based on factors like word size, memory/devices, memory architecture, instruction set, and common manufacturers.
Presentation on History of Microcontroller(Updated - 2)ALPESH MARU
The document provides a history of microcontrollers beginning with the development of the first microprocessor by Intel in the early 1970s. It then discusses how Texas Instruments engineer Gary Boone developed the first single-chip microcontroller called the TMS1802NC in the early 1970s. The document outlines some of the key developments in microcontrollers over subsequent decades, including Intel's 8048 and 8051 microcontrollers, the introduction of EEPROM and flash memory technologies, and modern microcontrollers used in various applications today.
The document discusses the AVR microcontroller architecture. It describes how AVR was developed in 1996 and derives its name from its creators. There are three families of AVR microcontrollers: TinyAVR for simpler applications, MegaAVR for moderate to complex applications, and XmegaAVR for high speed complex applications. The document then focuses on describing the features of the ATmega16 microcontroller, including its I/O ports, ADC, timers, memory, and communication interfaces.
Wireless USB allows devices to connect to computers without cables at speeds up to 480 Mbps, comparable to USB 2.0. It uses radio frequency waves over a 10 meter range to connect devices like printers, hard drives, and cameras in a simple and low-cost way. Wireless USB maintains the USB architecture and connectivity models to provide an easy migration path from wired USB. It provides the same security and performance as a wired connection with the advantage of cable-free use of devices.
This document discusses several applications of microcontrollers including a microcontroller-based solar charger, wireless equipment control using an AT89C51 microcontroller, a secured room access system using an AVR microcontroller, and a microcontroller-based ring tone player using an AT89C51 microcontroller. The solar charger uses parallel regulation and pulsed charging to efficiently charge batteries from solar panels. The wireless equipment controller allows remote control of up to four devices within 30 meters. The secured room access system uses passwords and a microcontroller to control access to a restricted area. The ring tone player generates ring tones using a microcontroller and speaker based on RTTTL ring tone formats.
Difference Between Microprocessors and Microcontrollerselprocus
A microprocessor is an electronic computer component crafted from miniature sized transistors & some other circuitry elements on a solitary semi-conductor IC (integrated circuit) or micro chip. Microcontroller is a computer on‐a‐chip optimized to manage electric gadgets. It is intended particularly for precise tasks like controlling a particular system.
The document discusses data acquisition systems. It provides an overview of data acquisition hardware and software. The key points are:
1. Data acquisition systems are used to measure or control physical characteristics in the real world by acquiring data through sensors, conditioning signals, converting to digital, and storing.
2. Data acquisition hardware interfaces sensors to a computer and can include modules, cards, and standards like CAMAC, Ethernet, and USB.
3. Data acquisition software is needed for the hardware to work with a PC and includes programming languages like C++, BASIC, and LabView.
4. Benefits of data acquisition systems include reduced data redundancy, improved integrity, and lower costs.
Lecture notes on microprocessor and microcomputerEkeedaPvtLtd
Here you can get notes on Microprocessor and Microcomputer for IT Engineering. Here we have covered Important topics on Microprocessor and Microcomputer for Information Technology Engineering subject.
Project report on embedded system using 8051 microcontrollerVandna Sambyal
The document describes a home security prototype project that was developed using an 8051 microcontroller to control various devices like LEDs, DC motors, relays and sensors. It provides details on the circuit diagram and working of the home security system, which uses components like a microcontroller, motion sensor, door sensor and siren to detect intrusion and alert users. The document also includes information on microcontrollers, their architecture, programming and how to interface them with external devices.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are both integrated circuits that contain a processor, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip. Microprocessors are general purpose CPUs used to build computer systems, while microcontrollers are self-contained systems that control embedded devices. Microcontrollers contain additional components like timers and analog-to-digital converters that make them suitable for real-time control applications in devices and appliances. Common applications of microcontrollers include industrial control systems, home appliances, automotive engine control systems, and consumer electronics. Microprocessors are used to build more complex computer systems for applications like desktop PCs, servers, communication equipment, and industrial instrumentation.
A microcontroller is an integrated circuit that can be programmed to perform tasks like controlling electronic devices. It contains a processor, memory, and input/output ports on a single chip. Microcontrollers come in different sizes based on the width of their internal data bus and instruction set, from 4-bit to 32-bit. They are widely used in embedded systems due to their low cost, low power usage, and flexibility from being programmable.
The microprocessor is the central processing unit of computers and electronic devices. Early microprocessors included 4-bit and 8-bit processors developed by Intel in the 1970s. Major developments included 16-bit processors like the Intel 8086 and 32-bit processors like the Intel 80386. Modern 64-bit processors include Intel Core i7 and i5. Microprocessors use a central processing unit, memory, and input/output systems to process instructions and data. Microcontrollers integrate a microprocessor with additional components like memory and input/output ports onto a single chip, making them useful for embedded applications.
All the concepts of 8051 Micro controller have been explained in detail. Also some information on Embedded Systems. The Presentation deals with Processors & Microcontrollers from first generation to the present generation. This presentation an invaluable compendium of knowledge to the individuals trying to explore the field of electronics. Moreover, a complete coverage for Mumbai University students have been made available.
The document provides an overview of microcontrollers and embedded systems. It defines an embedded system and describes their characteristics such as real-time operation, small size, low power usage, and operation in harsh environments. It discusses the hardware components of typical embedded systems including microcontrollers. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its architecture and pin layout.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines an embedded system as a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific application. Microcontrollers are similar to microprocessors but have memory and I/O integrated on a single chip, making them well-suited for embedded applications that require low cost, low power consumption, and small size. The 8051 microcontroller is commonly used in embedded systems due to its low price and availability of development tools. Programming techniques for microcontrollers include assembly language and high-level languages like C.
Project Report On Micro-controller Embedded SystemRkrishna Mishra
The document provides an overview of embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller architecture. It discusses how embedded systems perform predefined tasks to control devices and can be optimized for size and cost. The 8051 is then introduced as a popular 8-bit microcontroller used in embedded systems. Its features include 4KB program memory, 128B data memory, 32 general purpose registers, timers, and I/O ports. Application areas of the 8051 like energy management, automobiles, and medical devices are outlined. Finally, the document describes the 8051 architecture in detail, including the pinout, programming model, and accumulator register.
This document provides an overview of embedded systems presented in a seminar by a student. It defines an embedded system as a specialized computer system that is part of a larger machine. Embedded systems are used in appliances, vehicles, and other devices. Typical hardware includes microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory, and I/O ports. Popular embedded operating systems are also discussed. Examples of where embedded systems are used everyday are provided. The 8051 microcontroller architecture is then explained in detail.
The document discusses microcontrollers, including:
- What a microcontroller is, its basic anatomy and how it works to serve as a bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
- The main components of a microcontroller including the CPU, memory, I/O ports, timers, and ADC/DAC.
- Types of microcontrollers such as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit varieties as well as external vs embedded memory architectures.
- Popular microcontroller families like 8051, PIC, AVR, and ARM.
- Applications of microcontrollers in devices like home appliances, industrial equipment, and computers.
The document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the components of a microprocessor including the arithmetic logic unit, register array, and control unit. It also describes the system bus consisting of the address bus, data bus, and control bus. The document covers various microprocessor classifications based on bit size, applications, and architecture. It defines key microprocessor terms and programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. Finally, it discusses the architecture of the 8085 microprocessor, describing its internal registers, ALU, control unit, interrupts, and pin configuration.
The document discusses microprocessors and microcontrollers. It defines a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU) of a microcomputer that is contained on a single silicon chip. A microcontroller is similarly integrated but also includes memory and input/output ports, making it self-contained to control a specific system. The document provides details on the components and architecture of microprocessors, including registers, buses, memory, and I/O devices. It also summarizes the characteristics of the Intel 8085 microprocessor.
To perform its tasks, a single-chip microcomputer relies on a single semiconductor chip. One-chip computers, or microcontrollers, find widespread use in automation and industrial control. A microcontroller incorporates a variety of components, such as a central processing unit, random access memory, read-only memory (ROM or EPROM), input/output (I/O) lines, and more. Burraq Engineering solutions provide Micro Controller Training courses in Lahore. Some single-chip microcontrollers have components such as a DMA channel, an A/D converter, a serial port, a pulse width modulator, etc. that are optimized for a single task.
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the.pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6. 1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each. 6.4 Assume
the system described in Problem 6.1 is lo be fed from a 4.0V. 2A00 mAh lithium battery.
Estimate the expected battery life, assuming LEDs are driven dynamically at 30% duty cycle.
What would be the regulator efficiency?? Determine the MCU thermal dissipation for the given
loading conditions and verify if it is operating within a safe temperature range.
Solution
An interface is either Input device, or output device, or a storage device, or processing device.
Input devices are used to provide some data to the microcontroller.
e.g. Switch, 4x4 Keypad Matrix, Infrared sensor, Temperature sensor, Light Sensor etc. These
devices provide some input to the microcontroller, and this input is called as data.
Output devices are used to present the processed data to user or other equipment.
e.g. LED, LCD, Buzzer, Relay driver, DC Motor Driver, Stepper Motor driver, 7-Segment
Display etc. These devices convert the processed data to such a format, which is understandable
by human or other equipment.
Storage Devices are used to store the data, normally it is expected to store the data even if the
power is switched off. Some of the storage devices are SD/MMC card, EEPROM, DataFlash,
Real Time Clock, etc. These interfaces are used retain the data and this data can be used as and
when required by the microcontroller for further processing
Processing Devices are those interfaces most important as they reduce product development time
and provides out of box solution. E.g. Ethernet Controller interface, USB to TTL interface, SPI
to SD/MMC interface, Digital to analog module, etc. These interface circuits are flexible to
connect with any microcontroller which can talk in their language (sequence of commands).
A simple LED normally requires 0 or 5V to on / off. This is called as digital signal.
A buzzer beep similar to LED but can be beeped even with intermediate voltage levels between 0
to 5V. This variable voltage input is called as analog signal.
A temperature sensor LM35 generates analog voltage in proportion to the temperature. This
analog voltage needs to be connected to Analog Port pin of a microcontroller for processing
temperature data.
Ethernet controller module requires SPI data format to interface with any microcontroller. SPI is
a complex digital communication format.
Thus every interface is unique in its interfacing standards, but they are same at par with all
microcontrollers..
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the .pdfaienterpresses
Introduction to embedded systems using the msp430 6.1 Enumerate the elements of a basic
microcontroller interface and indicate two major criteria for the selection of each.
Solution
Microcontroller is a single chip micro computer made through VLSI fabrication. A
microcontroller also called an embedded controller because the microcontroller and its support
circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control. A microcontroller is
available in different word lengths like microprocessors (4bit,8bit,16bit,32bit,64bit and 128 bit
microcontrollers are available today).
Microcontroller Chip
You can find microcontrollers in all kinds of electronic devices these days. Any device that
measures, stores, controls, calculates, or displays information must have a microcontroller chip
inside. The largest single use for microcontrollers is in automobile industry (microcontrollers
widely used for controlling engines and power controls in automobiles). You can also find
microcontrollers inside keyboards, mouse, modems, printers, and other peripherals. In test
equipments, microcontrollers make it easy to add features such as the ability to store
measurements, to create and store user routines, and to display messages and waveforms.
Consumer products that use microcontrollers include digital camcorders, optical players,
LCD/LED display units, etc. And these are just a few examples.
1) A microcontroller basically contains one or more following components:
2) A microcontroller internally consists of all features required for a computing system and
functions as a computer without adding any external digital parts in it.
3) Most of the pins in the microcontroller chip can be made programmable by the user.
4) A microcontroller has many bit handling instructions that can be easily understood by the
programmer.
5) A microcontroller is capable of handling Boolean functions.
6) Higher speed and performance.
7) On-chip ROM structure in a microcontroller provides better firmware security.
8 ) Easy to design with low cost and small size.
Microcontroller structure
The basic structure and block diagram of a microcontroller is shown in the fig (1.1).
Microcontroller Structure
Image Taken From
CPU is the brain of a microcontroller .CPU is responsible for fetching the instruction, decodes it,
then finally executed. CPU connects every part of a microcontroller into a single system. The
primary function of CPU is fetching and decoding instructions. Instruction fetched from program
memory must be decoded by the CPU.
The function of memory in a microcontroller is same as microprocessor. It is used to store data
and program. A microcontroller usually has a certain amount of RAM and ROM (EEPROM,
EPROM, etc) or flash memories for storing program source codes.
Parallel input/output ports are mainly used to drive/interface various devices such as LCD’S,
LED’S, printers, memories, etc to a microcontroller.
Serial ports provide various serial interfaces between microcont.
Embedded System basic and classificationsrajkciitr
This document provides an overview of embedded systems, including:
1. Embedded systems have computer hardware and software embedded as important components, with the software stored in read-only memory.
2. Embedded systems have constraints like limited memory, processor speed, and the need to limit power dissipation.
3. Embedded systems can be classified as small, medium, or sophisticated based on their hardware and software complexity. Small systems typically use a microcontroller and C for development.
This document provides an introduction to the Motorola 68HC11 microcontroller. It begins by defining key terms related to computers, microprocessors, and microcontrollers. It explains that a computer consists of a processor, memory, and input/output components. A microprocessor is a processor contained on a single integrated circuit, while a microcontroller adds memory and input/output capabilities. The Motorola 68HC11 is an 8-bit microcontroller that contains CPU, RAM, ROM, timers, analog/digital converters, and communication interfaces on a single chip. It finds applications in devices like appliances, automobiles, printers, and more. The document discusses memory technologies like SRAM and DRAM that are used in microcontrollers.
Similar to The 8051 microcontroler based embedded systems (20)
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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1. Chapter wise Power Point Slides
for
The 8051 Microcontroller
based
Embedded Systems
(First Edition)
Manish K Patel
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
2. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
MICROCONTROLLERS
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
3. CHAPTER OUTLINE
COMPUTER SYSTEM
MICROPROCESSOR, MICROCOMPUTER AND
MICROCONTROLLER
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROCONTROLLERS
CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER
APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS
OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 FAMILY
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
4. COMPUTER SYSTEM
Basic components of a computer system.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
5. Central processing unit
The brain of a computer is the central processing unit. It consists
of group of circuits that determine the operations that the
computer can perform.
CPU components
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Registers
Instruction register (IR)
Program counter (PC)
Stack pointer (SP)
Instruction decoder and control unit
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
6. General Block diagram of a CPU
(Microprocessor)
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
7. Memory
The memory is used to store data and binary instructions. It is
normally organized as several modules (chips), where each
module contains several memory locations. Each location may
contain part or all of the data or instruction. CPU reads (fetches)
the instructions from the memory and performs operations
(indicated by instructions) on data.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
8. I/O unit
I/O port:
The hardware in a computer that allows information
transfer between external world and computer is called I/O
port.
I/O device (Peripherals):
The device that gives information to computer is called
input device. For example, keyboard, mouse, joystick,
microphone, A/D converters are all input devices.
I/O interfacing circuits:
The circuits that are used to interconnect (interface) I/O
devices with a computer or I/O ports are called I/O
interfacing circuits. For example, buffers, latches and
voltage level converters are all interfacing circuits.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
9. System bus
Address bus
It is group of wires used by CPU to identify specific
memory location within a memory chip (also to identify
specific memory chip out of many chips present in a
computer system) and to identify I/O devices as well.
Data bus
It transfers data or instructions between CPU and
memory or I/O devices. It is bidirectional because data
can be transferred in both directions i.e. from CPU to
memory (or output devices) or from memory or input
devices to CPU.
Control bus
It is used to enable memory and I/O devices to perform
read or write operations. It regulates all activities on the
bus and specifies timing and direction of the data
transfer. Read (RD), write (WR) and memory/ I/O (M/
I/O) are most common control signals.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
10. Computer block diagram with buses and interfacing circuits
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
11. MICROPROCESSOR, MICROCOMPUTER
AND MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) built
into a single semiconductor chip. The structure of
microprocessor is same as CPU.
Microcomputer is a small computer built using
microprocessor as a central element. It includes all
necessary components required for an application. The
I/O devices and memory (types and amount) of a
microcomputer are chosen as per the specific
application.
Microcontroller is an entire computer built into a single
semiconductor chip. . It includes data and code
memory, various on-chip peripherals like
timers/counters, serial port, A/D converters, D/A
converters etc, interface controllers, and general
purpose I/O ports which allow it to directly interface to
externaTlhee 8n05v1 imriocrnocmontreolnlert b.ased Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
12. Microcomputer system built around microprocessor
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
13. Block diagram of microcontroller
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
14. Comparison between microprocessor and
microcontroller.
Microprocessor Microcontroller
Microprocessor is complete functional CPU
i.e. it contains ALU, registers, stack pointer,
program counter, instruction decode and
control unit and interrupt processing
circuits.
Microcontroller is complete functional
microcomputer i.e. it contains the circuitry of
microprocessor and in addition it has built in
memory (ROM, RAM), I/O circuits and
peripherals necessary for an application.
Microprocessor instruction sets are data
processing intensive, means powerful
addressing modes and many instructions to
move data between memory and CPU to
handle large volumes of data.
Microcontrollers have instruction sets that are
related to the control of inputs and outputs,
means they have many bit handling instructions
along with byte processing instructions.
Microprocessor based products are
primarily designed to interact with humans
and are more flexible to design
Microcontroller based products are primarily
designed to interact with machines; once a
system is designed they are less flexible.
Access times for external memory and I/O
devices are more, resulting in a slower
system.
Access times for on-chip memory and
I/O devices are less, resulting in a faster
system.
Microprocessor based systems require
support devices and are usually bulkier,
costly, less reliable and consume more
power.
Microcontroller based systems require less
external hardware, reducing PCB size and
hence are compact, cheaper, more reliable and
consume less power.
Software protection is not possible because
of the requirement of external code
memory.
Software protection is possible because of on-chip
code memory.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
15. CLASSIFICATION OF MICROCONTROLLERS
Word length:
• 4 bit Microcontrollers
• 8 bit Microcontrollers
• 16 bit Microcontrollers
• 32 bit Microcontrollers
• 64 bit Microcontrollers
Memory Architecture:
• Von Neumann
• Harvard Architectures
Core Architecture:
• Microcoded
• Hardwired designs
Instruction set architectures:
• CISC
• RISC
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
16. von Neumann Architecture:
It has single memory storage to hold both program
instructions and data i.e. common program and data
space. The CPU can either read an instruction or data
from the memory one at a time.
The advantage of Von Neumann architecture is simple
design of microcontroller chip because only one memory
is to be implemented which in turn reduces required
hardware. The disadvantage is slower execution of a
program.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
17. Harvard Architecture:
It has physically separate memory storage to hold
program instructions and data i.e. separate program and
data space. Since it has separate buses to access
program and data memory, it is possible to access
program memory and data memory simultaneously. The
advantage of a Harvard architecture microcontroller is that
it is faster for a given circuit complexity because it offers
greater amount of parallelism. The disadvantage is that it
requires more hardware, because two sets of buses and
memory blocks are required.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
18. Microcoded design
Microcode is a group of instructions used to
implement the instructions of a microcontroller/
processor. It resides in a ROM or a programmable
logic array (PLA) that is part of the microcontroller
chip. The microinstruction is group of bits used to
represent the sequence of control signals to fetch,
decode and execute the instruction i.e. control
signals (in a sequence) for every instruction are
generated using memory.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
19. Hardwired design
A hardwired microcontroller/processor uses the bit
patterns of the instructions to select and activate specific
circuits (may be unique to the each instruction) to execute
the instructions. All control signals (or sequence of steps)
required to fetch, decode and execute the instructions are
generated and controlled by combinatorial logic and state
machine circuitry.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
20. CISC: Complex Instruction Set
Computer
Complex hardware: complex as well as more addressing
modes, variable instruction size.
Many clock cycles to execute an instruction.
High code density- small program size.
Complex data types.
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set
Computer
Simple hardware: simple and less addressing modes,
fix instruction size.
Single clock cycle execution, uniform instruction format.
Low code density- Larger program size.
Few data types in hardware.
Emphasis is on software: Compiler design is more
complex.
The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
http://www.mhhe.com/patel/mbes
21. APPLICATIONS OF MICROCONTROLLERS
Household appliances: Microwave oven, washing
machine,
Office and commercial appliances: Fax machine,
photocopier
Telecommunication: Telephones, phone answering
machines, mobile phones
Entertainment and gaming: Televisions, VCRs, music
players
Automotive industry: Fuel injection, ABS
Industrial automation and manufacturing: Motor control
systems, data acquisition and supervisory systems,
industrial robots,
Electronic measurement instruments: Digital
multimeters, logic analyzers
Biomedical systems: ECG recorder, blood cell analyzers
Computer systems: Keyboard controller, CD drive or
hard disk Military weapons, guidance and positioning
systemThse .8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
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22. OVERVIEW OF THE 8051 FAMILY
Features of the 8051 (MCS 51) family
The key features of 8051 microcontroller are:
8 bit CPU with Boolean processing capabilities.
4K bytes on-chip *program memory.
128 bytes on-chip data memory.
64 Kbytes each program and external data address space.
32 bidirectional I/O lines organized as four 8-bit I/O ports.
serial port – Full duplex UART.
2 16-bit timers/counters.
Two-level prioritized interrupt structure.
Direct byte and bit addressability.
Four register banks.
Binary or decimal arithmetic support.
Hardware multiply and divide operations.
12 clock cycles per machine cycle
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23. The 8051 block diagram.
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24. Feature 8031 8051 8751 8032 8052 8752
Comparison of hardware resources of MCS 51
family. The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
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Program
memory
None
ROM less
4K ROM
4K
EPROM
None
ROM
less
8K ROM
8K
EPROM
Data memory
128
Bytes
128
Bytes
128 RAM
256
Bytes
256
Bytes
256
Bytes
Timers/
Counters
(16-bit)
2 2 2 3 3 3
I/O pins 32 32 32 32 32 32
Serial port 1 1 1 1 1 1
Interrupt
sources (Reset
not included)
5 5 5 6 6 6
25. EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
They are designed to perform specific (or limited)
tasks.
They are tightly constrained with respect to power
consumption, size, design, testing and
manufacturing costs.
These constraints are achieved by selecting
microcontroller speed just sufficient to satisfy
computational needs, limited memory, and limited
peripheral resources to achieve design goal.
They guarantee the response to events and
completion of tasks within specified time. This is
more popularly known as real time operation.
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26. CHAPTER 2
PROGRAMMING MODEL AND
ARCHITECTURE OF THE 8051
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27. CHAPTER OUTLINE
THE 8051 ARCHITECTURE
PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE 8051
ON-CHIP MEMORY ORGANIZATION
EXTERNAL MEMORY ORGANIZATION
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28. THE 8051 ARCHITECTURE
ALU
Memory
Peripherals
Timing and control unit
Oscillator
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29. Block diagram of the 8051 microcontroller
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30. ALU
Arithmetic and logic unit performs all arithmetic
(addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and
logical (AND, OR, NOT, EXCLUSIVE-OR and
rotating) operations on 8 bit data i.e. the 8051 has 8
bit ALU. The ALU also updates information about the
nature of the result in the flag register (PSW).
Memory
The 8051 family has separate on-chip program and
data memory. The program instructions are stored in
a program memory. , 80C51 has 4Kbytes of on-chip
ROM, whereas 80C52 has 8Kbyte (ROM) , 87C51
has 4Kbytes (EPROM) and 87C52 has
8Kbytes(EEPROM) of on-chip program memory.
Data memory can be on-chip or off-chip. Internal data
memory (RAM) in 80C51 is 128 bytes and in 80C52
is 256 bytes. The 8051 microcontroller based Embedded systems, First edition
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31. Peripherals
The 8051 has two 16 bit timers (8052 has three
timers) that are used for timing and counting
applications. It has full duplex serial port (UART) to
handle serial data transmission and reception.
Timing and control unit
This unit generates all timing and control signals
necessary for the execution of instructions and
synchronizes all internal activities with the clock.
Oscillator
The 8051 has an internal (on-chip) oscillator circuit
which generates the clock pulses by which all internal
operations are synchronized. Normally quartz crystal
is used to make oscillator functional. Typically 12
MHz crystal is used.
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32. PROGRAMMING MODEL OF THE
8051
The programming model of 8051 contains 8 (or 16)
bit registers and memory locations. Each register (or
memory location) has an internal 1byte address with
exception of program counter. Some registers are
byte as well as bit addressable i.e. whole byte of data
stored in a register can be accessed (read/write) at a
time or individual bits can be accessed at a time.
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33. Programming model of the 8051
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34. ON-CHIP MEMORY ORGANIZATION
Special function registers (SFRs)
Internal RAM
Internal ROM
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35. Special function registers (SFRs):
Math registers: A and B.
Status register: PSW (Program Status Word)
Program counter: PC
Pointer registers: DPTR (Data Pointer) and SP (Stack Pointer)
Input output port latches: P0, P1, P2, and P3.
Peripheral data registers: TL0, TH0, TL1, TH1, and SBUF.
Peripheral control registers: IP, IE, TMOD, TCON, SCON, and PCON
Internal RAM
The 8051 has 128 bytes of internal RAM
Register Banks: Bank 0, Bank 1, Bank 2 and Bank 3 (00H to 1FH)
Bit Addressable RAM: Memory locations from addresses 20H to 2FH.
General Purpose RAM: Memory locations from addresses 30H to 7FH.
Internal ROM
The 8051 has 4Kbytes of internal ROM.
It is used to store program instructions to be executed by the
microcontroller. It may also be used to store permanent data like
constants, passwords and lookup tables.
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36. Special function registers (SFRs)
Accumulator: A
Accumulator is the most useful and versatile register because it is used
in
i) all arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division.
ii) Majority of logical operations like logical AND, OR, NOT, EX-OR and
Rotate
iii) all data transfer between the 8051 and any external memory.
B
B is used along with A in multiplication operation to hold one of the
operand (either multiplier or multiplicand) and to store higher order
byte of the result. It is also used in division operation to hold divisor
and to store remainder of the result.
PSW
Program status word is an 8 bit register. It is also referred as flag
register or processor status word.
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37. Program status word structure
PSW.7 PSW.6 PSW.5 PSW.4 PSW.3 PSW.2 PSW.1 PSW.0
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV -- P
Bit Symbol Flag name and description
7 C (or CY) Carry; Used in arithmetic, logic and Boolean operations
6 AC Auxiliary carry ; useful only for BCD arithmetic
5 F0 Flag 0; general purpose user flag
4 RS1 Register bank selection bit 1
3 RS0 Register bank selection bit 0
RS1 RS0
0 0 Bank 0
0 1 Bank 1
1 0 Bank 2
1 1 Bank 3
2 0V Overflow; used in arithmetic operations
1 -- Reserved; may be used as a general purpose flag
0 P
Parity; set to 1 if A has odd number of ones, otherwise reset
to 0
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38. Program counter: PC
Program counter (PC) is a 16-bit register. It always contains the
memory address of the next instruction to be executed i.e. it points to
the instruction that is to be executed next. As the CPU fetches the op-code
(instruction byte) from the program memory, the PC is
incremented automatically point to the next instruction.
Data Pointer: DPTR
DPTR is a 16 bit register. It is used to point to data byte in external data
(RAM) or program (ROM) memory. It can be used as a single 16 bit
register or can also be accessed as two separate 8 bit registers named
DPL and DPH, where DPH means higher byte of the DPTR and DPL is
lower byte of the DPTR.
Stack pointer: SP
Stack pointer always points to the top of the stack and used to access
data from there. It is an 8 bit register. The data is stored on to the stack
using PUSH and CALL instructions and retrieved using POP and RET
instructions.
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39. I/O port registers (latches): P0, P1, P2 and P3.
The 8051 has four 8 bit ports named as P0, P1 P2 and P3, each can be
used as an input or output or both. All ports are byte as well as bit
addressable.
Peripheral data registers: TL0, TH0, TL1, TH1, and SBUF.
TL0 (timer 0 lower byte) and TH0 (timer 0 higher byte) together represents
a16 bit register for timer 0. They are also used as event counters. Similarly,
TL1 and TH1 are registers for timer 1.
Peripheral control registers: IP, IE, TMOD, TCON, SCON, and PCON.
IP (interrupt priority) is used to assign priorities to different interrupt
sources.
IE (interrupt enable) register is used to enable/disable interrupts.
TMOD (timer mode) is used to control behavior i.e. mode of operation of
timers.
TCON (timer control) is used to start/stop timers.
SCON (serial port control) register is used to control the modes of
operation of the serial port.
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PCON (power mode control) http://www.register mhhe.com/is patel/used mbes
to select power saving modes
of operations.
40. Internal RAM
The 8051 microcontroller has a total of 128 bytes of internal
RAM. These bytes are assigned addresses 00H to 7FH. These
128 bytes are grouped into three different areas.
1. Register banks
First 32 bytes from addresses 00H to 1FH are organized as four
banks. Each bank is made up of eight registers named R0 to
R7.
2. Bit addressable memory
The 8051 has a bit addressable area of 16 bytes from byte
addresses 20H to 2FH in internal RAM, forming a total of 128
(16x8) addressable bits. An addressable bit can be accessed by
its bit addresses from 00H to 7FH.
3. General Purpose RAM
Bytes from memory locations 30H to 7FH are used for general
purpose data storage.
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41. Internal RAM organization of the 8051
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42. Internal ROM
The 8051 contains 4Kbytes of internal ROM (on-chip). It
occupies address range from 0000H to 0FFFH. Since it is used
to store program instructions (code), it is also called program
memory or code memory.
ROM organization of the 8051.
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43. EXTERNAL MEMORY
ORGANIZATION
There are two parallel 64 Kilobytes address spaces
one for the ROM(program memory).
one for the RAM (data memory).
The data space is accessed using external data movement instructions
(MOVX A, source or MOVX destination, A) and code space is accessed
using external code movement instructions (MOVC A, source).
External program and data memory space for the 8051
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