This document summarizes a final graduation work on implementing 3D representation of geotechnical features from rock formations in Itaipu, Brazil in Geovisual software. The work analyzed interpolated data on weathering, fracturing, consistency and rock quality from previous studies and compared patterns to main rock structures. Multiquadric equations and ordinary kriging were used to define patterns of features like RQD above 75%. Results showed weathering and consistency higher in east-dipping planes, while fracturing patterns were not associated with horizontal fractures between basalt flows. The software implementation allowed 3D visualization of feature distributions to better understand the rock massif.

1. 3D representation of the
interpolated geothecnical features
from the rock massif of Itaipu –
Function´s implementation in the
Geovisual software
Author: Luiz Henrique Faria de
Carvalho
Professor: Jorge Kazuo Yamamoto
Presentation – Final Graduation Work 11/37

2. Location
► Between the cities Foz do Iguaçú(SW Brazil) and
Ciudad del Este (Eastern Paraguai).

4. Objectives
►Implement a add-on in the Geovisual
software that represents three-
dimensionally any technical features
necessary.
►Analise the Interpolation´s results from the
studies presented by Patias(2010) and
compare that patterns with the main
structures of the rock massif.

5. Bibliography review
►Interpolated data, provenient from the
Doctor PHD from Patias(2010), wich applied
Multiquadric equations to the categoric
variables: Wheathering, Fracturing,
Consistence and RQD obtained through the
Drilling process.
►Result: *.KO3 Archive (Geovisual format).

6. Methodology
►Source code´s building in the Delphi
Platform.
►API of 3D Graphic Design: OpenGL, with
the GLscene library.

7. Area of Study
► Serra Geral Basalt (Guidicini & Campos, 1968)

8. Area of Study
► Main Structures: Faults, fractures e colunars
disjunctions (Guidicini 1978)

10. Main Results

11. RQD
►Multiquadric equations and ordinary krigging
defines a good geomacanic pattern of the
rock massif (Deere 1967).
► Above 75%:
 - 4,072 blocks ( Multiquadric equations) From a
total equal to 5,898.
 4,233 blocos ( Ordinary krigging) from a total
equal to 6,133.

12. RQD

13. RQD

14. RQD

15. Fracturing rate
►Total number of blocks: 6350
►Classification According to IPT (1984):
 F1: 365
 F2: 4854
 F3: 862
 F4: 234
 F5: 35

16. Fracturing rate

17. Fracturing rate

18. Fracturing rate

19. Consistence rate
►Total number of blocks: 6350
►Classification according to Guidici (1972):
 C1: 4959
 C2: 1249
 C3: 102
 C4: 40

21. Consistence rate

22. Consistence rate

23. Consistence rate

24. Weathering rate
►Total number of blocks: 6303
►Classification according to IPT (1984):
 A1: 4580
 A2: 1506
 A3: 140
 A4: 52
 A5: 25

25. Weathering rate

26. Weathering rate

27. Weathering rate

28. Weathering rate

29. Conclusions
► Major weathered zones are distributed in local
pattern or inclinated plans, much less associated
with the horizontal fracturing zones between
Basalt Flows.
► Weathering and consistence shows higher values
in planes with Eastern dip, that same pattern in
not present in the fracturing zones, wich leaves us
to conclude that the horizontal fracturing between
flows is not the major Hidraulic conductive zone in
the massif.

30. Bibliographic references
► - CPRM, 2004. Carta geológica ao milionésimo, Folha Assunción (SG-21), escala 1:1.000.000, disponível em
www.cprm.gov.br, acessado em 6 de julho de 2011.
► - Curti D.K. 2011. Tipologia e origem das fraturas sub-horizontais em Basaltos da Formação Serra Geral, Brasil.
Dissertação de Mestrado. Instituto de Geociências – USP.
► - Deere, D.U., Hendron Jr.A.J., Patton, F.D., Cording, E.J. 1967. Desing of surface and near surface construction
in rock. In : Fairhurst, C. Failure and breakage of rock. New York. Society of Mining Engineers. P. 91-101.
► - Frank H.T., Gomes M.E.B., Formoso M.L.L. 2009. Review of the areal extent and the volume of the Serra Geral
Formation, Paraná Basin, South America. Pesquisas em Geociências, 36:49-57.
► - Guidicini G. & Campos J.O. 1968. Notas sobre a morfogênese dos derrames basálticos.
► Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, 17:15-28.
► - Guidicini, G. Nieble, C.M, Cordines, A.T., Berrino, S.E.,Rodrigues, J.D. 1972. Um método de classificação
geotécnica preliminar de maciços rochosos. In: Semana Paulista de Geologia Aplicada, 4, São Paulo. Anais…São
Paulo:ABGE,v.3,p.285-331.
► - Guidicini G. 1979. Juntas horizontais de grande continuidade em derrames basálticos da Bacia do Paraná. In: II
Simpósio Regional de Geologia, Rio Claro, SBG, Atas, vol. 2, p. 13-21.
► - Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnolõgicas. Estudos geológicos-geotécnicos para caracterização e classificação de
maciços rochosos para projetos de engenharia (túneis, lavra a céu aberto e barragens). São Paulo, IPT-Relatório
19569.
► - Jerram D.A. & Widdowson M. 2005. The anatomy of continental flood basalt provinces: geological constraints on
the processes and products of flood volcanism. Lithos, 79:355-366.
► - Kader, G.D., Perry, M., 2007. Variability for categorical data. Journal of Statistics Education 13 15(2), 17pp.
http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v15n2/kader.html, [accessado em 22 novembro de 2011].
► - Landim, P.M.B. Análise estatística dos dados geológicos. São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2 ed. Ver.Ampl., 2003,
254p.
► - Leinz V., Bartorelli A., Sadowski G. R., Isotta C. A. L. 1966. Sobre o comportamento espacial do trapp basáltico
da Bacia do Paraná. Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia, 15:79-91.
► - Leuangthong, O., Khan. K.D., Deutsch, Cl.V., 2008. Solved problems in geostatistics, John Wiley & Sons,
Hoboken, 208pp.
► - Lyle P. (ed.) 2005. A geological excursion guide to the Causeway Coast. Environment and Heritage Service,
Department of the Environment, 2° ed.

31. Bibliographic references
► - MacDonald G. A. 1967. Forms and structures of extrusive basaltic rocks. In: Hess H. H. & Poldervaart A. (eds.).
Basalts: The Poldervaart Treatise on Rocks of Basaltic Composition. Interscience Publishers, New York, pp. 1–62.
► - Marshak S. & Mitra G. (eds.). 1988. Basic methods of structural geology. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,
446 p.
► - Marques L. S. & Ernesto M. 2004. O magmatismo toleítico da Bacia do Paraná. In: Mantesso Neto V., Bartorelli A.,
Carneiro C.D.R., Brito Neves B. (eds.). Geologia do continente sul-americano: Evolução da obra de Fernando Flávio
Marques de Almeida. Beca, São Paulo, pp. 245-263.
► - Melfi A.J., Piccirillo E.M., Nardy A.J.R. 1988. Geological and magmatic aspects of the Paraná Basin an introduction.
In: Piccirillo E.M., Melfi A.J. (eds.) The mezosoic flood volcanism of the Paraná Basin: Petrogenetic and geophysical
aspects. Instituto Geofísico, Astronômico e Ciências Atmosféricas (IAG), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, pp. 1-
13.
► - Patias, J. 2010. Zoneamento Geotécnico com base em krigagem ordinária e equações multiquádricas: Barragem de
Itaipu.Tese de Doutorado. Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. Universidade de São Paulo. 319p.
► - Ramsay J.G. & Huber M.I. (eds.). 1987. The techniques of modern structural geology.
► Volume 2: Folds and fractures. Academic Press, London, 700p.
► - Rao, S.E., Journel, A.G., 1997. Deriving conditional distributions from ordinary kriging. In: Baafi, E.Y. and Schofiled,
N.A. (eds) Geostatistics Wollongong’96. Vol. I, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 92–102.
► - Sedgewick, R. (1983) Algorithms. Addison-Wesley, Readinf, Massachusetts, 551 pp.
► - Spry A.H. 1962. The origin of columnar jointing, particularly in basalt flows. Journal of
► the Geological Society of Australia, 8:191-216.
► - Yamamoto, J.K. Curso de geoestatística aplicada. Extensão niversitária. São Paulo, apostila, 1994, 82p.
► - Yamamoto, J.K., 2000. An alternative measure of the reliability of ordinary kriging estimates.
► 8 Mathematical Geology 32, 489–509.
► - Yamamoto, J.K., 2011.Mapping an uncertainty zone between interpolated types of a categorical variable. Elsevier
Editorial System(tm) for Computers & Geosciences.

32. Muito Obrigado!/ My most
sincere Thanks!!