This document describes a technique for physiographic compartmentalization using satellite imagery to delimit terrain units for geo-environmental mapping in Campinas, Brazil. Texture analysis of the satellite imagery is used to identify zones with homogeneous textural patterns corresponding to terrain characteristics. Key terrain attributes like geology, topography, and landforms are inferred to evaluate land instability and groundwater vulnerability. The technique aims to provide low-cost terrain assessments over large areas for environmental management.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Geological surveys are normally undertaken by private agencies, state government departs of mines and geology, and national geological survey organizations. They maintain the geological inventory of various formations, mineral deposits and resources. They keep all records for the advancement of knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation. Geological mapping are parts of a geological survey. It involves certain procedures. This lesson highlights the methods and procedures of geological mapping.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Soil Organic Carbon mapping by geo- and class- matchingExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
ABSTRACT. The Mediterranean terraced landscapes are mainly shaped by agrarian drainage systems. They are nowadays increasingly exposed to degradation as a consequence of their changed management. The aim of this research is to characterize the slope lands drainage systems, at the landscape scale, in a hilly Mediterranean context, in order to define action priorities for their “active conservation, based on structural and agronomic parameters.
RÉSUMÉ. Les paysages méditerranéens de terrasse sont souvent façonnés par des systèmes de drainage agricole. Ils sont aujourd'hui fortement exposés à des dégradations du fait de changements et abandon progressifs de leur gestion. L'objectif de la recherche présentée est de caractériser les systèmes de drainage des terrains en pente à l'échelle d'un territoire dans des secteurs de collines méditerranéennes, pour aider à définir des priorités d'interventions agronomiques, environnementales et socio-économiques pour préserver ces systèmes de drainage. La zone d'étude comprend 6 200ha, principalement couverte d'oliveraies, et située sur le versant sud-ouest du Monte Pisano (près de Pise en Toscane). La méthodologie mobilise le SIG et les techniques de la télédétection ; elle conduit à la caractérisation du territoire en termes agronomiques et de structure physique. Ceci permet de dégager des orientations de gestion de ces territoires pour assurer le maintien de leurs fonctions agro-environnementales.
________________
suggested citation: Rizzo D, Sabbatini T, Galli M, Bonari E (2006) Mediterranean landscapes characterization. SAGEO (Spatial Analysis and GEOmatics). Strasbourg (FRA).
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
Geology is the one of the most interesting subject about mother earth which can be best studied on field. This report of geological field work done at Chobhar area, Kathmandu consists observation with analysis regarding geological features, structures and processes.
Soil Organic Carbon mapping by geo- and class- matchingExternalEvents
The presentation was given by Mr. Bas Kempen & Ms. V.L. Mulder, ISRIC, during the GSOC Mapping Global Training hosted by ISRIC - World Soil Information, 6 - 23 June 2017, Wageningen (The Netherlands).
ABSTRACT. The Mediterranean terraced landscapes are mainly shaped by agrarian drainage systems. They are nowadays increasingly exposed to degradation as a consequence of their changed management. The aim of this research is to characterize the slope lands drainage systems, at the landscape scale, in a hilly Mediterranean context, in order to define action priorities for their “active conservation, based on structural and agronomic parameters.
RÉSUMÉ. Les paysages méditerranéens de terrasse sont souvent façonnés par des systèmes de drainage agricole. Ils sont aujourd'hui fortement exposés à des dégradations du fait de changements et abandon progressifs de leur gestion. L'objectif de la recherche présentée est de caractériser les systèmes de drainage des terrains en pente à l'échelle d'un territoire dans des secteurs de collines méditerranéennes, pour aider à définir des priorités d'interventions agronomiques, environnementales et socio-économiques pour préserver ces systèmes de drainage. La zone d'étude comprend 6 200ha, principalement couverte d'oliveraies, et située sur le versant sud-ouest du Monte Pisano (près de Pise en Toscane). La méthodologie mobilise le SIG et les techniques de la télédétection ; elle conduit à la caractérisation du territoire en termes agronomiques et de structure physique. Ceci permet de dégager des orientations de gestion de ces territoires pour assurer le maintien de leurs fonctions agro-environnementales.
________________
suggested citation: Rizzo D, Sabbatini T, Galli M, Bonari E (2006) Mediterranean landscapes characterization. SAGEO (Spatial Analysis and GEOmatics). Strasbourg (FRA).
Sedimentation Model Area of Lau Kawar Lake from Volkanic Eruption of Sinabung...IJAEMSJORNAL
Lau Kawar Lake is a VolkanicLake has wide around 200 hectares which below hillside of Sinabung mountain located in Kutagugung Village, District Naman Teran, Karo District, North Sumatera Province. Impact eruption of mount Sinabungis Volkanic material in the form of important from clastic sediment to be donere search. Purpose of this research is HIBAH Dikti 2016 year, item to know type of sediment that is election mean, sorting, skewness and curtos is. and deposition public area of sediment volkanic post eruption of Sinabung. Primary data collection activities sediment core with PVC core method. generates data in the form of characters sediment grain size, sedimentary structures, sediment composition and sedimentary depositional environment interpretation presented in the stratigraphic column Lake Lau Kawar. Calculation method applied that is, Method of Moments (Mathematic) and Folk & Ward (Graphic). Result of sediment material analysis in 15 points , value mean either graphically mathematical and also shows flattening - plane of grain size coarse sand - very fine sand, Value sortasimoderately sorted - poorly sorted, Value skewnwessat smooth and rugged normal same relative distribution like at sample LK 11 LK 12 LK 13 LK 34 and LK 53, Curtosis value from overall of sample included in classification of finite mesokurtic of leptokurtic ( Kc = 0,90 - 1,1 and Kc= 1,11 - 1,50). Crossplot between values Y1 and Y2 indicates that deposition area to stay at [shallow/ superficial] deposition area at Y2 and y3 stays at fluvial area of marine, at Y3 and Y4 still residing in at fluvial deposition area of marine Data analysis result of screening of sediment sample is done to applies GRADISTAT, a program proposed by Blottand Pye ( 2011) and developed by Kenneth Pye Associates Ltd. Software GRADISTAT implemented in program Microsoft Excel.
Evidence of Geological Control on Reservoir Petrophysical Properties of “Beta...Premier Publishers
Geological controls on the reservoir petrophysical properties of “BETA Field” have been carried out using suites of wireline logs. Stratigraphic relationship among the reservoir sand bodies including their geometrical architectures, and their stacking patterns were also established. Exponential regression analysis of some of the petrophysical parameters were carried out to establish any relationship with depositional processes as well as depositional environments of the reservoir sand bodies in the field. The main factor controlling petrophysical properties and thickness for these reservoirs is the type of sandstone facies. The petrophysical evaluation of both reservoirs (K and Q) depicts porosity range from fair to very good across wells (i.e 11% to 25%). From the evaluated reservoirs porosity, there is no significant reduction of porosity with depth increase. The values obtained for the permeability of both reservoirs (K and Q) varied widely and inconsistent across the wells in the study field. The various depositional environments established in BETA field include fluvial, tidal channel, mouth bars, delta front, and the reservoir sands occurring in different depositional settings, resulting from different depositional processes, which had a wide range of petrophysical properties.
7 Journal of Life Sciences and Biomedicine (2710-4915 2710-3447).pdfPublisherNasir
Research article: Mapping of LC/LU changes inside the Agdam district of the Karabakh economics region applying object-based satellite image analysis
Author (s): A.A. Rasouli, M.M. Asgarova, S.H. Safarov pdf, doi.org/10.29228/jlsb.22
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
Evaluation of Groundwater Resource Potential using GIS and Remote Sensing App...IJERA Editor
Environment and Development are the two wheels of the cart. However, they become antagonists at some
points. It has been witnessed many a times that development is done at the cost of environment. Analysis and
assessment tools like GIS along with Remote Sensing have proved to be very efficient and effective and hence
useful for management of natural resources. Groundwater is a precious resource of limited extent. In order to
ensure a judicious use of groundwater, proper evaluation is required. There is an urgent need of planned and
optimal development of water resources. An appropriate strategy is required to develop water resources with
planning based on conjunctive use of surface and subsurface water resources. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
can provide the appropriate platform for convergent analysis of diverse data sets for decision making in
groundwater management and planning. Sustainable water resources development and management necessarily
depends on proper planning, implementation, operation and maintenance. The interpretation of remote sensing
data in conjunction with conventional data and sufficient ground truth information makes it possible to identify
and outline various ground features such as geological structures, geomorphic features and their hydrologic
characters that may serve as direct or indirect indicators of the presence of ground and surface water. Remotely
sensed data provides unbiased information on geology, geomorphology, structural pattern and recharging
conditions, which logically define the groundwater regime of an area. Groundwater resource potential has been
evaluated in Pulivendula-Sanivaripalli, Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India, using remote sensing and
Geographic information system. Under this study, three thematic maps viz. Geological map (Lithology and
Structure), Geomorphological map and Hydro morphological maps were prepared. These thematic maps have
been integrated with the help of GIS. Appropriate weightage has been assigned to various factors controlling
occurrence of groundwater to assess the groundwater potential in each segment of the study area. The area has
been classified into high potential, moderate potential, low potential and non-potential zones landforms ground
water development on the basis of hydromorphological studies. Some of the favorable locations have been
suggested to impound the excessive run off so as to augment the ground water resources of the area.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
GESTÃO DE RISCOS DE DESASTRES DEVIDO A FENÔMENOS GEODINÂMICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃ...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J. & FERREIRA, C.J. 2016. GESTÃO DE RISCOS DE DESASTRES DEVIDO A FENÔMENOS GEODINÂMICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO: CENÁRIO 2000-2015 – Boletim do Instituto Geológico nº 67 – São Paulo : I G / SMA, 2016. 72p ; ISSN 0100-431X. Disponível em: http://igeologico.sp.gov.br/files/2016/10/boletim_IG_vol_67.pdf
Estudos desenvolvidos no Instituto Geológico desde 2009 resultaram em um sistema de indicadores de riscos de desastres do Estado de São Paulo que permitiu o estabelecimento de cenários anuais e de referência para o tema. Constitui, também, a base para um retrato da dimensão dos problemas e suas consequências, o que vem auxiliando a eficaz gestão das situações de risco e desastre no Estado. A presente publicação consolida este histórico, apresentando o cenário 2000-2015 da situação de riscos de desastres devido a fenômenos geodinâmicos no Estado de São Paulo em termos de ocorrência de problemas (acidentes e danos) e de gestão, destacando como os mesmos vem sendo enfrentados pelo Poder Público por meio de instrumentos de gestão de riscos. São expostos conceitos, bases de dados, forma de abordagem do assunto e o Sistema de Indicadores de Riscos de Desastres construído para o Estado de São Paulo, que abarca 5 indicadores (número de acidentes, número de óbitos, número de pessoas afetadas, número de edificações afetadas, número de municípios com instrumentos de gestão de risco), agrupados em 2 grupos-chave (Indicadores de Estado ou Situação, Indicadores de Resposta). Esta abordagem envolve a análise e discussão dos indicadores em um período de 16 anos, e do ano de 2015 em particular, promovendo uma comparação entre os mesmos, a análise de tendências e de criticidade de municípios, assim como a apresentação de perspectivas futuras.
Campos do Jordão (SP): mapeamento de perigos e riscos de escorregamentos e in...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.; BROLLO, M.J.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; SANTORO, J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GUEDES, A.C.M.; BRAGA, E.S. 2015. Campos do Jordão (SP): mapeamento de perigos e riscos de escorregamentos e inundação no Bairro de Vila Albertina, como subsídio à gestão de riscos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., http://www.acquacon.com.br/geosudeste/anais.php
RESUMO
O município de Campos do Jordão – SP apresenta um histórico de acidentes de natureza geológica de grandes proporções, associados, principalmente, à ocorrência de escorregamentos de encostas que resultou em vítimas fatais e em vultosos prejuízos financeiros. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados do mapeamento de áreas de risco de escorregamentos e inundações do Bairro Vila Albertina, parte integrante da avaliação de riscos realizada em Campos do Jordão por IG-SMA (2014). A Vila Albertina, situada na porção sudeste da mancha urbana, ocupa a face sul do morro e parte do vale situado na margem esquerda do córrego Piracuama. Corresponde a uma das mais extensas áreas de risco do município, com aproximadamente 180.000m². Deste total, 165.000m2 estão relacionados à setores de risco de escorregamentos, sendo que um único setor de risco muito alto ocupa 56% desta área. O levantamento histórico de acidentes (IG-SMA, 2014 e ANDRADE et al., 2015) apontou ocorrências de escorregamentos na Vila Albertina em 1972, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, e de inundações em 2003, 2009 e 2010. Como resultado do mapeamento de riscos em escala de detalhe 1:3.000 foram obtidos 13 setores de risco (9 setores de escorregamento e 4 de inundação), com 750 moradias em risco e cerca de 3.000 moradores (6% da população do município). Dos nove setores de risco de escorregamentos, 1 deles apresenta risco muito alto (somente este concentra 706 moradias), 1 risco alto, 5 risco médio e 2 risco baixo. Dos quatro setores de risco de inundação, com 44 moradias e 4 estabelecimentos comerciais, 1 apresenta risco alto e 3 risco médio. Foram apontadas recomendações voltadas à gestão dos riscos em cada um dos setores identificados, incluindo a indicação de remoção definitiva de pelo menos 350 moradias (47% do total desta área), fiscalização efetiva por toda a área e o congelamento dos setores de maior risco. Além disso, foram sugeridas soluções para a redução e para a convivência com os riscos existentes. Estudos técnicos como este apresentado em IG-SMA (2014), devem ser objeto de constante atualização, servindo de subsídio às ações preventivas e emergenciais, competindo ao Poder Público local sua implementação, contando, caso necessário, com o apoio do Estado e da União.
Campos do Jordão (SP): Notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa como apoio à ges...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E; BROLLO, MJ; TOMINAGA, LK; FERNANDES DA SILVA, PC. 2015. Campos do Jordão (SP): notícias veiculadas na mídia impressa como apoio à gestão de riscos de desastres. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anaisem formato eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
RESUMO
O município de Campos do Jordão apresenta um histórico de diversos acidentes em áreas de risco com a ocorrência de vítimas fatais e significativos prejuízos financeiros e sociais. O levantamento de notícias de acidentes e desastres naturais veiculadas na mídia impressa no período de 1999 a 2013 constituiu-se em uma forma alternativa e prática de complementar os bancos de dados existentes na Defesa Civil Estadual e na Defesa Civil Municipal, fornecendo assim subsídios ao mapeamento de perigos e riscos do município. Em IG-SMA (2014) foram adotados procedimentos padronizados para a pesquisa, coleta e derivação de dados e informações a partir de notícias publicadas em dois jornais ("Vale Paraibano” e “O Vale"), buscando registros sobre datas e locais de ocorrências de movimentos de massa (escorregamentos, erosão, solapamento de margens de drenagens), inundações e processos correlatos (enchentes, alagamentos, enxurradas), colapsos e subsidências de solo, tempestades e vendavais. Com este propósito, as seguintes etapas foram contempladas: a) pesquisa e coleta de dados nos jornais; b) sistematização e consolidação de dados; c) georreferenciamento das ocorrências. Como resultado foram levantadas 32 matérias jornalísticas referentes a 27 eventos. A partir destas matérias, foi possível extrair 122 registros individuais segundo data, tipo e local de ocorrência, dos quais 117 foram passíveis de espacialização. O agrupamento destes dados resultou em 94 registros distribuídos por um total de 43 localidades distintas do município (bairros), com a seguinte distribuição conforme o tipo de processo: 49 registros de deslizamentos (51%), 31 registros de enchentes/inundações/alagamentos (33%), 14 registros de vendavais e temporais (15%), 1 registro referente a subsidência/afundamento (1%). Apesar de dificuldades relacionadas à consolidação do banco de dados e à completa caracterização dos eventos em decorrência da falta de consistência na terminologia empregada em algumas matérias jornalísticas, assim como à impossibilidade de espacialização de alguns locais de ocorrência, devido à veiculação de informações genéricas ou parciais, a utilização destes registros foram fundamentais na indicação de áreas-alvo para a execução dos trabalhos de campo e na caracterização e classificação de setores de perigo e de risco.
Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São P...Maria José Brollo
GUEDES, A.C.M.; BROLLO, M.J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GOMES, R.L.O.; PEINADO, M.E.; ALMEIDA, T.W.B. 2015. Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo (SGI-RISCOS-IG): geotecnologia como subsídio para tomada de decisões em cenários de risco de desastres naturais. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em formato eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
RESUMO
O Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo – SGI-RISCOS-IG foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto Geológico (IG) no âmbito do Programa Institucional de Gestão de Riscos e Prevenção de Desastres Naturais para permitir uma gestão integrada do tema e subsidiar decisões de órgãos estaduais e municipais. Organiza, padroniza e disponibiliza os resultados de dois tipos de avaliações de risco a eventos geodinâmicos (escorregamento, inundação, erosão e solapamento) executados pelo Instituto Geológico: a) mapeamento de áreas de risco de municípios; b) pareceres técnicos de atendimentos emergenciais de situações de risco.
A partir da avaliação de outros Sistema Gerenciadores de Informação desenvolvidos em diferentes áreas do IG, em diversos formatos, optou-se pelo uso da plataforma proprietária da Environmental Systems Research Institute - ESRI, já existente no instituto. As informações são armazenadas em um Banco de Dados de código aberto PostgreSQL, que se relaciona com o ambiente de mapas do Sistema – ArcGIS for Server Enterprise Advanced - utilizando o cartucho espacial (ST_Geometry). As informações de risco (poligonais e pontuais) são publicadas como web services no ambiente ArcGIS for Server. A ferramenta de desenvolvimento Microsoft Silverlight foi utilizada para a programação e customização de funcionalidades de navegação, controle e manipulação de mapas, uma avançada administração de usuários, pesquisa espacial e por atributos, entrada e edição de dados espaciais e alfanuméricos.
O presente artigo apresenta o modelo de dados e arquitetura do Sistema, as principais funcionalidades e anota alguns diferenciais em relação a outros mecanismos conhecidos. Mostra, enfim, algumas das razões pelas quais o SGI-RISCOS-IG tem se mostrado uma ferramenta bem recebida pelos responsáveis pela gestão da questão de risco geológico, em nível estadual e também junto a municípios mapeados.
Encerra elencando importantes ações em curso no Estado de São Paulo onde ocorre uma franca interação com o Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos.
Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geoló...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; SANTORO, J.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; RIBEIRO, R.R. 2015. Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geológicos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em meio eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
ITAOCA (SP) : HISTÓRICO DE ACIDENTES E DESASTRES RELACIONADOS A PERIGOS GEOLÓ...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; SANTORO, J.; ROSSINI PENTEADO, D.; FERNANDES DA SILVA, P.C.; RIBEIRO, R.R. 2015. Itaoca (SP) : histórico de acidentes e desastres relacionados a perigos geológicos. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais em meio eletrônico http://geosudeste.com.br/anais/ANAIS-GEOSUDESTE-2015-completo.pdf
Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o histórico de eventos críticos que ocorreram em Itaoca-SP. O município apresenta uma configuração fisiográfica favorável ao desencadeamento de processos de corridas de massa, escorregamentos e inundações. Nos últimos 23 anos, Itaoca foi cenário de ocorrência de 5 eventos críticos, principalmente relacionados a enxurradas, inundações e enchentes, incluindo o desastre de janeiro de 2014, relacionado a corrida de massa e enxurrada, onde vários núcleos urbanos foram afetados, com grande impacto social, prejuízos econômicos e perdas de vida, que resultou na decretação de estado de calamidade pública no município. Após o desastre de janeiro de 2014, percebeu-se que o município não estava preparado para enfrentar qualquer situação de risco de desastre. Iniciou-se então um esforço da Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil para instrumentalizar o poder público municipal no enfrentamento de situação de riscos de desastres, com a elaboração de um diagnóstico de perigos e riscos em escala regional e local (IG-SMA, 2015). Dentre os resultados deste estudo, sugere-se o monitoramento climático e pluviométrico, o treinamento da população em termos de percepção de riscos e a implantação de Sistemas de Alerta, conforme preconizado no Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e Redução de Riscos Geológicos (Decr. Est. nº 57.512, de 11/11/2011).
SISTEMA GERENCIADOR DE INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS NO ESTADO DE SÃO P...Maria José Brollo
GUEDES, A.C.M.; BROLLO, M.J.; RIBEIRO, F.S.; GOMES, R.L.O.; PEINADO, M.E.; ALMEIDA, T.W.B. 2015. Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo (SGI-RISCOS-IG): geotecnologia como subsídio para tomada de decisões em cenários de risco de desastres naturais. In: SBG, Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, 14, Campos do Jordão-SP, 26 a 29 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM
RESUMO
O Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos Geológicos no Estado de São Paulo – SGI-RISCOS-IG foi desenvolvido pelo Instituto Geológico (IG) no âmbito do Programa Institucional de Gestão de Riscos e Prevenção de Desastres Naturais para permitir uma gestão integrada do tema e subsidiar decisões de órgãos estaduais e municipais. Organiza, padroniza e disponibiliza os resultados de dois tipos de avaliações de risco a eventos geodinâmicos (escorregamento, inundação, erosão e solapamento) executados pelo Instituto Geológico: a) mapeamento de áreas de risco de municípios; b) pareceres técnicos de atendimentos emergenciais de situações de risco.
A partir da avaliação de outros Sistema Gerenciadores de Informação desenvolvidos em diferentes áreas do IG, em diversos formatos, optou-se pelo uso da plataforma proprietária da Environmental Systems Research Institute - ESRI, já existente no instituto. As informações são armazenadas em um Banco de Dados de código aberto PostgreSQL, que se relaciona com o ambiente de mapas do Sistema – ArcGIS for Server Enterprise Advanced - utilizando o cartucho espacial (ST_Geometry). As informações de risco (poligonais e pontuais) são publicadas como web services no ambiente ArcGIS for Server. A ferramenta de desenvolvimento Microsoft Silverlight foi utilizada para a programação e customização de funcionalidades de navegação, controle e manipulação de mapas, uma avançada administração de usuários, pesquisa espacial e por atributos, entrada e edição de dados espaciais e alfanuméricos.
O presente artigo apresenta o modelo de dados e arquitetura do Sistema, as principais funcionalidades e anota alguns diferenciais em relação a outros mecanismos conhecidos. Mostra, enfim, algumas das razões pelas quais o SGI-RISCOS-IG tem se mostrado uma ferramenta bem recebida pelos responsáveis pela gestão da questão de risco geológico, em nível estadual e também junto a municípios mapeados.
Encerra elencando importantes ações em curso no Estado de São Paulo onde ocorre uma franca interação com o Sistema Gerenciador de Informações sobre Riscos.
A REDUÇÃO DOS RISCOS DE DESASTRES COMEÇA NA ESCOLA: ESTUDO DE CASO EM CAMPOS ...Maria José Brollo
RIBEIRO, RR; ANDRADE, E; BROLLO, MJ; TOMINAGA, LK; RIBEIRO, FS. 2015. A redução dos riscos de desastres começa na escola: estudo de caso em Campos do Jordão (SP). In: ABGE, Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental, 15, Bento Gonçalves-RS, 18 a 21 de outubro de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROOM
Resumo – O município de Campos do Jordão (SP) foi objeto de estudo de avaliação de riscos em IG-SMA (2014) e teve como um dos produtos finais a aplicação do curso “Percepção de Perigos e Riscos Geológicos Voltados aos Profissionais da Educação”. O presente trabalho apresenta os resultados da aplicação deste curso a um grupo de profissionais da educação do município, no qual adquiriram conhecimentos e capacidades básicas para inserir a temática de prevenção dos desastres naturais nos currículos pedagógicos, bem como nos ambientes interno e externo de suas unidades escolares. Esta atividade pode ser entendida como o início de uma mudança cultural para a disseminação de comportamentos de prevenção e de autoproteção dos alunos que poderão contribuir para redução dos desastres e para o desenvolvimento sustentável local. Esta experiência vai ao encontro das premissas do Marco de Ação de Hyogo (UNESCO – 2000 a 2015), que visam aumentar a resiliência das nações e das comunidades frente aos desastres naturais.
Abstract -The city of Campos do Jordão (SP) was risk assessment study object in IG-SMA (2014) and had as one of the final products the implementation of the course "Hazard Perception and Risk Geological Facing the Education Professionals". This paper presents the results of applying this course to a group of professionals in the municipal education, which acquired basic knowledge and skills to enter the issue of prevention of natural disasters in educational curricula as well as in internal and external environments of units school. This activity can be understood as the beginning of a cultural change for the dissemination of prevention behaviors and self-protection of students who can contribute to disaster reduction and for local sustainable development. This experience meets the premises of the Hyogo Framework for Action (UNESCO - 2000 to 2015), aimed at increasing the resilience of nations and communities with respect to natural disasters.
PERIGOS E RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS EM CAMPOS DO JORDÃO (SP) : DIAGNÓSTICO EM 2014 - ...Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.& BROLLO, M.J. 2015. Perigos e riscos geológicos em Campos do Jordão (SP): diagnóstico em 2014. In: ABGE, Simp. Bras. Cartografia Geotécnica, 9, Cuiabá-MT, 20 a 25 de março de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM. ISBN 978-85-7270-066-5.
RESUMO
Este trabalho refere-se ao mapeamento das áreas de risco associados a escorregamentos, inundações, erosão e solapamento de margens de drenagens do Município de Campos do Jordão (SP), em diagnóstico finalizado em 2014. Promovido pela Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, da Casa Militar do Estado de São Paulo e executado pelo Instituto Geológico com o propósito de atualizar a avaliação de riscos no município, abrangendo perigos até então não estudados, como o de inundação.
Em síntese foram identificadas 40 áreas alvo para estudos de detalhe, com a identificação das situações de risco, com graus diferenciados quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, à tipologia dos processos geodinâmicos envolvidos e à severidade dos potenciais eventos. Os estudos resultaram na delimitação de 175 setores de risco (17% em risco muito alto, 26% em risco alto, 38% em risco médio e 19% em risco baixo), compreendendo 3.985 moradias em risco (com estimativa de 15.940 moradores) e estendendo-se por aproximadamente 5% da mancha urbana do município. Ou seja, cerca de 33% da população do município encontra-se em áreas de risco, sendo que 2,6% situam-se em setores de risco de escorregamento com grau muito alto.
Assim, o mapeamento de áreas de riscos, de posse do poder público municipal, passa a ser importante instrumento de controle e redução do risco de Campos do Jordão, devendo passar por atualização constante pela prefeitura municipal, principal agente no adequado uso e ocupação do território.
ABSTRACT
This paper refers to risk mapping of landslides, floods, erosions processes on Campos do Jordão County (SP). Finalized in 2014, this task was sponsored by Civil Defence Cordenadory of the Military House of the São Paulo State Government, and executed by the Geological Institute in order to update the existent risk evaluations on the studied municipality covering some kinds of hazards never had studied before, such as flood hazard.
It where identified 40 areas for later detailed studies by risk conditions reconnaissance. The studies resulted in 175 risk sectors (17% at very high risk, 26% at high risk, 38% at medium risk, and 19% at low risk), comprising 3,985 houses at risk (15,940 estimated population), and spreading through approximately 5% of the County´s urban sprawl. That means, about 33% of municipality population lives at risk zones, wherein 2,6% lives at sectors classified as very high landslinding risk.
Thus, the risk mapping must be considered an important instrument for control and risk reduction on municipality´s territory and should be appropriated proceed its constant update by the local government.
Solo - Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo – cenári...Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J.; TOMINAGA, L.K.; FARIA, D.G.M. 2014. Texto Diagnóstico do Solo: Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo – cenário 2013. Trabalho produzido para São Paulo (Estado). Secretaria do Meio Ambiente / Coordenadoria de Planejamento Ambiental. 2014. Meio Ambiente Paulista: Relatório de Qualidade Ambiental 2014. Organização: Edgar Cesar de Barros, Priscila Ferreira Capuano. São Paulo: SMA/CPLA, 2014. 215p. ISBN 978-85-8156-018-2. Disponível em: http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br.
Diante do aumento dos efeitos dos desastres naturais e de riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo, em 11 de novembro de 2011 foi instituído o Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos – PDN, por meio do Decreto Estadual nº 57.512/2011. Esse decreto trouxe uma nova forma de enfrentar os problemas relacionados à ocorrência de desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado. Indicando formas de evitar, reduzir, gerenciar e mitigar situações de risco no Estado de São Paulo, busca a articulação de ações, programas e projetos das Secretarias de Governo e das Instituições Públicas que atuam com o tema desastres naturais e riscos geológicos (Brollo & Tominaga, 2012). Esta articulação é operacionalizada por meio do Grupo de Articulação de Ações Executivas (GAAE), constituído por representantes técnicos de diversos órgãos e secretarias estaduais. Um importante produto oriundo deste trabalho foi o Boletim nº1, entitulado “Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no estado de São Paulo: Cenário de Referência – 2012” (Brollo & Tominaga, 2012), onde se estabelecem indicadores para o tema, cuja evolução é tratada a seguir.
PERIGOS E RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS EM CAMPOS DO JORDÃO (SP) : DIAGNÓSTICO EM 2014Maria José Brollo
ANDRADE, E.; BROLLO, M.J. 2015. Perigos e riscos geológicos em Campos do Jordão (SP) : diagnóstico em 2014. In: ABGE, Simpósio Brasileiro de Cartografia Geotécnica, 9, Cuiabá-MT, 20 a 25 de março de 2015, Anais..., CD-ROM. ISBN 978-85-7270-066-5.
Este trabalho refere-se ao mapeamento das áreas de risco associados a escorregamentos, inundações, erosão e solapamento de margens de drenagens do Município de Campos do Jordão (SP), em diagnóstico finalizado em 2014. Promovido pela Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, da Casa Militar do Estado de São Paulo e executado pelo Instituto Geológico com o propósito de atualizar a avaliação de riscos no município, abrangendo perigos até então não estudados, como o de inundação.
Em síntese foram identificadas 40 áreas alvo para estudos de detalhe, com a identificação das situações de risco, com graus diferenciados quanto à probabilidade de ocorrência, à tipologia dos processos geodinâmicos envolvidos e à severidade dos potenciais eventos. Os estudos resultaram na delimitação de 175 setores de risco (17% em risco muito alto, 26% em risco alto, 38% em risco médio e 19% em risco baixo), compreendendo 3.985 moradias em risco (com estimativa de 15.940 moradores) e estendendo-se por aproximadamente 5% da mancha urbana do município. Ou seja, cerca de 33% da população do município encontra-se em áreas de risco, sendo que 2,6% situam-se em setores de risco de escorregamento com grau muito alto.
Assim, o mapeamento de áreas de riscos, de posse do poder público municipal, passa a ser importante instrumento de controle e redução do risco de Campos do Jordão, devendo passar por atualização constante pela prefeitura municipal, principal agente no adequado uso e ocupação do território.
Avaliação e mapeamento de risco a escorregamentos no município de Guaratingue...Maria José Brollo
Tominaga, LK; Marchiori Faria, DG; Ferreira, CJ; Rossini-Penteado, D.; Brollo, MJ; Guedes, ACM; Coutinho, O. (2012). Avaliação e mapeamento de risco a escorregamentos no município de Guaratinguetá, SP. Santos, SP. In: 46º Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia.
O crescimento da ocupação urbana em áreas sujeitas a processos perigosos, as quais propiciam o surgimento de situações de
risco em várias regiões do Brasil, motivou o Instituto Geológico a elaborar uma cartografia de risco abrangendo tanto as áreas de risco
existentes como aquelas com potencial de risco. Assim, a metodologia adotada pelo Instituto Geológico nos mapeamentos realizados
por meio da Cooperação Técnica com a CEDEC de São Paulo, considera a análise de perigo e risco em duas escalas de abordagem:
escala regional (1:50.000) e local (1:3.000).
A abordagem regional baseia-se na análise da paisagem e envolve avaliação regional de perigos, vulnerabilidade, danos e riscos
(Ferreira & Penteado, 2011). A cartografia gerada nessa escala pode ser utilizada para subsidiar instrumentos de planejamento e para a
identificação e seleção de áreas alvo para estudos em escala local (1:3.000), juntamente com os cadastros de eventos e as informações
da Defesa Civil municipal.
A cartografia de risco na escala de detalhe enfoca as áreas de risco definidas pela análise regional e as indicadas pela Defesa Civil
municipal. Os produtos gerados nessa escala implicam na definição de setores de risco a processos, com atribuição de graus de risco
variando de baixo a muito alto. Consiste em instrumento de gerenciamento de risco, de suporte a decisões pelo poder público municipal
na adoção de medidas necessárias à redução, mitigação ou eliminação do risco, além de orientar o trabalho da Defesa Civil Municipal
no atendimento de situações emergenciais.
Neste trabalho, apresenta-se o resultado do mapeamento de risco de Guaratinguetá, envolvendo a análise de processos de
escorregamentos. Os procedimentos incluíram as etapas: definição de unidades de análise (áreas-alvo); determinação e obtenção dos
atributos de análise; setorização e avaliação do risco.
O mapeamento de risco de Guaratinguetá identificou 21 setores de risco, sendo 7 setores de risco muito alto, 8 de risco alto, 5 de
risco médio e 1 de risco baixo, com um total de 577 moradias, dos quais 325 (56%) estão em risco muito alto e 128 (22%) em risco alto. A
cartografia final forneceu os setores de risco definidos e as recomendações técnicas para a redução, mitigação ou eliminação do risco.
PROGRAMA ESTADUAL DE PREVENÇÃO DE DESASTRES NATURAIS E DE REDUÇÃO DE RISCOS G...Maria José Brollo
Brollo, MJ; Tominaga, LK (2013) . PROGRAMA ESTADUAL DE PREVENÇÃO DE DESASTRES NATURAIS E DE REDUÇÃO DE RISCOS GEOLÓGICOS – Avanços na gestão de riscos de desastres no Estado de São Paulo (2011-2013). Revista ABGE | n. 93-94 | Edição Especial.
Com a assinatura do Decreto Estadual nº 57.512, de 11/11/2011, há quase 2 anos, instituindo o Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos (PDN), definiu-se um marco importante na gestão de riscos de desastres no Estado de São Paulo, trazendo uma nova forma do Poder Executivo Estadual enfrentar de modo articulado os problemas relacionados a ocorrência de desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo.
O PDN busca a articulação de ações, programas e projetos das Secretarias de Governo e das Instituições Públicas que atuam com o tema desastres naturais e riscos geológicos, indicando formas de evitar, reduzir, gerenciar e mitigar situações de risco no Estado de São Paulo.
Conforme determina o decreto, logo nos primeiros seis meses (em 2012) foi elaborado um “Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo” com projeção até o ano 2020, estabelecendo um cenário de referência em 2012 e detalhando ações para melhoria da gestão de riscos no Estado. Em continuidade vem ocorrendo o acompanhamento das ações, atualização de propostas e projetos e assessoria técnica em situações específicas, promovendo uma melhor articulação ente os órgãos técnicos estaduais e secretarias de governo, proporcionando consistência técnica e validando decisões políticas.
Importante ressaltar que este Programa complementa de forma bastante objetiva as necessidades da Política Estadual de Mudanças Climáticas (Lei nº 13.798, de 09/12/2009), especialmente quando esta trata em seu artigo 20º do “Plano Estratégico para Ações Emergenciais”, que encontra correspondência no “Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo do PDN”. Este Programa já vislumbra também inúmeras ações futuramente estabelecidas na Política Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil (Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10/04/2012).
Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo: Cenário de ref...Maria José Brollo
Desastres naturais e riscos geológicos no Estado de São Paulo : cenário de referência - 2012 / Organizadoras, Maria José; Lídia Keiko Tominaga – 1. ed. – São Paulo : Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.sidec.sp.gov.br/defesacivil/media/OSDownloads/1442514274_boletimgaae27dez2012.pdf
O Estado de São Paulo, diante do aumento dos efeitos dos desastres naturais e de riscos geológicos, vem desencadeando, por meio de suas instituições, ações de enfrentamento, implementando medidas preventivas e mitigadoras, aperfeiçoando suas ferramentas de gestão, investindo na capacitação de seus profissionais e realizando pesquisas aplicadas, entre outras.
Materializando esta dinâmica foi instituído o Decreto Estadual nº 57.512, de 11 de novembro de 2011, que visa principalmente a articulação e otimização das inúmeras ações existentes relacionadas ao tema e a busca de inovações nesta área de conhecimento.
Sob a coordenação da Secretaria da Casa Militar, por meio da Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, o Comitê Deliberativo do Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos, composto por Secretários de Estado, apreciou e aprovou em 25 de outubro de 2012 a proposta apresentada pelo Grupo de Articulação de Ações Executivas, o Plano de Trabalho de Curto e Médio Prazo (2012-2020), que apresenta um diagnóstico e propõe formas de enfrentamento articulado.
Indicadores de desastres naturais no Estado de São Paulo. Maria José Brollo
BROLLO, M.J. & FERREIRA, C.J. 2009. Indicadores de desastres naturais no Estado de São Paulo. In: Simpósio de Geologia do Sudeste, XI, Águas de São Pedro, SP, 14 a 17/10/2009, Sociedade Brasileira de Geologia. Anais..., p. 125.
Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e Redução de Riscos Geol...Maria José Brollo
PALESTRA PROFERIDA NO IV Seminário estratégias para redução de riscos e desastres a eventos geodinâmicos no estado de São Paulo, EM 05 de dezembro de 2012, NO Auditório Anfiteatro Augusto Ruschi - Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente
Realização: Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Casa Militar, por meio do Instituto Geológico e Coordenadoria Estadual de Defesa Civil, Governo do Estado de São Paulo
08:30-09:30h: Credenciamento E Abertura
Mesa Redonda: A importância da articulação institucional na gestão de risco e desastres
09:30-09:45h: Mudanças climáticas, zoneamento ecológico-econômico e a gestão de riscos (Rubens Rizek Junior – Secretário de Estado do Meio Ambiente)
09:45-10:00h: O Sistema Integrado de Defesa Civil do Estado de São Paulo (Airton Iosimo Martinez – Secretário de Estado da Casa Militar e Coordenador Estadual de Defesa Civil)
10:00-10:15h: Programas habitacionais e redução e prevenção do risco (Marcos Rodrigues Penido - Secretário Adjunto de Estado da Habitação)
10:15-10:30h: Entrega dos relatórios de mapeamento de risco dos municípios de Taubaté e Redenção da Serra - Ricardo Vedovello (Diretor Geral do Instituto Geológico) , Walter Nyakas Junior (Diretor do Departamento de Defesa Civil) E Representantes municipais de Taubaté e Redenção da Serra
10:30-10:45h: Assinatura de Termos de Cooperação e Protocolos de Intenções entre a Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, por meio do Instituto Geológico e a:
Casa Militar-, CEDEC, para apoio técnico relativo a situações de riscos geológico-geotécnicos e avaliação de risco
Secretaria de Habitação, por meio de seus órgãos vinculados para assessoria técnica e treinamento para avaliação de risco
Secretaria de Estado de Desenvolvimento Econômico, Energia, Indústria e Serviços, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio do Departamento de Recursos Minerais- DRM e a Secretaria da Indústria, do Comércio e Assuntos do Mercosul, do Estado do Paraná, por meio da Minerais do Paraná S A - MINEROPAR para compartilhamento de informações, desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico e atuação conjunta em emergências relacionadas a eventos geológico-geotécnicos
10:45–11:15h: Intervalo
11:15–11:45h: Perspectivas da gestão municipal para redução de risco a desastres (Antonio Gilberto Filippo Fernandes Junior - Prefeito de Guaratinguetá)
11:45–12:30h: Por quê é importante gerenciar riscos e não desastres (Joaquin Toro - Especialista Sênior em Gestão de Risco a Desastres do Banco Mundial)
12:30–13:30h: Almoço
Mesa Redonda: Geologia, Risco e Habitação: desafios para a redução de desastres
13:30–14:00h: O Programa Estadual de Prevenção de Desastres Naturais e de Redução de Riscos Geológicos (Maria José Brollo - Diretora do Núcleo de Geologia de Engenharia e Ambiental do IG)
14:00–14:30h: A relação entre os mapeamentos de risco e integração com sistemas de alerta no Estado do Rio de Ja
Instituto Geológico (1999). Seleção de áreas para tratamento e disposição fin...Maria José Brollo
INTRODUÇÃO
Desde 1988, o Instituto Geológico vem realizando estudos geoambientais na porção centro - leste do Estado de São Paulo. Destacam-se os estudos voltados à gestão ambiental, enfatizando aspectos decorrentes do desenvolvimento urbano-industrial. Dentre estes, um de suma importância na atualidade diz respeito aos resíduos sólidos.
Tem-se conhecimento de que as abordagens dadas a esse assunto incluem desde o seu aspecto amplo, como os resíduos na atual sociedade de consumo e globalizada, como aspectos mais restritos, como locais mais adequados para a disposição final dos resíduos, quando é imperativa a proteção ambiental e a saúde pública. Esse último enfoque é o que tem sido alvo de pesquisas técnico-científicas no Instituto Geológico. O projeto abordado neste momento diz respeito a seleção de áreas potenciais para disposição de resíduos sólidos, tendo como área geográfica de aplicação a Região Metropolitana de Campinas.
OBJETIVOS
Dentro do contexto apresentado deu-se o desenvolvimento de metodologia e definição de critérios específicos para a seleção de áreas potenciais para a disposição de resíduos sólidos domésticos e industriais. Teve como premissa a proteção aos recursos ambientais e, consequentemente, a manutenção da saúde pública. Considerou-se, para tanto, as características geoambientais que interferem nas condições de segurança de um empreendimento de recebimento de resíduos (aterro sanitário, central de tratamento de resíduos sólidos, por exemplo) e na manutenção da qualidade ambiental da região circunvizinha a ele.
METODOLOGIA
A estratégia adotada neste projeto de pesquisa para a identificação das áreas potenciais para a disposição de resíduos teve como diretrizes:
a) a necessidade de otimização de recursos humanos, de recursos financeiros e de tempo a ser dispendido na execução de estudos;
b) as peculiaridades fisiográficas, sócio-econômicas, e a política e legislação ambiental da região.
O processo de seleção de áreas potenciais para disposição de resíduos deve se iniciar com uma abordagem de caráter regional (escala 1:100.000). Assim, deve contemplar a definição de critérios e o levantamento de informações para a exclusão de áreas onde não seria possível a disposição de resíduos, considerando-se a fragilidade do meio físico e impedimentos legais.
Neste projeto foi desenvolvida a pesquisa dos aspectos metodológicos e critérios de análise utilizados na etapa regional. Assim, foram estudados quatro aspectos ou fatores fundamentais: sócio-políticos, fisiográficos, hidrogeológicos, e climáticos. A estratégia utilizada está sintetizada no fluxograma da Figura 1.
Após o levantamento e análise dos elementos de interesse para o estudo foram definidas classes de características e de propriedades consideradas como eliminatórias e restritivas (ou classificatórias). As propriedades consideradas eliminat
Avaliação da suscetibilidade de terrenos a perigos de instabilidade e poluiçã...Maria José Brollo
A identificação e a escolha de locais adequados para a disposição de resíduos, constitui uma das grandes preocupações de natureza ambiental na atualidade. Tal preocupação relaciona-se tanto com a proteção do ambiente contíguo a um empreendimento dessa natureza, como com a proteção do empreendimento em si, o qual pode estar exposto a perigos naturais associados a processos geodinâmicos.
No Estado de São Paulo, o Instituto Geológico da Secretaria do Meio Ambiente do Estado, tem desenvolvido pesquisas e projetos sobre o tema desde 1993. Tais pesquisas referem-se à avaliação de terrenos, considerando-se a análise da suscetibilidade dos terrenos à instabilização, bem como da vulnerabilidade desses mesmos terrenos à poluição de solos e águas. Essas análises subsidiam a identificação de áreas com variada adequabilidade para a disposição de resíduos.
Com o objetivo de consolidar e aprimorar a estratégia metodológica para a seleção de áreas adequadas à disposição de resíduos, o Instituto Geológico tem buscado a integração entre diferentes áreas de conhecimento, tais como Geologia, Geotecnia e Hidrogeologia. Tal esforço institucional inclui a especialização do quadro técnico através de contato com setores atuantes na gestão ambiental e intercâmbio técnico com instituições e organismos similares nacionais e internacionais.
O projeto “Avaliação da suscetibilidade de terrenos a perigos de instabilidade e poluição na Região Metropolitana de
Campinas”, ora apresentado, constitui importante etapa do processo de aperfeiçoamento, disseminação e internalização do conhecimento sobre o tema, através de cooperação técnica entre o Instituto Geológico (SMA-SP) e a Universidade de Sheffield, no Reino Unido.
O projeto, financiado pelo Fundo de Projetos Ambientais – Ministério de Relações Exteriores do Reino Unido, tem como principal objetivo subsidiar o avanço metodológico na avaliação de terrenos, através de atividades que incluem: desenvolvimento de pesquisas conjuntas,
palestras, seminário internacional, workshop, visitas técnicas de pesquisadores britânicos ao Brasil e de pesquisadores do Brasil a instituições britânicas, reuniões e negociações com vistas à elaboração de um programa de cooperação técnica entre o Instituto Geológico, Universidades do Estado de São Paulo (UNESP e UNICAMP) e instituições britânicas (Universidade de Sheffield, British Geological Survey, Environment Agency).
No presente relatório, são os apresentados resultados preliminares e registradas as atividades realizadas. A primeira parte inclui tividades relativas ao intercâmbio e à disseminação do conhecimento sobre o tema: palestras apresentadas no Consulado Britânico e no Seminário
Internacional “Progressos na avaliação de terrenos voltada à gestão ambiental” realizado na Secretaria do Meio Ambiente; material didático do workshop “O uso de geologia estrutural para
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
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for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Envtl Earth Sci_artigo-480
1. Environ Earth Sci
DOI 10.1007/s12665-010-0480-z
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geo-environmental mapping using physiographic analysis:
constraints on the evaluation of land instability and groundwater
pollution hazards in the Metropolitan District of Campinas, Brazil
Paulo Cesar Fernandes-da-Silva • Ricardo Vedovello •
Claudio Jose Ferreira • John Canning Cripps •
Maria Jose Brollo • Amelia Joao Fernandes
Received: 13 April 2009 / Accepted: 20 January 2010
Ó Springer-Verlag 2010
Abstract Geo-environmental terrain assessments and land instability and the vulnerability of groundwater to
territorial zoning are useful tools for the formulation and pollution hazards. The implementation incorporated proce-
implementation of environmental management instruments dures for inferring the influences and potential implications
(including policy-making, planning, and enforcement of of tectonic fractures and other discontinuities on ground
statutory regulations). They usually involve a set of proce- behaviour and local groundwater flow. Terrain attributes
dures and techniques for delimitation, characterisation and such as degree of fracturing, bedrock lithology and
classification of terrain units. However, terrain assessments weathered materials were explored as indicators of ground
and zoning exercises are often costly and time-consuming, properties. The paper also discusses constraints on- and
particularly when encompassing large areas, which in many limitations of- the approaches taken.
cases prevent local agencies in developing countries from
properly benefiting from such assessments. In the present Keywords Terrain units Á Satellite imagery Á
paper, a low-cost technique based on the analysis of texture Physiographic compartmentalisation Á Tectonic fracturing Á
of satellite imagery was used for delimitation of terrain Inferential tools
units. The delimited units were further analysed in two test
areas situated in Southeast Brazil to provide estimates of
Introduction
Data about the physical environment (such as rock and soil
P. C. Fernandes-da-Silva (&) Á R. Vedovello Á types, relief, vegetation and natural processes) are essential
C. J. Ferreira Á M. J. Brollo Á A. J. Fernandes to formulate and to implement successful strategies for
˜
Geological Institute, Sao Paulo State Secretariat of Environment,
environmental management. Such data underpin all policy-
˜
Av. Miguel Stefano nr. 3900, Sao Paulo CEP 04301-903, Brazil
e-mail: paulo.fernandes@igeologico.sp.gov.br; making and planning instruments and enforcement regula-
pfernandes_us@yahoo.co.uk tions which usually require geo-environmental terrain
R. Vedovello assessment and territorial zoning in terms of advantages and
e-mail: vedovello@igeologico.sp.gov.br constraints for development of different types (Culshaw
C. J. Ferreira et al. 1990; Zuquette et al. 2004). For regional planning and
e-mail: cferreira@igeologico.sp.gov.br watershed management purposes, such assessments provide
M. J. Brollo advice about the types of land use that would be acceptable
e-mail: mjbrollo@igeologico.sp.gov.br in certain areas but should be precluded in others. Fur-
A. J. Fernandes thermore, ranking of terrain units in terms of the likelihood
e-mail: amelia@igeologico.sp.gov.br and consequences of land instability also enable the iden-
tification, control and mitigation of hazards as well as
J. C. Cripps
provide decision support to contingency actions and/or to
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK engineering solutions (Cripps et al. 2002; Abella and Van
e-mail: j.c.cripps@sheffield.ac.uk Westen 2008).
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2. Environ Earth Sci
According to Cendrero et al. (1979) and Bennett and This paper describes an application of the synthetic
Doyle (1997) there are two main approaches to geo-envi- (integrated) approach to a geo-environmental terrain
ronmental terrain assessments and territorial zoning: (a) the assessment and territorial zoning exercise at a semi-regio-
analytical or parametric approach; and (b) the synthetic nal scale. This is exemplified by a case study that explores
approach, also termed integrated, landscape or physio- a low-cost technique comprising physiographic compart-
graphic approach. The parametric approach deals with mentalisation based on the use of satellite imagery for the
environmental features or components individually so that delimitation of terrain units. The resulting map is then
terrain units usually result from the intersection or carto- interpreted in terms of the potential for land instability and
graphic summation of several layers of information. Unit groundwater vulnerability in two test areas situated in the
limits do not necessarily correspond with ground features. ˜
Metropolitan District of Campinas (Sao Paulo State,
In the synthetic approach, the form and spatial distribution Southeast Brazil, see Fig. 2). Key to the success of this
of ground features are analysed in an integrated manner so approach was the incorporation of procedures for inferring
that the land units or divisions correspond with landscape the presence and characteristics of geological structures,
patterns that express interactions between environmental such as fractures and other discontinuities and the assess-
components. ment of these in terms of the potential implications to
Since the advent of airborne and orbital sensors, the ground stability and the flow of groundwater. A general
integrated analysis is based in the first instance, on the description of the physiographic compartmentalisation
interpretation of images and air-photos. In this case, the technique and a discussion of the performance and limi-
content and spatial boundaries of terrain units would tations of the approach are also provided.
directly correspond with ground features. According to
some authors, such correlation and also the recurrence of
particular landscape patterns gives rise to following The physiographic compartmentalisation technique
advantages: (1) facilitation of understanding by non-spe-
cialists and planners (Davidson 1992; Fernandes da Silva Geo-environmental terrain assessments and territorial
et al. 1997); and (2) providing of means of correlating zoning generally involve three main stages, as follows: (1)
known and unknown areas, thus permitting ground condi- delimitation of terrain units; (2) characterisation of units
tions to be reasonably predicted (Finlayson 1984; Moore (e.g. in bio-geographical, engineering geological or geo-
et al. 1993). Terrain units delineated using the physio- technical terms); and (3) evaluation and classification of
graphic approach should hold a genetically linked assem- units.
blage of components such as relief, rocks and soils, The first stage consists of dividing the territory into zones
independent of their sizes. Their definition depends on with respect to a set of pre-determined physical and envi-
climatic, tectonic and lithological criteria, as well as those ronmental characteristics and properties. Regions, zones or
of form (Mitchell 1991). units are regarded as distinguishable entities depending upon
Data collection, derivation from secondary data sources, their internal homogeneity or the internal interrelationships
and integration of data into useful databases are time- of their parts. Some authors argue that such homogeneity is
consuming, costly and difficult tasks to be performed in subjective and small-scale homogeneous units may not exist.
support of a particular project and/or agency function For instance, this has led to the use of fuzzy logic approach
(Nedovic-Budic 2000). In addition, the complexity of GIS (e.g. Zhu et al. 2001; Zhu and Mackay 2001; Shi et al. 2004).
methodology, lack of suitably trained staff and the scarce Although detailed and spatially continuous terrain informa-
organizational resources have been blamed for the under- tion may be attainable through these methods, the required
utilisation of GIS methods (Harris and Weiner 1998; digital data derivation and computing operations tend to be
Vernez-Moudon and Hubner 2000). These difficulties and complex, thus necessitating specialist hard- and software
limitations inhibit both local and regional authorities in that are not always readily available.
developing countries (like Brazil) from properly benefiting The characterisation of terrain units consists of
from geo-environmental terrain assessment outputs in ascribing and surveying relevant properties and character-
planning and environmental management instruments. istics of terrain components that are expected to affect the
From another viewpoint, some authors such as Sahay and ground conditions relevant to the particular application.
ˆ
Walsham (1996); Barton et al. (2002); Camara and Fonseca Such characterisation can be achieved either directly or
(2007) propose that developing countries should ensure indirectly, for instance, by means of (a) ground observa-
that options for using low-cost technology are properly tions and measurements, including in situ tests (e.g. boring,
considered as a way to gain knowledge about the tech- sampling, infiltration tests etc.); (b) laboratory tests (e.g.
nology itself and also in the creation of products that fit grain size, strength, porosity, permeability etc.); (c) infer-
their specific needs. ences derived from existing correlations between relevant
123
3. Environ Earth Sci
parameters and other data such as those obtained from characteristics in satellite images (or air-photos) correspond
previous mapping, remote sensing, geophysical and geo- with specific associations of geo-environmental components
chemical records. (such as bedrock, topography and landforms, soils and
The final stage consists of evaluating and classifying the covering materials) with a common tectonic history and land
terrain units in a manner relevant to the purposes of the surface evolution. Such associations are thought to imply
particular application (e.g. regional planning, transporta- specific ground responses to engineering and other land-use
tion, hazard mapping). This is based on the analysis and actions.
interpretation of properties and characteristics of terrain— The interpretation procedure is a top-down process that
identified as relevant—and their potential effects in terms starts with the whole landscape which is then subdivided
of ground behaviour, particularly in response to human into land parcels. It is assumed that there is a correlation
activities. between image texture and terrain characteristics that are
In order to reduce the fieldwork effort required for the expressed at different scales and levels of compartmental-
delimitation of terrain units, consideration was given to an isation, generally associated with regions or areal domains
increased reliance on remote sensing tools, particularly of decreasing size. The main outcome of this is a single
satellite imagery. The advantages include (a) the genera- cartographic product consisting of comprehensive units
tion of new data in areas where existing data are sparse, delimited by fixed spatial boundaries (that correspond with
discontinuous or non-existent, and (b) the economical ground features). These are referred to as physiographic
coverage of large areas, availability of a variety of spatial compartments or basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs),
resolutions, relatively frequent and periodic updating of which according to Vedovello and Mattos (1998), are the
images (Schmidt and Glaesser 1998; Lillesand and Kiefer smallest units for analysis of geo-environmental compo-
2000; Latifovic et al. 2005; Akiwumi and Butler 2008). nents at the chosen cartographic scale. In other words, there
The physiographic compartmentalisation technique is a relationship between the BCUs and the scales of
(Vedovello 1993, 2000) utilises the spatial information observation and representation, which is governed by the
contained in images and the principles of convergence of spatial resolution of the satellite image or air-photos being
evidence (see Sabins 1987) in a systematic deductive used for the analysis and interpretation.
process of image interpretation. The technique evolved The tracing of limits of textural zones concentrates on
from engineering applications of the synthetic land classi- the analysis of the spatial arrangement of natural align-
fication approach (e.g. Grant 1968, 1974, 1975; TRRL ments of image textural elements, particularly groups of
1978), by incorporating and advancing the logic and pro- contiguous pixels related to the drainage network and relief
cedures of geological-geomorphological photo-interpreta- architecture. Tonal properties are used to help with the
tion (see Guy 1966; Howard 1967; Soares and Fiori 1976), identification and interpretation of linear features. Image
which were then converted to monoscopic imagery as interpretation may also be supported by external sources
proposed by Beaumont and Beaven (1977); Verstappen such as topographic, geological and soil maps.
(1977); Soares et al. (1981) and others. The procedures for the delimitation of units include
Magnitude and variations of light and shade play a key assessment of spatial characteristics of textural zones to
role in the image interpretation, with texture and respective check for internal homogeneity and the degree of similarity
patterns being determined by an interaction between the between zones, particularly their form (spatial distribution)
shapes of surface features and the angle of incidence of and directionality of texture elements (degree of isotropy).
light. In this sense, texture expresses the frequency of tonal Usually, ground checks are carried out to confirm or adjust
(grey-level value) change within an image and arises due to the photo-interpreted boundaries of physiographic units
the distribution and aggregation of minor components (BCUs). Figure 1 shows examples taken from the Campi-
(texture elements) that preserve their own characteristics nas study area presented in this paper, in which two BCUs
(e.g. shape, size, tone) at a determined spatial resolution. are compared in terms of spatial organisation of textural
These unitary elements may be too small to be discerned elements associated with drainage and relief features.
individually on the image, but define a consistent spatial After delimitation, the BCUs are then utilised as a
arrangement that can be described in terms of visual texture module for storage, processing and analysis of geo-envi-
features (Tamura et al. 1978). Image interpretation aims at ronmental data for further land assessments. The organisa-
identifying and delineating textural zones on images tion of data and information in relation to the BCU polygons
according to the properties described in Table 1, wherein in a geo-referenced databank allows optimised procedures
features such as coarseness, roughness, regularity, and of query and production of derived maps. The analysis and
direction are taken into account. evaluation is undertaken up to the (fixed) spatial boundaries
The key assumption proposed by Vedovello (1993, 2000) of the BCUs so that different parameters or attributes can be
is that zones with relatively homogeneous textural used in the subsequent stages of analysis (characterisation
123
4. Environ Earth Sci
Table 1 Description of elements and properties used for recognition and delineation of distinctive textural zones on satellite imagery (Vedovello
1993, 2000)
Textural entities and properties Description
Image texture element The smallest continuous and uniform surface liable to be distinguishable in terms of shape and dimensions and
likely to be repetitive throughout an image. Usual types of image texture elements taken for analysis
include: segments of drainage or relief (e.g. crestlines, slope breaks) and grey tones
Texture density The quantity of textural elements occurring within an area on image. Texture density is defined as the inverse
of the mean distance between texture elements. Although it reflects a quantitative property, textural density
is frequently described in qualitative and relative terms such as high, moderate low etc. Size of texture
elements combined with texture density determines features such as coarseness and roughness
Textural arrangement The form (ordered or not) by which textural elements occur and are spatially distributed on image. Texture
elements of similar characteristics may be contiguous thus defining alignments or linear features on image.
The spatial distribution may be repetitive and it is usually expressed by ‘patterns’ that tend to be recurrent
(regularity). For example, forms defined by texture elements due to drainage expressed in rectangular,
dendritic or radial patterns
Structuring (degree of spatial The greater or lesser organisation underlying the spatial distribution of textural elements and defined by
organisation) repetition of texture elements within a certain rule of placement. Such organisation is usually expressed in
terms of regular or systematic spatial relations, such as length, angularity, asymmetry and especially
prevailing orientations (tropy or directionality)
Tropy reflects the anisotropic (existence of one, two or three preferred directions), or the isotropic (multi-
directional or no predominant direction) character of textural features. Asymmetry refers to length and
angularity of linear features (rows of contiguous texture elements) in relation to an axe or main feature
identified on image. The degree of organisation can also be expressed by qualitative terms such as high,
moderate, low or yet as well- or poorly defined
Structuring order Complexity in the organisation of textural elements, mainly reflecting superposition of image structuring. For
example, a regional directional trend of textural elements that can be extremely pervasive, distinctive and
superimposed to other orientations also observed on imagery. Another example is given by drainage
networks displaying different orders with reference to main stream lines and tributaries (first, second, third
orders)
Fig. 1 Examples of basic
compartmentalisation units
(BCUs) taken from Test Area
T1 with similar codification
CRR: C crystalline basement,
R granitic Gneiss, R large
rolling hills with aligned
crestlines and rectilinear slope
profile. Landsat TM5,
composite image, Bands 3–4–5,
greyscale. a Drainage lines;
b relief lines; c frequency
histograms for azimuth
directions of texture elements
associated with drainage and
relief features. Fourth level of
compartmentalisation of BCUs
expresses the predominant
drainage directions:
CRR2 = ENE ? NW ? NE;
CRR3 = NE ? NNE ? NW
and relief line directions:
CRR2 = NW ? NE;
CRR3 = NNW ? NE in c
frequency histograms
123
5. Environ Earth Sci
and classification of units) while keeping their cartographic visual interpretation and vector format manual digitising
significance and cohesion as unitary entity, i.e. no changes with Erdas Imaging software.
to the boundaries of existing polygons or generation of new The delimitation of units was based on image texture
ones are required (Tominaga et al. 2004). characteristics expressed by groups of contiguous pixels
related to drainage and relief features. For this a minimum
line segment length of 30 m (one pixel) was used. It should
Geo-environmental terrain evaluation: a case study be noted that the dimensions of BCUs directly relate to the
spatial resolution of the image and also to the visibility of
The present study was carried out in two test areas, T1 and ground features, such as drainage and relief lineaments. In
T2 (Fig. 2), located in the Metropolitan District of Cam- the present investigation, the smallest BCU in Area T1 was
pinas (RMC), the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which 0.7 km2 (approx. 820 pixels) and the average area was
encompasses 19 municipalities and covers approximately 3.6 km2, whereas in Area T2 their areas were, respectively,
1,800 km2. Area T1 (80 km2) comprises a rugged topo- 1.24 km2 (approx. 1,380 pixels) and 6.17 km2. Visual
graphy with small and large hills and ridges of significant image interpretation was supported by external ancillary
slope steepness, consisted mainly of Pre-Cambrian crys- data concerning bedrock lithology, structural geology,
talline rocks (gneiss and granite). Area T2 (192 km2) con- topography and geomorphology.
sists of Palaeozoic to Tertiary sedimentary and intrusive Depiction of natural linear features is dependent upon
volcanic rocks that form a flatter topography comprising grey-level values that are influenced by the gradient of land
undulating and rolling hills together with Quaternary age surface and its position in relation to sunlight exposure.
alluvial plain deposits. Drainage lines were frequently associated with dark pixel
patches as follows: (a) enriched tonal contrast due to
Terrain Compartmentalisation absorption of energy by surface water and strips of river-
side vegetation in Band 3; (b) dark tonal contrast due to
A Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image (path 220, row high moisture content emphasised in Near-IR (Band 4) and
076, captured on 12 September 1997, end of dry season) Mid-IR (Band 5); (c) patches of shading or relatively dark
was selected for this study. Factors influencing this choice tonal contrast as an expression of negative slope breaks
included temporal, spectral, spatial, and synoptic charac- (decreasing slope steepness) in valleys and watercourses.
teristics as well as good availability and lower cost than Relief lines were usually demarcated by subtle limits
other products. The date of image acquisition slightly between contrasting zones of lighting and shading on the
preceded recent major urban and industrial development in image that were defined by relatively bright ground sloping
the region. From the full scene two sub-sets of 250 9 313 towards the direction of sunlight. In areas of low vegetation
and 375 9 500 pixels, corresponding to test areas T1 and density and soil exposure, lower moisture content tended to
T2, respectively, were selected. The BCUs were delimited enhance these contrasts. In many cases, these features
on a geo-referenced composite sub-image—Band 3 (visible corresponded with ridge tops, crestlines and positive slope
wavelength) ? Band 4 (Near-IR) ? Band 5 (Mid-IR)— breaks (increasing slope steepness), whose identification
false RGB colours at 30 m pixel resolution using on-screen was also facilitated by association with drainage heads.
Fig. 2 Location map showing
the study region (Metropolitan
District of Campinas) in the
˜
State of Sao Paulo, Southeast
Brazil, and the Test Areas T1
and T2. Scale bar applies to the
map of the Metropolitan District
of Campinas
0 18 36 km
123
6. Environ Earth Sci
The main characteristics considered for the delimitation Characterisation of units
of BCUs included (a) density of texture elements related to
drainage and relief lines, (b) spatial arrangement of Based on a minimum areal extent of 3 km2, accessibility
drainage and relief lines in terms of form and degree of contiguity of units and the planned structural geological
organisation (direction, regularity and pattern), (c) length analysis, 13 BCUs in each test area were selected for fur-
of lines and their angular relationships, (d) linearity of ther geo-environmental assessments in which both spatial
mainstream channel and asymmetry of tributaries, (e) image characteristics and external data sources were con-
density of interfluves, (f) hillside length, and (g) slope sidered. The areas were verified and complemented with
forms. These characteristics were identified mainly on the ground checks.
basis of image interpretation, but external ancillary data Inferences relating to environmental properties and
were also used to assist image interpretation for the iden- characteristics of geotechnical interest based on correla-
tification of relief-related characteristics, such as slope tions of image properties from remotely sensed data were
forms and interfluve dimensions. particularly investigated. The principle postulated was that
Figure 3 shows the basic compartmentalisation units image texture related to the properties/characteristics of the
(BCUs) delineated for Test Areas T1 and T2, and the imaged target enables reasonable deductions about geo-
respective drainage networks. As illustrated in Fig. 1, units technical-engineering attributes (Beaumont and Beaven
are identified by three-letter codes and one numerical 1977; Beaumont 1985).
character, corresponding, respectively, to (a) physiographic In view of the aims of the study to estimate suscepti-
domain, (b) predominant bedrock lithology and geological bility of land to instability and the vulnerability ground-
structure, (c) geomorphological setting including predom- water to pollution, as well as other factors such as scales of
inant landforms, and (d) specific characteristics such as soil observation and representation, data availability and deri-
profile and erosional and aggradational features. Examples vation, the following attributes were primarily considered
of the codification of UBCs are provided in Table 2. A to be relevant and selected for the characterisation of
summary of relationships between image texture charac- BCUs: (a) bedrock lithology, (b) tectonic discontinuities
teristics, bedrock lithology and relief/landform system is (generically referred to as fracturing), (c) soil profile
presented in Table 3. (including thickness, texture and mineralogy), (d) slope
Fig. 3 Drainage networks
(a, b) and basic compart-
mentalisation units (BCUs) in
Test Areas T1 and T2 delineated
on a Landsat TM5 composite
sub-image—bands 3, 4, 5,
greyscale (c, d). Note greater
density, spatial organisation and
angularity expressed by
drainage network of Area
T1 (crystalline rocks) in
comparison with Area
T2 (predominantly sedimentary
rocks). UTM projection and
coordinates
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7. Environ Earth Sci
Table 2 Examples of codification of basic physiographic units (UBCs)
UBC Code description
BAA1 Physiographic domain: B (sedimentary basin)
Bedrock lithology: A (sandstone: medium to coarse grained, predominantly massif, quatzose)
System of relief/landforms: A (wide undulating hills, convex to flat top, gentle to moderate slope)
Specific characteristics: 1 (sandy-clayey soil grading to sandy-silty in depth, thickness 1 to 5 m,
predominant uni-directional arrangement of drainage and relief lines)
CLT1 Physiographic domain: C (crystalline basement)
Bedrock lithology: L (laminated gneiss)
System of relief/landforms: T (small rolling hills, sharp and narrow top, aligned crestlines, moderate slope)
Specific characteristics: 1 (sandy to sandy-silty soils, thickness [4 m, concave hillside)
Table 3 Relationships between second (bedrock lithology) and third (relief/landform systems) levels of physiographic compartmentalisation
and image texture characteristics, particularly density and spatial organisation of texture elements associated with drainage and relief features
Image texture characteristics
Bedrock lithology (assigned code)
Granites (S) and granitic-gneisses (R) Drainage and relief alignments that reflect structural geological lineaments at NW and N–S
orientation. High-density (texture density related to) drainage forms ([3 km/km2) with
directional anisotropy expressed by rectangular and oblique patterns
Gneisses: banded (B, O), laminated (L), Moderate to high-density (2–3 km/km2) drainage forms: sub-dendritic, parallel, sub-parallel to
schistose (N) angulated, tendency to bi- or tri-directional anisotropy (one direction mostly associated with
metamorphic foliation)
Sandstone: medium to coarse grained (A) Dendritic drainage forms, locally radial or angulated, low to moderate density (2 km/km2),
and variable tropy (uni-bi, and tri-directional to isotropic)
Mudstones (B), siltstones (G), Moderate to high (2–3 km/km2) density of drainage lineaments with sub-dendritic to angulated
rythmites (B, G) and fine-grained forms, bi- or tri-directional anisotropic arrangements that grade into isotropic (sandy
sandstones (C, F) constituency)
Dolerites (intrusive volcanic rocks) (D) Lineaments associated with positive relief slope breaks of greater amplitude. Drainage forms
tend to be isotropic and low to moderate (2 km/km2) density of drainage lines
Aluvional deposits (no code) Smoother texture bounded by negative slope breaks in association with dense vegetation strips
Relief/landform system (assigned code)
Wide undulating hills (A) Convex hillsides and flat tops characterised by relative scarcity of textural elements related to
drainage. Subtle positive slope breaks. Gentle slopes
Small undulating hills (P, M) Predominant concave hillsides and valleys identified by negative slope breaks, sharp and
narrow ridges, aligned crestlines in some cases, gentle to moderate slope
Large rolling hills (R) Variable and alternate concave and convex hillsides, mostly associated with positive slope
breaks, sharp but wide ridges, aligned crestlines, steep slope
Small rolling hills (T, C) Predominant concave hillsides and valleys identified by negative slope breaks, sharp and
narrow ridges, aligned crestlines transverse to the main ridge top in some cases, moderate
slopes
steepness (as an expression of local topography), and (e) primary (inter-granular) permeability of the unsaturated
water table depth. zone. Thus, this feature directly affects groundwater vul-
nerability. In metamorphic and igneous rocks, which pre-
Bedrock lithology dominate in Test Area T1, secondary permeability (due to
discontinuities) would be more important in terms of
The mineralogy, grain size and fabric of the bedrock and groundwater flow and it is also essential to consider the
related weathered materials, control properties such as weathered materials originating from such crystalline
shear strength, pore water suction, infiltration capacity and rocks. In this sense, Fernandes (2003) suggests that two
natural attenuation of contaminants. According to Vrba and situations should be considered when estimating ground-
Civita (1994), hydraulic accessibility to the saturated zone water vulnerability in crystalline rocks: (a) where weath-
in sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sediments, which ering cover is thick, the composition of the weathered
predominate in Test Area T2, mainly depends on the materials will strongly influence vulnerability; and (b)
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8. Environ Earth Sci
where weathering cover is thin or absent, the vulnerability underpinned inferences about major and small-scale
will be conditioned by the occurrence and characteristics of structures, including joints and schistosity.
the discontinuities within the rock mass. As demonstrated by Fernandes and Rudolph (2001) and
Bedrock lithology is also liable to influence land insta- Fernandes da Silva et al. (2005), lineament analysis can be
bility processes depending on the mineralogical composi- integrated with empirical models of tectonic history based
tion, fabric and inherent structures. The orientations, on outcrop scale palaeostress regime determinations to
characteristics and spacings of rock mass discontinuities identify areas of greater density and interconnectivity of
are particularly important in this regard (Hudec 1998). fractures as well as greater probability of open fractures. In
In the present study, the bedrock types were grouped addition, it is possible to deduce angular relationships
according to their fresh (unweathered) state as well as between rock structures (strike and dip) and between these
taking account of any saprolitic and other altered materials and hill slope directions.
where present. Crystalline rocks were grouped as follows: The following assumptions were made in order to
Gr—granites (mostly coarse-grained, massive or foliated); characterise fracturing in the rock or saprolitic soil mass:
Gngr—granitic gneisses (mostly fine-grained, foliated);
(a) Variations of density and connectivity of fractures
B—banded gneisses; X—schistose gneisses and shear zone
could be mapped through lineament analysis by direct
mylonites; Bx—mixed gneisses (including both composi-
correlation, respectively, with density and intersection
tional banding and schistosity); and D—dolerites. Sedi-
of lineaments on images, because in the study area
mentary rocks were grouped into Iam—sandstones
most of the fractures were vertical or sub-vertical so
(medium to coarse grained, mostly massive); Iaf—sand-
they appeared as rectilinear traces at the surface.
stones (fine grained, mostly stratified); IDR—mudstones
(b) Late tectonic events (Cenozoic) control the aperture
with pebbles and laminated rhythmites; FRC—intercalated
of fractures and according to Fernandes and Amaral
sandstones, siltstones, claystones, and mudstones of the
(2002), in most cases, a particular tectonic event gives
weakly consolidated Tertiary age Rio Claro formation.
rise to a generally pervading stress field which
Clay content and its variation through the weathering
controls the orientation and character of fractures in
profile have a particularly significant effect on groundwater
a localised area. Those generated by extensional
vulnerability and erosional processes (Aller et al. 1987;
tectonic stress are of particular interest as they usually
Hill and Rosenbaum 1998). In this regard, lithological
display greater apertures. For instance, water flow
groups B, X and Bx give rise to predominantly clayey
tends to be much faster in the wider aperture fractures
weathered materials that are likely to provide greater
as gravity forces would prevail over capillarity forces
attenuation capacity and reduced hydraulic accessibility to
and soil-matrix hydraulic conductivity in rainy epi-
the saturated zone. On the other hand, groups Gr and Gngr
sodes and nearly saturated conditions (Wang and
would produce sandy materials and greater hydraulic
Narasimhan 1993).
accessibility to the saturated zone. The presence of schis-
tosity and foliation discontinuities within the rock and Lineaments extracted from images were cross-referenced
saprolitic materials would tend to cause slope failure and with field (structural-geological) measurements gathered in
landsliding hazards, depending on the orientation of those the present study and also available from Fernandes (1997).
features with respect to the direction of slopes and also on Density of lineament (km/km2) and lineament intersections
the groundwater conditions. (number/km2) were computed automatically using a com-
Data on bedrock lithology were derived from existing puter script written in MapBasicÒ in a MapInfo package
geological maps which were cross-referenced with image and then cross-referenced with visual inspection and
textural characteristics including density of aligned textural manual counting to check the accuracy of the automated
elements related to drainage and relief in particular (see method.
Table 3). Non-parametric statistical tests (see Fernandes da Silva
et al. 2005; Fernandes da Silva and Cripps 2008) were
Tectonic discontinuities performed in combination with visual analysis of trends of
lineaments on rose diagrams (see Fernandes and Rudolph
Geological structures such as faults and joints in the rock 2001; Fernandes and Amaral 2002) to identify the tectonic
mass, together with their relict structures in saprolitic structures associated with specific tectonic events in each
soils, exert significant influences on shear strength and basic compartmentalisation unit (BCU). Greater probabil-
hydraulic properties of geomaterials (Aydin 2002; Pine ity of occurrence (and frequency) of open fractures was
and Harrison 2003). In the present study, analysis of deduced from BCUs where extensional stress regimes were
lineaments extracted from satellite images and knowledge considered to prevail due to the effect of tectonic event E3-
about the regional tectonic evolution of the area (Table 4) NW (see Table 4).
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9. Environ Earth Sci
Table 4 Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the region of Campinas according to Fernandes and Amaral (2002)
Age Principal palaeostress directions Shear fracture Extensional fracture Tectonic
(plan view) orientations orientations event
Quaternary σ1 N20–30W and N50–60E N10–30E E5-NNE
σ3
σ1 N30–50W and N30–50E NS E4-NS
σ3
σ1 WNW and NNW–NS N30–60 W E3-NW
σ3
Neogene σ3 N45–65W and N45–65E EW E2-EW
σ1
Cretaceous to paleogene σ1
EW-ENE and NNE-NS NE E1-NE
σ3
Estimates of the potential magnitude of fracturing were drainage conditions. In this regard slope steepness is a
derived from qualitative scores given according to the meaningful and measurable indicator. Similarly, water
following attributes (Table 5): (a) lineament density (per table depth is also controlled by the local topography.
km2); (b) lineament intersections (per km2); and (c) pre- Hence, the assessment of potential for land instability and
dominant tectonic event in each BCU. Such scores were enhanced groundwater vulnerability were based upon soil
assigned in relation to statistical mean values determined profile, slope steepness and water table depth, either solely
for each attribute except for the relevant predominant or in combination.
tectonic event. In this case, maximum score (A) was For instance, infiltration capacity is a function of slope
assigned to tectonic event E3-NW and minimum score (B) steepness and inter-granular (primary) permeability of the
to any other event including E4-NS (also extensional). uppermost layer of the unsaturated zone (Rubin and
Classes of fracturing were derived from the relative pro- Steinhardt 1963, quoted by Fernandes 2003). As observed
portion of these qualitative scores as follows: Class 1: three by Thornton et al. (2001), contaminants are mostly atten-
scores ‘‘B’’; Class 2: one score ‘‘A’’; Class 3: two or three uated by processes of biodegradation and adsorption that
scores ‘‘A’’. These classes were designed to express depend on the mineralogical composition, texture and
increasing magnitude of fracturing and therefore greater thickness of the unsaturated zone materials.
potential influence on ground behaviour. For the present investigation, data on thickness and
texture of soil profiles were assembled to express the
Soil profile, slope steepness and water table depth mineralogy, grain size, structure, strength and density/
degree of compaction of generic soil types. Soil horizons
The development of a particular thickness and type of were characterised using a geotechnical approach as sap-
tropical soil profile depends not only upon the parental rolite, residual, superficial and gravity-transported hori-
materials present but also upon local topography and zons. Primary data were derived from existing soil maps
Table 5 Qualitative scores attributed to the parameters (density of lineaments, density of lineament intersections, predominant tectonic event)
taken for derivation of classes of fracturing
Parameter Density of lineaments (km/km2) Density of lineament intersections (km/km2) Predominant tectonic event
a a b b
Parameter value [3.90 3.90 [2.99 2.99 E3-NW E4-NS Undefined
Score A B A B A B B
a
Range of average values of density of fracturing for BCUs in Test Areas T1 and T2: from 1.26 and 7.97 km/km2
b
Range of average values of density of lineament intersections for BCUs in Test Areas T1 and T2: from 0.06 to 10.97 intersections per km2
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10. Environ Earth Sci
supplemented with field observations for representative soil classification of units as this was consistent with relatively
profiles in each BCU. Soil profile data were stored as a coarse scale of the cartographic maps (1:50,000), and the
BCU attribute table using the MapInfo package. amount of data available.
Thirteen representative soil weathering profiles, from
sandy to clayey, were identified and three classes of soil Evaluation and classification of units
thickness were defined as follows: (a) 2 m, (b) 2–5 m;
and (c) [5 m. These classes were designed to account for Three steps were required for the evaluation and classifi-
the different impacts of soil thickness on hydraulic acces- cation of units: (a) definition of classes to express the
sibility to the saturated zone as well as to the potential estimated magnitude of the parameter being analysed; (b)
impacts of construction work. definition of classification rules depending on the purposes
Average slope steepnesses were derived both manually of the study; and (c) evaluation and final cartography,
and semi-automatically for each BCU. The manual pro- including the application of classification rules and analysis
cedure involved measurements from existing printed of units for presentation on maps or other forms of output.
topographic 1:50,000 scale maps. The freeware GIS and First, four classes each of groundwater vulnerability and
ˆ
image processing package SPRING (Camara et al. 1996; of susceptibility to land instability were designated as very
INPE 2009) was used for the semi-automated methods. The high, high, moderate and low. Attribute or ‘‘synthesis’’
procedure included (a) digitising of sub-sets of 20-m con- tables were constructed (in GIS MapInfo package) specif-
tour lines from the existing paper record 1:50,000 topo- ically for these purposes. These contained data on the
graphic maps (as no digital maps were available); (b) selected attributes for each BCU, which were allocated in
derivation of heights from 50 9 50-m square numerical fields or columns as follows (see Table 6a, b): (a) BCU:
grids obtained by interpolation from 20-m contour lines. unit code; (b) G_LITO: grouped bedrock lithology; (c)
Generation of numerical grids was performed using a built- CLAS_FRAT: classes of fracturing; (d) TYPE_SOIL:
in weighted mean interpolator based on quadrants and predominant soil type considering the whole weathered
restriction of repeated elevation values. Overlaying oper- profile; (e) THICK_SOIL: average thickness of the whole
ations and use of a computer routine written in LEGALÒ profile; (f) NA: average water table depth; and (g)
(Spatial Language for Geo-processing Algebra) to perform CLAS_DECLIV: class of slope steepness (declivity).
neighbourhood operations over the numerical grids pro- Qualitative and semi-quantitative rules of classification
vided average slope steepness values for each polygon. The were devised from a mixture of empirical knowledge and
following slope steepness classes were used: Low—less statistical approaches and then applied to each BCU. The
than 5°; Medium—between 5° and 10°; High—between classification tool was a spreadsheet-based model that used
10° and 15°; Very high—greater than 15°. nominal, interval and numerical average values as assigned
Tonal contrast in Near-IR (Band 4) and Mid-IR (Band 5) in the synthesis attribute tables, in a two-step procedure to
was used to indicate the presence of water in the sub-sur- produce the required estimates. In the first step, each
face, particularly in the unsaturated zone. However, such selected attribute was analysed and grouped into three
proxy information was insufficient for use in engineering categories shown in Tables 7 and 8, as follows: high (A),
land assessments. Therefore, data on water table depth from moderate (M), and low (B) depending upon their potential
existing borehole and well records were also used and cross- influence on groundwater vulnerability and land instability
referenced with image interpretation. Data on hydrostatic processes. In the second step, all attributes were considered
depth from borehole and well records were plotted on the as having the same relative influence and final classifica-
digitised topographic maps to allow derivation by interpo- tion for each BCU was the sum of the scores (either A, M
lation and extrapolation where water table depth contours or B) respective to each attribute considered. The possible
were assumed to be approximately parallel to the topo- combinations of these are illustrated in Table 9.
graphic contours. However, such derivation approach led to As discussed later in the paper, limitations for deriving
inaccuracies such as major variations of hydrostatic level in information on soil thickness and water table depth as well
similar topographic situations, and in order to reduce them, as to make such information compatible to BCUs prevented
image interpretation and statistical parameters (median and the incorporation of all selected attributes into the classifi-
standard deviation) were combined to determine the trends cation scheme. Therefore, the evaluation/classification of
in hydrostatic depth in top, hillside and valley situations. By units was based upon bedrock lithology, tectonic disconti-
this means contour lines for 5, 10, and 20 m depth were nuities (fracturing), soil type and slope steepness (declivity).
traced with approximately 80% of confidence, where the The classification of units was performed either manu-
confidence level was determined by validation against the ally or semi-automatically through GIS-based operations.
original data. For convenience, the 10-m contour line was The latter involved logical spatial operations to set attri-
then adopted as a criterion in further evaluation and butes into categories high (A), moderate (M) and low (B)
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11. Environ Earth Sci
Table 6 Summary data
UBC GROUP_ LITO CLAS_FRAT TYPE_SOIL THICK_SOIL N_A CLAS_DECLIV
(a) Test Area T1
CSA1 Gr 2 Sandy [6.5 m 10, [10 Low
CLC1 X 3 No information No information [10 to 10 Medium
CRA1 Gr 3 Sandy [6.5 m [10 to 10 Medium
CNC2 X, Bx 3 Sandy to sandy-silty [4.0 m 10, [10 Medium
CRR3 Bx/GnGr 3 Sandy grading to clayey in depth [3.5 m [10 to 10 Very high
CNC1 B, X 3 Clayey to sandy in depth [1.0 m [10 to 10 Medium
BAC1 IAM, Gr/X 1 Sandy No information 10, [10 Medium
CRR2 GnGr/B 3 No information No information [10 to 10 Very high
CRR5 GnGr/B, Bx 3 Sandy-clayey grading to clayey- 5–10 m [10, 10 High
sandy or sandy-silty in depth;
occurrence of detached blocks
COC3 Bx, B 3 Sandy 3.5 m [10, 10 Medium/high
CSR3 Gr, Bx 3 Occurrence of detached blocks 1–5 m 10, [10 High
CLR3 X, Bx/GnGr 3 No information No information 10, [10 High
CLT1 B, X, Bx/GnGr 3 Sandy to sandy-silty 4.0 m 10, [10 Medium
(b) Test Area T2
BAA1 IAM, IAF 1 Sandy-clayey grading sandy-silty 1–5 m [10, 10 Low/medium
in depth
BBP2 IDR, IAF, D 3 Sandy-silty grading to sandy- 1–5 m 10, [10 Medium
clayey in depth; medium to low
compacity
BAA2 IAF, IAM 1 Clayey-sandy 1–5 m [10 to 10 Medium
BAP1 IAM, D 2 Sandy to sandy-silty grading to [2 m [10, 10 Low/medium
silty-sandy in depth
BBM3 IDR, FRC, D 1 Sandy-clayey; blocky; moderately [2 m 10, [10 Low
compact
BCA1 IAF 1 Clayey-sandy grading to sandy- [1.8 m 10 to [10 Medium
silty in depth; blocky
BGA1 (1) FRC 1 Sandy-clayey grading to sandy- [2 m [10, 10 Low
silty and clayey-sandy in depth
BBP7 IDR, IAF, D 3 Sandy-clayey to sandy-silty [2 m 10 to [10 Low/medium
BCP2 FRC, D 2 Sandy to sandy-silty; massif 5–10 m [10 Low
BFA1 FRC, IAF 1 Sandy-clayey; friable; granular [2 m [10, 10 Low
BGA1 (2) FRC, IAF 1 Sandy-clayey grading to sandy- [2 m [10, 10 Low
silty and clayey-sandy in depth
BDA2 D, IAF 2 Clayey-sandy No information 10, [10 Low
BDA1 D, IAF 1 Clayey-sandy a clayey No information 10, [10 Low
BCU basic compartmentalisation unit code, G_LITO grouped bedrock lithology, CLAS_FRAT class of fracturing, TYPE_SOIL predominant soil
type, THICK_SOIL average soil thickness, NA average water table depth, CLAS_DECLIV class of slope steepness
with mathematical (summation) to produce the final Relatively greater slope steepness and fracturing as well
estimates. as predominant sandy soils in Test Area T1 were associated
The outcomes presented here were achieved manually with a greater number of BCUs classified as to high and
using GIS to display and manipulate results. Tables 10 and very high susceptibility to land instability processes (12 out
11 show the estimated susceptibility to land instability of 13) in comparison with Test Area T2 (just 1 out of 13).
processes and groundwater vulnerability in the two test On the other hand, by reducing rates of infiltration, greater
areas with each attribute considered individually and slope steepness may lower the impact of fracturing on
summed for all the attributes. Figures 4 and 5 show overall groundwater vulnerability, particularly in crystalline and
classifications in spatial map format. less weathered rocks, which predominate in Area T1.
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12. Environ Earth Sci
Table 7 Attributes used for evaluation/classification of units (BCUs) according to their potential influence (high, moderate, low) on ground-
water vulnerability to pollution hazards
Attributes High (A) Moderate (M) Low (B)
Bedrock IAM, Gr/Xa (coarse-grained Gr (granites) B (banded gneisses)
lithology sandstones ? mix of granites GnGr/B, X, Bxa (mix of granitic and banded X (laminated to schistose
and schists) gneisses ? laminated to schistose gneisses ? banded gneisses)
IAM (coarse-grained mylonitic gneisses) Bx (banded mylonitic gneisses)
sandstones) B, X, Bx/Gngra (banded gneisses ? schistose gneisses ? mix IDR (mudstones with pebbles
of banded mylonitic gneisses and granitic-gneisses) and rythmites)
FRC (Rio Claro Formation—mix of sandy mudstones, D (dolerites)
siltstones, muddy sandstones and rythmites)
IAF (fine-grained sandstones)
Fracturing 3 2 1
Soil type Sandy Sandy-clayey Clayey
Sandy-silty Sandy- silty to sandy-clayey Clayey-sandy
Sandy-clayey grading to sandy- Sandy grading to clayey
silty Sandy-clayey grading to clayey
Sandy to sandy-silty Clayey-sandy grading to sandy-clayey
Clayey-sandy grading to Clayey grading to sandy
sandy-silty
Slope Low Low to medium High
steepness Medium Very high
Medium to high
a
Groups separated by forward slash comprise an undistinguished mixture of bedrock lithologies. The ‘‘comma’’ sign indicates the occurrence of
more than one group of bedrock lithology listed in decreasing order according to their occurrence in terms of areal distribution
Table 8 Attributes used for evaluation/classification of units (BCUs) according to their potential influence (high, moderate, low) on suscep-
tibility to land instability processes
Attributes High (A) Moderate (M) Low (B)
Bedrock lithology Iam, Gr/Xa (coarse-grained sandstones ? mix of granites and IAF (fine-grained IDR (mudstones with
schists) sandstones) pebbles and rythmites)
IAm (coarse-grained sandstones) B (banded gneisses) D (dolerites)
FRC (Rio Claro Formation—mix of sandy mudstones, Bx (banded mylonitic
siltstones, muddy sandstones and rythmites) gneisses)
X (laminated to schistose gneisses)
Gr (Granites)
GnGr/B, X, Bxa (mix of granitic and banded
gneisses ? laminated to schistose gneisses ? banded
mylonitic gneisses)
B, X, Bx/Gngra (banded gneisses ? schistose gneisses ? mix
of banded mylonitic gneisses and granitic-gneisses)
Fracturing 3 2 1
Soil type Sandy Sandy-clayey Clayey
Silty-sandy Sandy grading to clayey Clayey-sandy
Sandy-clayey grading to silty-sandy Clayey-sandy grading to Clayey-sandy grading to
Sandy to silty-sandy sandy-silty sandy-clayey
Sandy-silty to sandy-clayey Clayey grading to sandy Sandy-clayey grading to
clayey
Slope steepness High Medium Low
Very high Low to medium
Medium to high
a
Groups separated by forward slash comprise an undistinguished mixture of bedrock lithologies. The ‘‘comma’’ sign indicates the occurrence of
more than one group of bedrock lithology listed on decreasing order according to their occurrence in terms of areal distribution
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13. Environ Earth Sci
In Test Area T2, high and moderate groundwater vul- is less than that in the coarse- and medium-grained
nerability (6 out of 13 BCUs) was associated with sand- sandstones.
stone-dominated bedrock lithology, sandy soils and low
slope steepness. In addition, BCUs with greater frequency
and connectivity of fractures were classified as having high Discussion
and moderate groundwater vulnerability despite consisting
of clayey bedrock lithologies such as mudstones and As described in previous sections, a physiographic approach
rhythmites in which inter-granular primary permeability provided basic compartmentalisation units (BCUs) which
were experimentally used for terrain assessments. The
opportunity is taken here to discuss the advantages and
Table 9 Possible combinations of scores ‘‘A’’ (high), ‘‘M’’ (moder-
limitations of the approach taken, particularly how these
ate), and ‘‘B’’ (low) respective to the four attributes (bedrock lithol-
ogy, fracturing, soil type and slope steepness) used for evaluation/ have affected the outcomes, and what can be done to
classification of units (BCUs) and evaluation classes resulting from enhance the results or to overcome difficulties.
these combinations The analysis of fracturing proved that there is good
Combinations of scores Evaluation association between physiographic compartments and
classes homogeneous tectonic domains for which the density and
directional trends were relatively uniform, as proposed by
AAAA Very high
Fernandes and Amaral (2002). In most BCUs it was pos-
AAAM, AAAB, AAMM High
sible to determine particularly significant tectonic events,
AAMB, AABB, AMMM, AMMB, MMMM Medium
for example those of an extensional nature (see E3 and E4
AMBB, ABBB, MMMB, MMBB, MBBB, BBBB Low
in Table 4). In addition, non-parametric statistical tests and
Table 10 Partial susceptibility
Test Area UBC Attributes liable to influence susceptibility Susceptibility class
associated with each individual
attributes and overall Lithology Fracturing Soil type Declivity
susceptibility to land instability
processes resulting from the T1 CSA1 A M A B High
summation of all influential CLC1 A A Ma M High
factors (attributes)
CSA2 A A A M High
CNC2 A A A M High
CRR3 A M M A High
CNC1 M A M M Moderate
BAC1 A B A M High
CRR2 A A Ma B High
CRR5 A A M A High
COC3 M A A A High
a
CSR3 A A A A Very high
CLR3 A A Aa A Very high
CLT1 A A A M Alta High
T2 BDA 1 B B B B Low
BDA 2 B M B B Low
BAA 1 A B A B Moderate
BBP 2 B A A M High
BAA 2 A B B M Moderate
BAP 1 A M A B Moderate
BBM 3 B B M B Low
BCA 1 M B M M Moderate
BGA 1 A B M B Moderate
BBP 7 B A A B Moderate
A, high; M, medium; and B, low BCP 2 A M A B Moderate
a
Soil type deduced according BFA 1 A B M B Moderate
to predominant bedrock BGA 1 A B A B Moderate
lithology with BCU
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14. Environ Earth Sci
Table 11 Partial vulnerability
Test Area UBC Attributes liable to influence vulnerability Vulnerability class
associated with each individual
attribute and overall Lithology Fracturing Soil type Declivity
groundwater vulnerability to
pollution hazards resulting from T1 CSA1 M M A A High
the summation of all influential CLC1 B A Ba M Low
factors
CSA2 M A A M High
CNC2 B A A M Moderate
CRR3 M M M M Moderate
CNC1 B A M M Moderate
BAC1 A B A M Moderate
CRR2 M A Ma B Moderate
CRR5 M A M B Moderate
COC3 B A A M Moderate
CSR3 M A Ma B Moderate
CLR3 M A Ma B Moderate
CLT1 M A A M High
T2 BDA 1 B B B A Low
BDA 2 B M B A Low
BAA 1 A B A M Moderate
BBP 2 B A M M Moderate
BAA 2 A B B M Low
BAP 1 A M A M High
BBM 3 A B M A Moderate
BCA 1 M B A M Moderate
BGA 1 M B A A Moderate
BBP 7 M A A M High
A, high; M, medium; and B, low BCP 2 M M A A High
a
Soil type deduced according BFA 1 M B M A Moderate
to predominant bedrock BGA 1 M B A A Moderate
lithology with BCU
visual inspection of rose diagrams provided similar reas- allow derivation of 3D relationships. The main aspects to
suringly consistent inferences. This association between be considered include (a) angular and cut-crossing rela-
tectonic domains and physiographic compartments would tionships between different types and sets of structures
probably express the influence of the Cenozoic tectonics (planes of fractures and other discontinuities); and (b)
over the arrangement and structuring of drainage and relief spatial relationships between structures and natural slopes
textural elements on images. Although some variability did (thus taking steepness into account). Consideration of these
exist, the results demonstrated considerable regularity and relationships should enhance the evaluation of BCUs and
persistence of spatial relations held by tectonic structures convey key information to local scale analysis.
across the test areas. These aspects were fully corroborated A general issue of relevance is that monoscopic satellite
by good matching between predominant orientations of images are bi-dimensional representations of land surface
inferred structures and palaeostress regimes as indicated by whilst the intended geo-environmental assessments relate
a regional empirical tectonic model and field observations. to both surface and sub-surface aspects. Thus spatial
Density and interconnectivity of fractures were the key information rather than spectral information needs to be
attributes in the characterisation and evaluation of BCUs in analysed. On the other hand, data on determined attributes
terms of engineering geological and hydrogeological had to be derived from external sources using imagery as a
applications. This empirical tectonic modelling enabled subsidiary tool. Accordingly, textural zones with relatively
both major structures and also small-scale fractures to be high internal homogeneity and fixed spatial boundaries
considered in the analysis where the latter were incorpo- which were observed on images may require practical
rated in the interpretation and evaluation procedures. adaptations to be translated into conceptual classes such as
Additionally, it is suggested that further interpretations comprehensive physiographic units. In this experimental
supported by the use of empirical tectonic models would study such adjustments were incorporated in the later
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15. Environ Earth Sci
Fig. 4 Maps of susceptibility to land instability processes. Test Areas T1 and T2. UTM projection and coordinates
stages of characterisation and evaluation/classification of profile (thickness), which precluded proper incorporation
units but as explained below, this was not universal. of these attributes in the evaluation/classification of units.
For the sake of the present implementation, some terrain Data on water table depth were derived through an
attributes such as bedrock lithology and related weathered experimental approach that combined hydrostatic depth
materials, degree of fracturing and slope steepness were obtained from borehole and well records with interpolation
selected and taken as proxies for properties and processes and extrapolation of values following topographic contour
including shear strength, permeability, natural attenuation lines. This was manually implemented as semi-automated
capacity, infiltration rates and hydraulic accessibility to procedures based only on spatial data analysis would not
saturated zone. It was assumed that the selected terrain allow direct correlation between interpolated values of
attributes would exert some control over the properties and water table depth and surface contour lines. However, it was
processes. Data on such attributes were derived qualita- found that the manual derivation of data led to unreliable
tively and semi-quantitatively by a combination of means estimates of water table depth, thus resulting in consider-
that included image interpretation, input from existing data able variations at similar topographic conditions. These
and field observations. Shortcomings and inaccuracies may variations may have arisen because the primary borehole
stem from this process of derivation. data were affected by (a) groundwater exploitation in dif-
For instance, in a number of cases, BCUs comprised ferent media and at varied piezometric depths in a same
considerable portions of two or more bedrock lithologies in well (e.g. weathered materials at shallow sub-surface and
which case priority was given to the lithology liable to fractures in fresh rock at depth); (b) heterogeneous
result in greater likelihood of hazard. However, adoption of hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and of the unsaturated
such criterion may be biased and lead to a greater number zone. These shortcomings suggest that derivation of data on
of BCUs being classified as having higher vulnerability or water table depth from external sources may require more
susceptibility. specific data, particularly on shallow sub-surface layers.
Major difficulties found during the characterisation of Such data could possibly be derived from open pit well
units included the estimation of water table depth and soil measurements, which appears to be more compatible with
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16. Environ Earth Sci
Fig. 5 Maps of groundwater vulnerability to pollution. Test Areas T1 and T2. UTM projection and coordinates
the characterisation of the unsaturated zone in the shallow depth’’) appeared to produce more accurate results, which
sub-surface and with the physiographic approach itself were then used in the classification process. Inaccuracies
(based on land surface features on images). Data from open observed in the semi-automatic procedure possibly stem-
pit well measurements could be then cross-referenced with med from the averaging process with respect to polygons.
remotely sensed data and topographic maps before extrap- The calculated mean value was meant to be representative
olation of values following topographic contour lines. of slope steepness for the whole BCU. However, slope
Another issue to be considered is data on soil profile steepness was observed to range considerably in some
thickness. In the study these were based on field observa- BCUs, which would affect the interpolated numerical grids.
tions and they were considered to be insufficient for the For instance, in 80% of the area of a BCU slope steepness
intended analysis. In general, difficulties with the charac- ranged between 8° and 10° whilst in 15% of area ranged
terisation of soil profiles in terms of thickness and texture from 15° to 18°, and in 5% of area it ranged between 24°
stem from limited knowledge about the processes that and 27°. The expected representative value would be the
control landscape evolution and soil formation and the 8°–10° range. Nonetheless, since the semi-automatic cal-
ways by which these processes influence image texture. culation took a much greater number of interpolated values
Improved understanding of these issues would allow than the manual procedure, the resulting mean value may
superior correlations and extrapolation of values to be be unnecessarily influenced by outlying values. Further
achieved. Therefore, future work should investigate the investigations into semi-automatic derivation of slope
distribution and the characteristics of soil profiles and steepness data would need to look into ways of restricting
potential correlations of these with image texture due to the range of variation that would be acceptable and con-
relief features, with particular reference to morphometric sidered for calculation of a BCU mean value. For instance,
aspects such as density and amplitude of interfluves (or the calculation procedure could incorporate a priori proba-
ridges) and length of natural slopes. bilities by weighting the resulting value according to the
The manual procedure for derivation of data on slope proportion of the area of a BCU on which slope steepness
steepness (see ‘‘Soil profile, slope steepness and water table intervals were derived.
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17. Environ Earth Sci
In the stage of evaluation/classification of units, all relationships and enable interpretations the angular rela-
attributes were given equal weight, although the relative tionships between rock structures (strike and dip) and hill
influence of each attribute is not known. The main uncer- slopes to be made. This would greatly enhance the poten-
tainties would be the influence of degree of fracturing tial of the method for engineering applications at a local
(Class 3) on permeability, and the effects of low-slope scale. There is also potential for the development of
steepness and sandy superficial soil on aquifer recharge. automated procedures. For example, for the delimitation of
For instance, in Test Area T1 (see Fig. 4), the high number terrain units based on image classification of spatial prop-
of units (12 out of 13) classified as high to very high erties such as detection of groups of contiguous pixels and
potential for land instability appears to be strongly influ- recognition of line patterns based on length, direction and
enced by steeper slope gradients. Further investigations are angular relations between groups of contiguous pixels.
to consider different weights for each attribute with checks Future and specific investigations should include revi-
on the influence of these on the final classification results. sion of procedures of data derivation from external sources
other than imagery, such as water table depth. Further
implementation of the physiographic compartmentalisation
Conclusions approach for engineering and geo-environmental terrain
assessments are required to evaluate its application in other
In the present study, remote sensing techniques were used geological and geomorphological settings and different
to delimit terrain units and to derive geo-environmental scales of observation, analysis and graphic representation.
data. Data from external sources, including water well logs
and records, existing thematic maps and field studies were Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. Mara A.
Iritani and Dr. Lidia K. Tominaga for their contribution to data der-
also used. The delimited units were further interpreted in ivation and interpretation, the UK Foreign Commonwealth Office
terms of potential to land instability and vulnerability to (FCO) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Tech-
groundwater contamination at a semi-regional scale of nological Development (CNPq) for their financial support, and the
1:50,000. anonymous reviewers for their helpful advice.
The successful use of low-cost techniques based on
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