In considering the techniques that may be used for digital circuit testing, two distinct philosophies may be found, First is Functional Testing, which undertake a series of functional tests and check for the correct (fault free) 0 or 1 output response. It does not consider how the circuit is designed, but only that it gives the correct output during test and second one is Fault Modelling in whichto consider the possible Faults that may occur within the circuit, and then to apply a series of tests which are specifically formulated to check whether each of these faults is present or not.The faults which are likely to occur on the wafer during the manufacture of the ICs, and compute the result on the circuit output(s) with or without each fault present. Each of the final series of tests is then designed to show that a particular fault is present or not.
In considering the techniques that may be used for digital circuit testing, two distinct philosophies may be found, First is Functional Testing, which undertake a series of functional tests and check for the correct (fault free) 0 or 1 output response. It does not consider how the circuit is designed, but only that it gives the correct output during test and second one is Fault Modelling in whichto consider the possible Faults that may occur within the circuit, and then to apply a series of tests which are specifically formulated to check whether each of these faults is present or not.The faults which are likely to occur on the wafer during the manufacture of the ICs, and compute the result on the circuit output(s) with or without each fault present. Each of the final series of tests is then designed to show that a particular fault is present or not.
A VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) system integrates millions of “electronic components” in a small area (few mm2 few cm2).
design “efficient” VLSI systems that has:
Circuit Speed ( high )
Power consumption ( low )
Design Area ( low )
Level sensitive scan design(LSSD) and Boundry scan(BS)Praveen Kumar
This presentation contains,
Introduction,design for testability, scan chain, operation, scan structure, test vectors, Boundry scan, test logic, operation, BS cell, states of TAP controller, Boundry scan instructions.
It Defines what is Programmable Logic Array(PLA) also explains it in easy wording with syntax and Example...
It also cover what is Combinational & Sequential Logic Circuit and the Difference b/w these both. :)
Verilog Tutorial - Verilog HDL Tutorial with ExamplesE2MATRIX
E2MATRIX Research Lab
Opp Phagwara Bus Stand, Backside Axis Bank,
Parmar Complex, Phagwara Punjab (India).
Contact : +91 9041262727
web: www.e2matrix.com -- email: support@e2matrix.com
Simulation tools typically accept full set of Verilog language constructs
Some language constructs and their use in a Verilog description make simulation efficient and are ignored by synthesis tools
Synthesis tools typically accept only a subset of the full Verilog language constructs
In this presentation, Verilog language constructs not supported in Synopsys FPGA Express are in red italics
There are other restrictions not detailed here, see [2].
The Module Concept
Basic design unit
Modules are:
Declared
Instantiated
Modules declarations cannot be nested
it covers topics Introduction
Classification of Logic Families
Important point
Level of Integration
Specification of Digital ICs
TTL Circuit
TTL NAND Gates
MOS/CMOS Circuits
CMOS NAND Gate
ECL Circuit
Comparison
Numbers of Digital ICs
A VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) system integrates millions of “electronic components” in a small area (few mm2 few cm2).
design “efficient” VLSI systems that has:
Circuit Speed ( high )
Power consumption ( low )
Design Area ( low )
Level sensitive scan design(LSSD) and Boundry scan(BS)Praveen Kumar
This presentation contains,
Introduction,design for testability, scan chain, operation, scan structure, test vectors, Boundry scan, test logic, operation, BS cell, states of TAP controller, Boundry scan instructions.
It Defines what is Programmable Logic Array(PLA) also explains it in easy wording with syntax and Example...
It also cover what is Combinational & Sequential Logic Circuit and the Difference b/w these both. :)
Verilog Tutorial - Verilog HDL Tutorial with ExamplesE2MATRIX
E2MATRIX Research Lab
Opp Phagwara Bus Stand, Backside Axis Bank,
Parmar Complex, Phagwara Punjab (India).
Contact : +91 9041262727
web: www.e2matrix.com -- email: support@e2matrix.com
Simulation tools typically accept full set of Verilog language constructs
Some language constructs and their use in a Verilog description make simulation efficient and are ignored by synthesis tools
Synthesis tools typically accept only a subset of the full Verilog language constructs
In this presentation, Verilog language constructs not supported in Synopsys FPGA Express are in red italics
There are other restrictions not detailed here, see [2].
The Module Concept
Basic design unit
Modules are:
Declared
Instantiated
Modules declarations cannot be nested
it covers topics Introduction
Classification of Logic Families
Important point
Level of Integration
Specification of Digital ICs
TTL Circuit
TTL NAND Gates
MOS/CMOS Circuits
CMOS NAND Gate
ECL Circuit
Comparison
Numbers of Digital ICs
It is a brief presentation on quantum computation, which is created as I have investigation on guided study with my instructor Professor Sen Yang at CUHK
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
3. 3
Conceptual view of ATPG
Generate an input test vector that can distinguish the defect free
circuit from the hypothetically defective one
4. 4
Boolean difference method
Theoretical basis – Boolean difference
The output of the circuit is given as 𝑓 = 𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑦 . z
Let target fault be y s-a-0 . Under this condition, the output of the
faulty circuit is shown to be 𝑓𝑦 = f/ y = 0
Generate an input test vector such that 𝑓𝑦 ⊕ 𝑓𝑦 = 1
5. 5
Boolean difference method
𝑓𝑦 ⊕ 𝑓𝑦 = 1 if and only if 𝑓𝑦 and 𝑓𝑦 result in opposing logic
values
Any TV that can set 𝑓𝑦 XOR 𝑓𝑦 = 1 is able to produce opposing
values at the outputs of the fault-free and faulty circuits
respectively
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓𝑦 ⊕ 𝑓𝑦
Now to test the fault say y at s-a-0, we need to initialize the
node y to 1 (i.e., y = 1) and
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑦
= 1 i.e., y .
𝒅𝒇
𝒅𝒚
= 1
Similarly, to test the fault say y at s-a-1 i.e., 𝒚 .
𝒅𝒇
𝒅𝒚
= 1
6. 6
Boolean difference example
Find TV to test fault s-a-0 at node y using Boolean difference method
y .
𝐝𝐟
𝐝𝐲
= y. 𝐟 𝐲 ⊕ 𝐟 𝐲 = y. 𝐱 ⊕ 𝐳 = 𝐱 . y . z + x. y. 𝐳
y .
𝐝𝐟
𝐝𝐲
= 1 will give the required TV
TV will be x y z = {011, 110}
𝑓 = 𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑦 . z ; 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑥 ; 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑧
7. 7
Boolean difference example
Find TV to test fault s-a-0 at node w using BD method
w .
𝐝𝐟
𝐝𝐰
= w. 𝐟 𝐰 ⊕ 𝐟 𝐰 = 𝐲 . z 𝟏 ⊕ 𝐱. 𝐲 = 𝐲 . z 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝐱 𝐲 𝐳 + 𝐲 z =𝐲 z
w .
𝐝𝐟
𝐝𝐰
= 1 will give the required TV
TV will be x y z = {x01}
𝑓 = 𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑤 ; 𝑤 = 𝑦 . z ; 𝑓𝑤= 1 ; 𝑓𝑤 = 𝑥. 𝑦
8. 8
Boolean difference example
Find TV to test fault s-a-0 at node Z using BD method
z .
𝑑𝑓
𝑑𝑧
= z. 𝑓𝑧 ⊕ 𝑓𝑧 = 1 will give the required TV
But, 𝑓𝑧⊕𝑓𝑧 = 0
The condition for testability ( 𝑓𝑧⊕𝑓𝑧 = 1 ) is not satisfiable
Hence, the fault is undetectable
Redundancy in the circuit is the cause for undetectable faults
𝑓 = 𝑥. 𝑦 + 𝑥. 𝑦. 𝑧 ; 𝑓𝑧= 𝑥. 𝑦 ; 𝑓𝑧 = 𝑥. 𝑦
9. 9
Boolean difference method
Summary
Given a circuit with output f and fault α s-a- b
The set of test vectors that can detect this fault
includes all the vectors that satisfy
(α = 𝑏 ).
𝑑𝑓
𝑑α
= 1
