Pectus excavatum
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mini-presentation about the pectus excavatum with association conditions and how to measure the severity and treatment
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Infantile hemangioma
Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common tumors of childhood. Unlike other tumors, they have the unique ability to involute after proliferation, often leading primary care providers to assume they will resolve without intervention or consequence. Unfortunately, a subset of IHs rapidly develop complications, resulting in pain, functional impairment, or permanent disfigurement. As a result, the primary clinician has the task of determining which lesions require early consultation with a specialist.
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Infantile hemangioma
Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common tumors of childhood. Unlike other tumors, they have the unique ability to involute after proliferation, often leading primary care providers to assume they will resolve without intervention or consequence. Unfortunately, a subset of IHs rapidly develop complications, resulting in pain, functional impairment, or permanent disfigurement. As a result, the primary clinician has the task of determining which lesions require early consultation with a specialist.
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Congenital Adr Hyperplasia (CAH) can appear at any age from birth to puberty where it can lead to ambiguous genitalia. It is due to absolute or relative deficiency of 17 Hydroxylase or 21 Hydroxylase enzyme.
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
1) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of disorders caused by deficiencies in cortisol biosynthesis. This leads to excess production of androgens, causing virilization in females and precocious puberty in males.
2) The most common type is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which accounts for 95% of CAH cases. It can present as the severe salt-wasting form or the milder simple virilizing form.
3) Diagnosis is based on elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in the presence of clinical signs. Genetic testing can confirm the type of enzyme deficiency causing CAH.
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This document summarizes various causes of rickets, including calcium deficiency, phosphorus deficiency, rickets of prematurity, and several genetic disorders. Calcium deficiency can result from low dietary intake or malabsorption and presents with signs of rickets in infancy. Phosphorus deficiency is usually due to inadequate intake or antacid use. Rickets of prematurity occurs in very low birth weight infants and is prevented by mineral supplementation. The document also describes several genetic causes of rickets, including X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, and Fanconi syndrome. Treatment involves calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus supplementation tailored to the specific deficiency.
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*Tests and diagnosis
*Treatments
References:
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Edition.
Medical Genetics, 4th Edition.
Myoclinic.
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1-fetal genetic ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
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This document discusses head and neck paragangliomas (HNPs), which are rare neoplasms arising from paraganglionic tissue located in the head and neck region. It defines paragangliomas and paraganglia, and describes the most common locations and characteristics of HNPs. The document also covers the histopathology, evaluation, and management of HNPs, noting that the majority are benign but locally invasive tumors that can be treated with surgery or radiotherapy depending on their size and location.
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Fever with Rash
This document discusses fever with rash and provides details on various conditions that can cause fever and rash. It describes the causes of fever as being pyrogens produced during infection or inflammation. Rash is described as being caused by infectious organisms multiplying in the skin, toxins acting on skin, autoimmune destruction, or vasculature involvement. Several conditions are then discussed in detail, including their causative agents, hosts, modes of transmission, symptoms, rashes, complications, diagnoses, and treatments. These conditions include measles, rubella, erythema infectiosum, roseola, infectious mononucleosis, primary HIV infection, and epidemic typhus.
Neurofibromatosis
1) Neurofibromatosis is a heterogeneous group of neurocutaneous disorders characterized by abnormalities of the skin and central nervous system. The two main types are neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2).
2) NF1 has a prevalence of 1 in 3,000 and is diagnosed based on two or more of seven clinical features including cafe-au-lait spots, skinfold freckling, Lisch nodules, or neurofibromas. Common manifestations include learning disabilities, seizures, vascular abnormalities, and malignant transformations.
3) NF2 is rarer, with a prevalence of 1 in 25,000. It is diagnosed based on bilateral
Neurocutaneous markers
Café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas, Lisch nodules, and axillary freckling are characteristic of neurofibromatosis type 1. Plexiform neurofibromas appear as subcutaneous elastic tumors over the face, scalp, neck and chest. Adenoma sebaceum presents as numerous discrete smooth papules over the butterfly area of the face and nasolabial folds. Shagreen patches are irregular cobblestone-like plaques in the lumbosacral area, a characteristic of tuberous sclerosis. Ocular and cutaneous telangiectasias occur in Ataxia telangiectasia, appearing as dilated blood vessels over
Murmurs
This document discusses different types of heart murmurs, including innocent or benign murmurs versus pathological murmurs. It provides details on specific murmurs such as Still's murmur, pulmonary flow murmur, physiological pulmonary flow murmur in neonates, carotid bruit, and venous hum. Characteristics of different systolic, diastolic, and continuous murmurs are outlined. Nada's criteria for diagnosing the presence of heart disease is also summarized.
Trisomy21
Down syndrome is caused by trisomy 21, occurring in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. It results from errors in cell division during meiosis. Clinically, it is characterized by facial features like an upward slant of the eyes, a flat facial profile, and intellectual disability. Complications can include heart defects, hearing or vision problems, gastrointestinal issues, and other conditions. Management involves monitoring for associated medical issues and providing therapies to support development. The lifespan for individuals with Down syndrome has increased in recent decades due to improved medical care.
Lateral medullary syndrome {Wallenberg Syndrome}
Wallenberg syndrome, also known as lateral medullary infarction, is caused by occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, which supplies blood to the lateral medulla. This leads to vertigo, abnormal eye movements, Horner's syndrome on one side, ataxia of the limb on the same side, and dissociated sensory loss. The condition is usually due to atherosclerosis but can also result from traumatic vertebral artery dissection. MRI and MRA are used to diagnose the infraction and rule out arterial dissection.
Pediatric Dermatology
The document summarizes several common transient neonatal skin conditions, eczematous rashes, papulosquamous rashes, vascular malformations and hemangiomas, and pigmented and hypopigmented lesions that may present in pediatric dermatology. Some of the key conditions mentioned include erythema toxicum, miliaria, milia, seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, pityriasis rosea, psoriasis, salmon patches, port wine stains, hemangiomas, Mongolian spots, incontinentia pigmenti, nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, and urticaria pigment
EMBRYOLOGY OF CVS
The document describes the development of the cardiovascular system in three main stages:
1. The formation of the primitive heart tube from angioblastic cords that fuse to form a single tube.
2. Looping and folding of the heart tube into a U-shape as the head folds, dividing it into chambers.
3. Partitioning of the heart chambers by growth of septa that divide the atria and ventricles, forming the four-chambered heart, and division of the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Pediatric-Cardiology-101.ppt
This document provides an overview of pediatric cardiology for medical students. It discusses the fetal, transitional, and postnatal circulations and how congenital heart defects disrupt normal circulation. It describes left-to-right shunts like VSDs and PDA that cause left heart enlargement and right-to-left shunts like Tetralogy of Fallot that cause cyanosis. Obstructive lesions like critical aortic stenosis that require ductal flow are discussed. The physical exam findings for different defects are outlined along with innocent murmurs and hereditary cardiac conditions.
Chiarimalformation
Well descriptive power point presentation for fresh neurosurgery residents across the world with very basic knowledge of Chiari malformations and its types and principles of the management and management of its associations.
External markers of congenital heart disease
This document lists various congenital syndromes and their associated external physical features and cardiovascular system abnormalities. Some examples included are Down's syndrome which can cause short stature, brachydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; Ellis-Van Creveld syndrome with short limbs, polydactyly, and defects like atrial septal defects; and Turner's syndrome with short stature, webbed neck, and defects like coarctation of the aorta and bicuspid aortic valves. Many syndromes are associated with multiple external physical anomalies and cardiovascular system defects.
Chf
This document summarizes heart failure in neonates and infants. It discusses the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure in this population. Causes of heart failure include congenital heart defects that cause excessive preload or afterload on the heart as well as cardiomyopathies. The timing of onset of heart failure symptoms provides clues to the likely etiology. Common presenting signs in infants include feeding difficulties, tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, and poor weight gain. Treatment involves supporting cardiac function and addressing the underlying cause.
Marfan syndrome
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects connective tissue and is caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene. It is a multisystem disorder that primarily impacts the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems. Common signs include overgrown limbs, chest deformities, eye problems, and aortic root enlargement which can lead to aortic dissections. Treatment focuses on managing cardiovascular complications through surgery and beta blockers, with the goal of improving life expectancy and reducing mortality risks.
Trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities
Downs, Edwards, Patau, Klinefelter, Turner, and other relevant Syndromes explained. The file includes their various mechanisms and clinical features. Together with their recommended management.
Neuroblastoma
This document provides an overview of neuroblastoma, including:
- It is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system.
- Presentation varies depending on location but may include abdominal mass, bone pain, opsoclonus, or Horner's syndrome.
- Staging uses the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and ranges from localized (Stage 1) to disseminated disease (Stage 4).
- Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and sometimes radiation therapy. Prognostic factors include age at diagnosis and disease stage.
Neurofibromatosis
It is a brief description of the Neurofibromatosis genetic disorder.
The content include:
*Definition of Neurofibromatosis
*Symptoms of Neurofibromatosis
*Causes & Risk factors
*Complications
*Tests and diagnosis
*Treatments
References:
Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th Edition.
Medical Genetics, 4th Edition.
Myoclinic.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by deficiencies in enzymes involved in cortisol production, leading to increased corticotropin levels and adrenal hyperplasia. The most common type (90% of cases) is due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, causing cortisol and aldosterone deficiency or excess androgen levels. In females this causes virilization of external genitalia. Treatment involves glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement and surgery to correct ambiguous genitalia in females. Less common types involve 11β-hydroxylase and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies, also resulting in hypertension and androgen excess.
Tuberous sclerosis
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder characterized by benign tumors that develop in many organs, including the brain, eyes, heart, lungs, kidneys and skin. It is caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene. Major features seen on imaging include cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, and subependymal giant cell astrocytomas. These lesions appear at specific locations and with characteristic appearances on CT and MRI scans that are useful for diagnosis. Treatment may involve medication or surgery depending on the impact of the lesions.
External markers of tuberculosis
External markers of tuberculosis (TB) can present in several forms on the skin and eyes including reddish-brown jelly-like nodules known as lupus vulgaris, typically over the nose but also in other areas. Scrofuloderma appears as firm, painless skin nodules that ulcerate as a direct extension of TB infection from lymph nodes, bones or joints. Phlyctenular conjunctivitis causes small yellow nodules near the eye, which can develop into grey-white corneal ulcers. Tinea versicolor causes oval scaly patches concentrated on the chest and back due to the fungus Malassezia furfur. Erythema nodosum presents as tender
What's hot (20)
Similar to Pectus excavatum
1-fetal genetic ultrasound Dr Ahmed Esawy
Ultrasound Markers
soft ultrasound markers
Minor markers
Nuchal fold
Echogenic bowel
Ventriculomegaly
Echogenic cardiac focus
Choroid plexus cyst
Single umbilical artery
Enlarged cisterna magna
Renal pyelectasis
Trisomy 21: Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 Edward Syndrome
Trisomy 13
Molar Tooth Sign
Fetal Echocardiography
1st Step: Check the heart is beating
2nd Step: M-mode heart rate - should be between 120 and 180 beats per minute
3rd step : Situs-
4th step four chamber view.
5th and 6th Step Outflow Tracts
5th step : LVOT
6TH step : RVOT
7th step : 3 Vessel View
8th step: Interventricular Septum
IVS (a false positive for septal defect).
It should be assessed in both B-mode and Colour Doppler.
9th step : Aortic Arch
The 'arches' are best assessed when the foetus is prone.
10th step : Ductal Arch
This is the ductus arteriosus:
Fetal bradycardia
• Fetal sinus bradycardia
• Fetal bradyarrythmias
Fetal Tachyarrhythmia
Fetal premature atrial contraction (PAC)
Fetal Complete Atrioventricular block
Supraventricular tachycardia
Communications between systemic and pulm. Circuits LT RT. shunt.
• Inter-atrial communications. Patent F. oval , ost. 1 defect, sinus venosus, ost.2 defect, endocarial cushin defect.
• Inter-ventricular communications.
-simple VSD.
-VSD with AI
-Single ventricle
-Gerbode defect
-Endocar. Cushion
• Aorto-pulmonary communications:
a. Persistent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.)
b. Aorto-pulmonary window.
c. Truncus arteriosus.
d. Ruptured sinus of valsalva.
e. Coronary arterio-venous fistula.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Endocardial Cushion Defect
Complete atrioventricular canal
Truncus arteriosus
ductus Arteriosus
Valvular and Obstructive lesions
Coarctation of aorta
Vascular rings
Aortic stenosis.
AI, MS, hypopalstic heart.
Cotriatrium
Fallot (F5,F4, F3.)
Pulmonary. Atresia
PULMONARY STENOSIS
Ebestien anomaly
Transposition of great vessels
Tetralogy of fallot
Double outlet right ventricle
Pulmonary atresia with a VSD
Common arterial trunk
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Tricuspid atresia
Tricuspid dysplasia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Paragangliomas of head and neck
This document discusses head and neck paragangliomas (HNPs), which are rare neoplasms arising from paraganglionic tissue located in the head and neck region. It defines paragangliomas and paraganglia, and describes the most common locations and characteristics of HNPs. The document also covers the histopathology, evaluation, and management of HNPs, noting that the majority are benign but locally invasive tumors that can be treated with surgery or radiotherapy depending on their size and location.
Anesthesia consideration for parotidectomy
This document summarizes anesthesia considerations for parotidectomy surgery. It discusses the anatomy of the parotid gland and facial nerve. Parotidectomy is usually indicated for parotid tumors and may require facial nerve monitoring. The document presents a case of performing parotidectomy under local anesthesia in a high-risk patient with hypertension. It describes blocking the maxillary and cervical plexus nerves along with local infiltration to anesthetize the area. The surgery was performed successfully without complications under local anesthesia. Advantages of this technique include avoiding risks of general anesthesia and facilitating identification and protection of the facial nerve.
Neuroblastoma
- Neuroblastoma is a type of childhood cancer that develops from immature nerve cells and most commonly affects infants and young children.
- It can arise in adrenal glands or sympathetic nervous system ganglia and often spreads to bones, bone marrow, liver and other sites.
- Presentation varies from asymptomatic masses to symptoms of metastasis like bone pain or organ compression. Diagnosis involves urine and bone marrow tests detecting nerve cell markers.
- Staging uses the International Neuroblastoma Staging System and treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, immunotherapy and retinoids depending on risk level.
“Vein of galen Malformation” ppt
This document discusses a case of an 8-hour-old male infant presenting with breathlessness, abdominal distension, and swelling in the lower limbs and sacral area, who was diagnosed with a vein of Galen malformation. Vein of Galen malformations are congenital abnormalities that develop during weeks 6-11 of fetal development. They can cause congestive heart failure, hydrocephalus, and developmental delays. Investigation with cranial ultrasound, MRI/CT, and angiography are used for diagnosis. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary team and endovascular embolization of the abnormal vessels, though care must be taken with neonates. Prognosis has improved with advances in minimally invasive treatments.
Doppler determinants in ovarian tumors
This document summarizes a study on using Doppler ultrasound to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors. The study found that using color Doppler and spectral Doppler analysis improved sensitivity from 53% to 82% and specificity from 83% to 94%, compared to ultrasound alone. Key findings included:
- 92% of malignant tumors showed neovascularization compared to 42% of benign tumors.
- An resistive index of <0.6 and peak systolic velocity index of <0.8 occurred in 92% of malignant versus 6.4% of benign tumors.
- Location of blood flow (central vs. peripheral) helped differentiate solid benign and malignant tumors.
The study concluded Doppler ultrasound provides important additional information over ultrasound alone
recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a disease caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11 that results in benign tumors in the respiratory tract. It most commonly affects young children and can spread throughout the airway. Treatment involves surgical removal of the papillomas through microlaryngoscopy, with the aim of restoring a safe airway while minimizing trauma. Adjuvant therapies including interferon and cidofovir may also be used but there is currently no cure for RRP.
HEAD AND NECK CANCER - nursing resposibilities
Head and neck cancer is the fifth most common cancer globally. It affects tissues in the oral cavity, lips, throat, larynx, sinuses, and salivary glands. Risk factors include tobacco, alcohol, HPV infection, sun exposure, and poor oral hygiene. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging tests, biopsies, and molecular testing. Treatment may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination depending on the cancer type, stage, and patient factors. Nursing care focuses on pain management, oral care to prevent infections, nutritional support, and health education to stop risk factors.
Pediatric hd dr. mohammed zedan
Willem Kolff developed one of the first artificial kidneys in 1942 using a drum of aluminum slats and open dialysate bath. In the 1940s, J.P. Merrill's pediatric patient received a single 4-hour dialysis treatment with modest but short-lived improvement. Hemodialysis in children differs from adults and requires pediatric expertise, with considerations for growth, development, and age-appropriate facilities and equipment. Proper assessment and timing of dialysis initiation is important to avoid complications while allowing for normal development.
Evaluation of a thyroid nodule by vijay
This document provides an overview of evaluating thyroid nodules. It defines a thyroid nodule and discusses prevalence. The importance of evaluating nodules is to exclude thyroid cancer. Evaluation involves patient history, physical exam, ultrasound of the nodule, and fine needle aspiration biopsy if indicated. Nodule characteristics on ultrasound and biopsy results are discussed. Management depends on biopsy results and may include surgery, radiation, or medication. Post-operative care involves risk stratification and monitoring for recurrence.
Full story parathyroid imaging Dr Ahmed Esawy
Full story parathyriod imaging dr ahmed esawy
include different cases for oral radiodiagnosis examination all over the world
CT /MRI Plain X ray images
Ectopic parathyriod Locations
PARATHYRIOD PATHOLOGY
Congenital Parathyroid Gland
Cyst
agenesis ,hypoplasia
supernumerary glands
congenital ectopias
Hyperparathyroidism (HPT)
isolated
syndromic
Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
Hypoparathyroidism
Cancerous forms of parathyroid disease
PRIMARY Hyperparathyroidism
1ry hyperparathyroidism acquired
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid adenomas
Atypical ultrasound features of parathyroid tumours
PARATHYROID CT IMAGING
parathyroid hyperplasia
Parathyroid Carcinoma
Hypoparathyroidism
IDIOPATHIC HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
parathyroid hormone (PTH) level: low
serum phosphate level: high
serum calcium level: low
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP)
Obstetrics ultrasound for postgrad 1
Ultrasound has become an essential tool in obstetrics, allowing visualization of the fetus and assessment of growth and well-being. Doppler ultrasound can evaluate blood flow in fetal and maternal vessels. While ultrasound is generally safe, concerns have been raised about potential neurological effects with prolonged or frequent use. Estimation of fetal weight and biophysical profiling helps monitor high-risk pregnancies. Overall, ultrasound has dramatically improved prenatal care and outcomes over the past decades.
Anesthesia for tracheoesophageal fistula
Anesthesia is required for repair of tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) in a newborn infant. The infant requires careful preoperative evaluation and stabilization. During surgery, maintaining adequate ventilation and oxygenation while minimizing airway pressures is crucial due to the risk of gastric insufflation and aspiration. Postoperative ventilation may be needed for several days due to lung issues and the repaired tracheal wall. Careful anesthetic management is needed for a successful outcome in this high-risk surgery.
Hydrocephalus
This document discusses hydrocephalus, including:
1) It defines hydrocephalus as an increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles due to overproduction or impaired absorption, causing increased pressure in the skull.
2) There are two main types - communicating/non-obstructive which involves overproduction or underabsorption of CSF, and non-communicating/obstructive which involves obstruction of CSF flow.
3) Clinical features vary depending on age but include increasing head size, irritability, vomiting, and signs of increased intracranial pressure like headache.
4) Treatment involves reducing CSF production medically or surgically placing a shunt to divert CSF out of
Unilateral hyperlucent hemithorax
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT UNILATERAL HYPERLUCENT HEMITHORAX , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
HOPPING YOU LIKE IT
DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
CONSULTANT RADIOLOGIST
Role of ultrasound nurse in critical care
Ultrasound has become a versatile modality for diagnosing and guiding treatment of critically ill patients. It is useful in resource-limited settings as it is non-invasive, economical, repeatable and can be done at the bedside. As an ultrasound nurse in critical care, key roles include using ultrasound to detect head injuries, monitor intracranial pressure, assess lung conditions and volume status, guide procedures like central line insertion, and enable early detection of issues that may otherwise require more invasive diagnostic tests.
Developmental dysplasia of hip Radiology
Radiology presentation, risk factors , ultrasound and MRI features helping in diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of hip
Ca larynx
Laryngeal carcinoma is cancer that develops in the larynx (voice box). It is most commonly squamous cell carcinoma caused by risk factors like smoking, alcohol, asbestos, and chemicals. Symptoms include hoarseness, cough, throat pain, and lump in the neck. Diagnosis involves examination of the larynx and imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery to remove part or all of the larynx, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and proton beam therapy. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance, pain management, nutrition, and communication strategies.
Perinatal airway management haemangiomas and vascular malformations
This document summarizes the presentation, diagnosis, and management of various congenital vascular anomalies seen in fetal and pediatric patients. It discusses lymphatic malformations, teratomas, congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS), and various vascular malformations. Prenatal screening and fetal imaging are important for diagnosis. After birth, a multidisciplinary team approach is needed for further evaluation and treatment, which may include sclerotherapy, laser therapy, surgery, or other interventions depending on the specific condition. Close monitoring is also required.
Similar to Pectus excavatum (20)
ENT Care for MO- Management of Common problems of Throat.pdf
ENT Care for MO- Management of Common problems of Throat.pdf
Perinatal airway management haemangiomas and vascular malformations
Perinatal airway management haemangiomas and vascular malformations
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Bariatric surgery primer
short presentation about types of bariatric surgery and example on each type and complication with illustration and radiology diagnosis
Acute colonic diverticulitis
This document provides information about acute colonic diverticulitis (ACD) including:
- ACD is a complication of colonic diverticulosis where diverticula in the colon become inflamed or infected.
- CT scan is the preferred imaging method to diagnose and stage ACD. Findings on CT scan include colon wall thickening, pericolic stranding, and abscess formation in severe cases.
- ACD is classified as uncomplicated or complicated, with complicated ACD further divided into stages depending on the extent of inflammation and abscess formation. Potential complications of ACD include abscess, fistula formation, and perforation.
Testicular calcifications
Testicular calcifications can have a variety of causes and present different sonographic features. It is important to correlate clinical and sonographic findings. Common causes of testicular calcification include microlithiasis, germ cell tumors, and Sertoli cell tumors. Less common causes include trauma, scrotal pearls, epidermoid cysts, and infections. Different calcification types provide clues to diagnoses - microlithiasis shows multiple small foci while germ cell tumors demonstrate heterogeneous echogenicity and masses. A thorough differential diagnosis considers location, appearance and other associated ultrasound findings.
Solid renal mass
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT SOLID RENAL MASS , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
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Sinonasal anatomic variants
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT SINONASAL ANATOMIC VARIANTS, COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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CONSULTANT RADIOLOGIST
Bilateral hyperlucent hemithorax
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BILATERAL HYPERLUCENT LUNGS , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
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Adrenal mass
SHORT TALK ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT ADRENAL MASS LESION DDX, COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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DR HISHAM ALKHATIB
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Halo sign
SHORT presentation ABOUT Halo Sign , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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CONSULTANT RADIOLOGIST
ACUTE LEFT LOWER QUADRANT PAIN
SHORT PRESENTATION ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT ACUTE LEFT LOWER QUADRANT PAIN , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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Abdominal wall mass
SHORT PRESENTATION ABOUT DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS ABOUT SOLITARY BRAIN RING ENHANCING LESION , COMMON AND LESS COMMON CAUSES WITH CLUES TO DIAGNOSIS AND SOME EXAMPLES
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Ultrasound renal transplant
This document provides an overview of ultrasound evaluation of renal transplants. It describes normal transplant anatomy and Doppler parameters for evaluation. Common complications are discussed, including anatomic issues like fluid collections, functional problems seen as changes in size or blood flow, and vascular complications such as stenosis. Ultrasound is useful for identifying complications and evaluating blood flow, while tissue sampling is often needed to determine specific diagnoses like rejection.
Introduction to renal ct scan
This is about Introduction To renal CT scan Protocol what are the indication and tailoring how to optimize the the right protocol for the patient according to the indication .
Hopping you like it and helping you in daily practice .
Dr Hisham AlKhatib
Consultant Radiologist
Thyroid image reporting and data system
The document describes the Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TIRADS) for evaluating thyroid nodules found on ultrasound. TIRADS was developed in 2009 as a standardized scoring system similar to BI-RADS for breast imaging. The TIRADS system categorizes nodules from TIRADS 1 (normal) to TIRADS 6 (biopsy proven malignancy) based on ultrasound features associated with cancer risk. TIRADS 4 and 5 nodules are considered suspicious and their subcategories are determined by the number of suspicious ultrasound features present, with increasing cancer risk from 4a to 4c and 5. Features such as hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, irregular
Ultrasound of the adult kidney
This describes the normal renal ultrasound protocol , normal examples and main indication to renal ultrasound .
Radiology Rounds Basic Approach to Chest X-Ray , Bony cage ,
Radiology Rounds 022 Basic Approach to Chest X-Ray , Bony cage ,
This is a mini-talk about normal and abnormal bony cage involving the chest x-ray , with some examples .
Hopping you like it and helping you in daily practice .
Dr Hisham AlKhatib
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Radiology Rounds Basic Approach to Chest X-Ray , Lateral Chest
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This is a mini-talk about normal and abnormal lateral view involving the chest x-ray , with some examples .
Hopping you like it and helping you in daily practice .
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Radiology rounds Introduction to Renal Ct Scan Protocol
Renal CT scans are used to image the kidneys and surrounding structures. Dr. Hisham AlKhatib gave a presentation on the protocol for performing renal CT scans, including how to prepare patients and optimize the images obtained. The talk provided an overview of how to conduct renal CT scans.
Liver segmental anatomy
The document summarizes Couinaud's classification of liver segmental anatomy. It divides the liver into eight functionally independent segments, each with its own vascular inflow and outflow and biliary drainage. The right hepatic vein divides the right lobe into anterior and posterior segments. The middle hepatic vein divides the liver into right and left lobes. The left hepatic vein divides the left lobe into medial and lateral segments. The portal vein divides the liver into upper and lower segments.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pectus excavatum
- 1. 12/14/1438 1 Pectus excavatum Hisham AlKhatib, M.D. Consultant Radiologist •هللا رسول على والصالة هلل الحمد اجمعين مّوسل وصحبه واله •بما وعلمني علمتني بما انفعني اللهم العليم انك ، علما وزدني ينفعني الحكيم
- 2. 12/14/1438 2
- 3. 12/14/1438 3
- 4. 12/14/1438 4 Association • Marfan syndrome • Noonan syndrome • Ehlers Danlos syndrome • neurofibromatosis type I • myotonic dystrophy • fetal alcohol syndrome • homocystinuria • osteogenesis imperfecta • congenital scoliosis • Poland syndrome Haller index • (maximal transverse diameter/narrowest AP length of chest) is used to assess severity of incursion of the sternum into the mediastinum. • Normal Haller index is 2.5. • Significant pectus excavatum has an index greater than 3.25, representing the standard for determining candidacy for repair
- 5. 12/14/1438 5 Nuss procedure • (also termed MIRPE - minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum) is one of the operative treatments employed in patients with pectus excavatum. • It involves inserting of one (or more) concave metal bars beneath the sternum in the anterior chest wall • A reverse Nuss procedure can be performed for treatment of pectus carinatum ; the main difference is that the bar is placed superficially to the sternum, instead of deep to the sternum, to pull the sternum back towards the spine.