This document summarizes territorial behavior in arthropods. It notes that territory provides advantages like attracting mates and protecting young. Territory size varies between species. Males of some species defend areas to attract females for mating or protect sites where females lay eggs. Territorial behavior has also been observed in solitary arthropods that care for offspring. Examples include female earwigs defending nests and treehoppers defending nymphs. Cockroaches have alpha, beta, and gamma males that establish territories. While some studies found territoriality in butterflies, others argued butterflies do not intentionally defend areas. Overall, territories are commonly established near important female sites.

1. TERRITOIALITY IN ARTHROPODA
PERISENTED BY# ASIF ULLAH
REGESTERATION .NO# ZO220172009

2. What is Territorial Behavior…?
 * The methods by which an animal, or group of
animals, protects its territory from incursions by others of
its species.
OR
* A territory is an area held and defended by an
individual or group of animals against animals of the
same or different species.

3. • ADVANTAGE OF TERRITORY
Territorial behavior forms an important part of social
behavior.
• Territory provides a base which the male can advertise
himself to female, and attracted the female.
• provides a protected place for courtship, mating and
parental care to young
• Provided safety where young can live freely and without
any interference.

4. • Territories are usually used for:-
(a) Feeding
(b) Mating
(c) Rearing of young
(d) Combination of all activities
(a) (b) (c)

5. TERRITORIALITY IN ARTHROPODS
Territory size varies enormously among arthropods
species,
Territorial male arthropods defend females or sites where
females eventually may forage or ovipositor,
 Some males "defend" no obvious component of a site, but
merely fight with each other for positions there,
Mantis nymphs of both sexes defend their foraging areas
and adult mantis also fight for particular ambush sites.

6. Mantis nymphs

7. Territorial behavior has also been observed
among solitary or sub social arthropods that tend
their young.
 For example
 Brooding females of the European earwig drive
males and other females away from the vicinity of
their nests and continue to guard both eggs and
hatchlings until their young reach the dispersing
stage.
European earwig

8.  Female treehoppers defend their nymphs, as
well as their eggs, against roving predatory
insects.

9. In Cockroaches, Ewing (1972, 1973) recognized
three categories of males blaberidae cockroach
on the bases of territorial
 Alpha
 Beta
 Gamma

10. • Alpha Blaberidae Cockroach
• Alpha males are dominant individuals which patrol
their territorial boundaries, fighting off newcomers and
temporarily ignoring other males already within their
territory. While the alpha male patrols, the males
within his boundaries fight to establish their own
hierarchy.
• Beta Blaberidae Cockroach
Outside the territory boundaries, alpha males
excluded beta males become territorial at the various
resting sites, from which they in turn may exclude the
gamma individuals described, in next slide.

11. • Gamma Blaberidae Cockroach
Gamma males were those which never acquired
territories, although they persistently tried to gain
access to the territories of other individuals. They
had resting places outside the area patrolled by the
nearest territorial male but did not defend these
sites .

12. In (1974) Scott rejected the idea of butterfly
territoriality during a study of 11 species of
Papilionoidea and Hesperidia. He argued that
butterflies are not territorial because
(i) a male's defended area may vary from day to day,
(ii) males are not quickly able to distinguish other
males from females, and
(iii) males do not intentionally drive other
males from the area.

13. Family Hesperidia
family Papilionoidea

14. • But it is also an established fact that some
butterflies do not move every day; for example
some males of the black swallowtail, Papilio polyx
enes, defended the same territory for 4 consecutive
days

15. • individual males of the nymphalid, and
Limenitis lorquini, defended the same territories for
as long as 21 days
• Nymphalid
• Limenitis lorquini,

16. • 10 males of P.multicaudata have been recorded on
their individual territories for more than 24 days
(W. G. Wellington,unpublished observation)
P.multicaudata

17. • In some same species of arthropods (both male
and female) have different territory, for example
• The males of Osmia rufa establish territories close
to the females' nests for protection of nest, eggs
and the young's one

18. In Some species males of Anthidium banningense,
A. manicatum, and Hoplitis anthocopoides establish
territories near or at females'foraging sites
Anthidium banningense A. manicatum Hoplitis anthocopoides

19. • Although there are inter specific differences in the
territorial behavior of the various kinds of
arthropods species surveyed here, there are also
obvious similarities which cross family and even
ordinal boundaries.
• Territories are usually established near female
nesting, ovipositor, or foraging sites
or along a natural route to such places.

20. ANY QUESTION