This document discusses key concepts in occlusion and mandibular movements. It defines important occlusion terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation, and types of occlusal contacts and relationships. It describes the temporomandibular joint anatomy and condylar movements including rotation, translation, opening, protrusion, and lateral excursions. It also summarizes the process of occlusal adjustment to correct prematurities and establish optimal occlusion.
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
00- Revision of occlusion 5th year.pptxAmalKaddah1
The Stomatognathic system
Definitions.
Difference between natural and artificial Occ.
Balanced Occlusion and Factors affecting Balanced O.
Concepts of occlusion (Balanced and Non-balanced Occlusion).
This document provides an overview of balanced occlusion and its importance in complete denture fabrication. It defines key terms like balanced occlusion, centric occlusion, eccentric occlusion, and discusses various theories of occlusion. It describes the requirements and goals of balanced occlusion in complete dentures. Various concepts of balanced occlusion are outlined, including those proposed by Gysi, Sears, French, Pleasure, Frush, Hanau and others. The document discusses the advantages of bilateral balanced occlusion and factors that affect achieving balanced occlusion in complete dentures.
Contents
Introduction
Rationale for Establishing Tooth Contacts during Fixed Prosthodontics
Concepts of Occlusion
Occlusion in fixed dental prosthesis
Occlusal treatment
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Maxillary and mandibular teeth should contact uniformly on closing to allow optimal function, minimize trauma to the supporting structures and allow for uniform load distribution throughout the dentition.
Occlusion - The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. GPT -9
Centric relation - a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position.
Centric Occlusion [CO] - the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation; this may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position.
Maximum Intercuspation [MI] - It is the maximum interdigitation of the maxillary teeth with the mandibular teeth independent of condylar position.
GPT 9
Anatomy
Temporomandibular joint
Classification of malocclusion by dr. golamIshfaq Ahmad
The document discusses occlusion, malocclusion, and various classification systems. Some key points:
- It defines terms like occlusion, normal occlusion, ideal occlusion, and discusses Andrew's six keys to normal occlusion.
- It also defines intra-arch and inter-arch malocclusions, and different types under each. Skeletal malocclusions affect the underlying jaw structure.
- Several classification systems are described, the most prominent being Angle's classification which is based on the mesiodistal relationship of the first molars. It outlines the three main classes: Class I, Class II, Class III.
- The advantages and drawbacks of Angle's classification are discussed. Modifications like Dewey's
This document discusses various dental terminology related to mandibular and maxillary relationships. It defines terms like centric occlusion, centric relation, rest position, maximum opening, vertical dimensions of occlusion and rest. It describes the curves of occlusion including the curve of Spee and curve of Wilson. It discusses the temporomandibular joint complex and the guidance systems, including posterior guidance by the TMJ and anterior guidance by teeth. It also covers concepts like mutually protected occlusion and balanced occlusion.
02- Occlusion in prosthodontics. Balanced occlusionAmal Kaddah
This document outlines key concepts related to balanced occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines balanced occlusion as bilateral simultaneous contact of teeth during excursive movements without interferences. Balanced occlusion is important as it provides denture stability, distributes pressure, and improves masticatory efficiency. It discusses lever balance, occlusal balance including bilateral, unilateral, and protrusive balances. It also covers topics like occlusal plane determination, excursive movements, and factors affecting balanced occlusion.
Functional malocclusion /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
00- Revision of occlusion 5th year.pptxAmalKaddah1
The Stomatognathic system
Definitions.
Difference between natural and artificial Occ.
Balanced Occlusion and Factors affecting Balanced O.
Concepts of occlusion (Balanced and Non-balanced Occlusion).
This document provides an overview of balanced occlusion and its importance in complete denture fabrication. It defines key terms like balanced occlusion, centric occlusion, eccentric occlusion, and discusses various theories of occlusion. It describes the requirements and goals of balanced occlusion in complete dentures. Various concepts of balanced occlusion are outlined, including those proposed by Gysi, Sears, French, Pleasure, Frush, Hanau and others. The document discusses the advantages of bilateral balanced occlusion and factors that affect achieving balanced occlusion in complete dentures.
Contents
Introduction
Rationale for Establishing Tooth Contacts during Fixed Prosthodontics
Concepts of Occlusion
Occlusion in fixed dental prosthesis
Occlusal treatment
Conclusion
References
Introduction
Maxillary and mandibular teeth should contact uniformly on closing to allow optimal function, minimize trauma to the supporting structures and allow for uniform load distribution throughout the dentition.
Occlusion - The static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. GPT -9
Centric relation - a maxillomandibular relationship, independent of tooth contact, in which the condyles articulate in the anterior-superior position against the posterior slopes of the articular eminences; in this position, the mandible is restricted to a purely rotary movement; from this unstrained, physiologic, maxillomandibular relationship, the patient can make vertical, lateral or protrusive movements; it is a clinically useful, repeatable reference position.
Centric Occlusion [CO] - the occlusion of opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation; this may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position.
Maximum Intercuspation [MI] - It is the maximum interdigitation of the maxillary teeth with the mandibular teeth independent of condylar position.
GPT 9
Anatomy
Temporomandibular joint
Classification of malocclusion by dr. golamIshfaq Ahmad
The document discusses occlusion, malocclusion, and various classification systems. Some key points:
- It defines terms like occlusion, normal occlusion, ideal occlusion, and discusses Andrew's six keys to normal occlusion.
- It also defines intra-arch and inter-arch malocclusions, and different types under each. Skeletal malocclusions affect the underlying jaw structure.
- Several classification systems are described, the most prominent being Angle's classification which is based on the mesiodistal relationship of the first molars. It outlines the three main classes: Class I, Class II, Class III.
- The advantages and drawbacks of Angle's classification are discussed. Modifications like Dewey's
This document discusses various dental terminology related to mandibular and maxillary relationships. It defines terms like centric occlusion, centric relation, rest position, maximum opening, vertical dimensions of occlusion and rest. It describes the curves of occlusion including the curve of Spee and curve of Wilson. It discusses the temporomandibular joint complex and the guidance systems, including posterior guidance by the TMJ and anterior guidance by teeth. It also covers concepts like mutually protected occlusion and balanced occlusion.
02- Occlusion in prosthodontics. Balanced occlusionAmal Kaddah
This document outlines key concepts related to balanced occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines balanced occlusion as bilateral simultaneous contact of teeth during excursive movements without interferences. Balanced occlusion is important as it provides denture stability, distributes pressure, and improves masticatory efficiency. It discusses lever balance, occlusal balance including bilateral, unilateral, and protrusive balances. It also covers topics like occlusal plane determination, excursive movements, and factors affecting balanced occlusion.
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
This document discusses dental occlusion, including:
- The stomatognathic system and its components like the teeth, jaws, muscles etc.
- Temporomandibular joint anatomy and the muscles involved in jaw movement.
- Concepts of occlusion like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation.
- Factors affecting balanced occlusion and the importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
It provides definitions and explanations of key occlusion terms and concepts.
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
This document provides an overview of dental occlusion including:
- The key components of the stomatognathic system and their functions
- Definitions of important occlusion terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation
- Descriptions of mandibular movements and the muscles that control them
- Explanations of balanced occlusion and factors that affect it
- The importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics and making corrections
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
The document discusses dental occlusion, including:
- The stomatognathic system which includes the teeth, jaws, muscles and joints that enable chewing.
- What occlusion is, the importance of ideal occlusion, and the differences between natural and artificial occlusion.
- Mandibular movements including centric relation, centric occlusion, and excursive movements.
- Factors that affect balanced occlusion such as simultaneous anterior and posterior tooth contacts.
- The use of articulators and facebows to record occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
Revision of Complete Denture Occlusion 5th yearAmalKaddah1
Revisions of
Definitions
Differences between natural and artificial dentition
Types of artificial tooth forms
Types of balance
Factors affecting balanced occlusion
Concepts of occlusion
Dentistry pptx on topic of normal occlusion8p8vxbgx4b
This document defines and discusses various aspects of occlusion. It begins by defining normal occlusion as teeth aligned along a smooth curve called the line of occlusion, with the maxillary first molar's mesiobuccal cusp occluding in the mandibular first molar's central fossa. It then discusses ideal occlusion, static vs dynamic occlusion, anterior and posterior determinants of occlusion, and classifications of occlusion based on mandibular position and tooth relationships. The document concludes that understanding normal occlusion is important for orthodontists to recognize abnormal occlusions.
This document defines and discusses various orthodontic terms related to tooth alignment and jaw positioning. It defines terms like overjet, overbite, openbite, Angle's classifications, and different types of malocclusions. It also explains concepts like static and dynamic occlusion, centric relation, retruded contact position, and intercuspal position. Guidance is provided on basic mandibular movements and different occlusal schemes. References for further reading on orthodontics are included.
This document discusses balanced occlusion for complete dentures. It begins with an introduction that defines occlusion and the goal of reducing trauma to supporting tissues. It then defines various occlusion terms like centric occlusion, eccentric occlusion, functional occlusion, and balanced occlusion. The document discusses theories of complete denture occlusion and various concepts like balanced, monoplane, and lingualized occlusion. It outlines the objectives, characteristics, types, advantages, and factors influencing balanced occlusion. The factors discussed are condylar guidance, incisal guidance, plane of occlusion, cuspal angulation, and compensating curve. The document provides details on each of these factors and their significance in achieving balanced occlusion.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology and occlusion. It begins by defining key occlusion terms like centric occlusion, centric relation, and anterior guidance. It describes the importance of occlusion in diagnosis, treatment planning, and minimizing failure. Ideal occlusion provides comfort and function through features like anterior guidance, posterior stability, and lack of interferences. The document discusses how anatomic factors like condylar guidance, incisal guidance, and overlap influence occlusion and posterior tooth morphology. Finally, it examines how occlusion impacts mastication and bite force.
1. The document discusses balanced occlusion for complete dentures, which aims to provide stability, reduce tissue trauma, and improve patient comfort. It defines key terms like occlusion, articulation, and describes requirements for different occlusal units.
2. Balanced occlusion requires simultaneous bilateral contacts in centric relation and eccentric positions. It is influenced by factors like condylar guidance, incisal guidance, orientation of occlusal plane, and cuspal angulation. Achieving balanced occlusion improves denture stability during functions like swallowing and bruxism.
3. The theories of Bonwill, conical, and spherical occlusion are described in relation to complete denture occlusion concepts. Balanced, monoplane, and
Occlusion in prosthodontics (Revision for 5th year students)Amal Kaddah
The document discusses key concepts related to occlusion and prosthodontics. It defines important occlusion terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation, vertical dimension of occlusion, and vertical dimension of rest. It describes the stomatognathic system including muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint anatomy. It also discusses factors that affect balanced occlusion and the importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
Gnathology is the study of jaw and mandible-related problems, including temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and muscles of the jaw. It examines issues with proper bite fitting and can extend to related areas like posture and headaches. Diagnosis of gnathological problems can be difficult as dentists often have limited understanding, leading to vague diagnoses and mediocre treatment results. Ideal occlusion is debated but involves harmony between bite, teeth, and neuromuscular system with concepts like bilateral balanced occlusion and mutually protected occlusion describing arrangements of teeth. Bruxism is excessive teeth grinding that may relate to factors like malocclusion but evidence for a strong relationship is limited.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Occlusion is defined as the contact between teeth in opposing dental arches when the jaws are closed. The document discusses key concepts in occlusion including centric occlusion, centric relation, eccentric occlusion, anterior-posterior relationships, compensatory curves, and considerations for restoring individual teeth and choosing restorative materials. Maintaining a stable and harmonious occlusion is important for the success of many dental treatments.
Unlike natural teeth, the artificial teeth act as a single unit. Hence there should be a minimum of three point contact (usually one anterior and two posterior) between the upper and lower teeth at any position of the mandible for even force distribution and stabilization of the denture.
All occlusal forms should have a tripod contact in centric relation. Balanced occlusion should have a tripod contact in eccentric relation.
This document discusses concepts of occlusion in fixed partial dentures. It defines key terms like centric relation and occlusion. It describes the requirements for optimal occlusion, including simultaneous bilateral contact of posterior teeth in centric occlusion and forces directed along the long axis of teeth. It also discusses mandibular movements, border movements, and functional movements. The document outlines the diagnosis of occlusion through intraoral exam, radiographs, and mounted casts. It describes planning occlusion and achieving an optimal occlusion.
02 occlusion in prosthodontics. balanced occlusionAmal Kaddah
The document provides an outline for a lecture on occlusion and balanced occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines key terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, vertical dimension of occlusion, and balanced occlusion. It explains that balanced occlusion is important for maintaining stability of complete dentures with minimal trauma. It also describes the different types of balance, including lever balance which depends on tooth position relative to the ridge, and occlusal balance which depends on tooth contact in various positions. Factors that affect achieving balanced occlusion are discussed.
01- Occlusion in prosthodontics introduction -5th yearAmal Kaddah
This document discusses key concepts related to occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines important terms like occlusion, centric relation, centric occlusion, balanced occlusion, and vertical dimension of occlusion. It explains that for removable prostheses, the centric relation position should be used and centric occlusion made to coincide with it. The document also discusses factors that affect balanced occlusion and various philosophies of denture occlusion.
Mandibular movements occur around the TMJ which is capable of making complex movements. Temporomandibular joint is the joint connecting your lower jaw and your skull.
The movements can be categorized as follows -
Basic movements
Excursive movements
Border movements
Functional movements
Parafunctional movements
Factors affecting mandibular movements are –
Condylar path / guidance
Opposing tooth contact and Anterior guidance
Neuromuscular control
Bite registration is a technique used to record the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches. There are various types of interocclusal records including centric relation records and eccentric records. Common materials used for bite registration include waxes, impression plaster, modeling compound, zinc oxide eugenol, acrylic resins, and elastomers. Newer digital techniques involve the use of scannable bite registration materials that can be directly scanned without a contrast medium. Proper bite registration is important for accurate mounting of dental casts during the fabrication of restorations.
This document discusses color science and guidelines for shade selection. It begins with definitions of light and the visible spectrum. It then defines color, describing it as an object absorbing some wavelengths of light and reflecting others. It discusses color perception and the three dimensions of hue, value, and chroma. It explains visual shade matching and digital shade matching methods. Guidelines are provided for selecting the correct shade, including patient positioning, lighting conditions, and evaluating surface characteristics. The key aspects covered are the interaction of light with objects to produce color, how humans perceive color, and best practices for shade selection.
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
This document discusses dental occlusion, including:
- The stomatognathic system and its components like the teeth, jaws, muscles etc.
- Temporomandibular joint anatomy and the muscles involved in jaw movement.
- Concepts of occlusion like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation.
- Factors affecting balanced occlusion and the importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
It provides definitions and explanations of key occlusion terms and concepts.
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
This document provides an overview of dental occlusion including:
- The key components of the stomatognathic system and their functions
- Definitions of important occlusion terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation
- Descriptions of mandibular movements and the muscles that control them
- Explanations of balanced occlusion and factors that affect it
- The importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics and making corrections
01 occlusion in prosthodontics introduction - stomatognathic system- definiti...Amal Kaddah
The document discusses dental occlusion, including:
- The stomatognathic system which includes the teeth, jaws, muscles and joints that enable chewing.
- What occlusion is, the importance of ideal occlusion, and the differences between natural and artificial occlusion.
- Mandibular movements including centric relation, centric occlusion, and excursive movements.
- Factors that affect balanced occlusion such as simultaneous anterior and posterior tooth contacts.
- The use of articulators and facebows to record occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
Revision of Complete Denture Occlusion 5th yearAmalKaddah1
Revisions of
Definitions
Differences between natural and artificial dentition
Types of artificial tooth forms
Types of balance
Factors affecting balanced occlusion
Concepts of occlusion
Dentistry pptx on topic of normal occlusion8p8vxbgx4b
This document defines and discusses various aspects of occlusion. It begins by defining normal occlusion as teeth aligned along a smooth curve called the line of occlusion, with the maxillary first molar's mesiobuccal cusp occluding in the mandibular first molar's central fossa. It then discusses ideal occlusion, static vs dynamic occlusion, anterior and posterior determinants of occlusion, and classifications of occlusion based on mandibular position and tooth relationships. The document concludes that understanding normal occlusion is important for orthodontists to recognize abnormal occlusions.
This document defines and discusses various orthodontic terms related to tooth alignment and jaw positioning. It defines terms like overjet, overbite, openbite, Angle's classifications, and different types of malocclusions. It also explains concepts like static and dynamic occlusion, centric relation, retruded contact position, and intercuspal position. Guidance is provided on basic mandibular movements and different occlusal schemes. References for further reading on orthodontics are included.
This document discusses balanced occlusion for complete dentures. It begins with an introduction that defines occlusion and the goal of reducing trauma to supporting tissues. It then defines various occlusion terms like centric occlusion, eccentric occlusion, functional occlusion, and balanced occlusion. The document discusses theories of complete denture occlusion and various concepts like balanced, monoplane, and lingualized occlusion. It outlines the objectives, characteristics, types, advantages, and factors influencing balanced occlusion. The factors discussed are condylar guidance, incisal guidance, plane of occlusion, cuspal angulation, and compensating curve. The document provides details on each of these factors and their significance in achieving balanced occlusion.
This document discusses temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology and occlusion. It begins by defining key occlusion terms like centric occlusion, centric relation, and anterior guidance. It describes the importance of occlusion in diagnosis, treatment planning, and minimizing failure. Ideal occlusion provides comfort and function through features like anterior guidance, posterior stability, and lack of interferences. The document discusses how anatomic factors like condylar guidance, incisal guidance, and overlap influence occlusion and posterior tooth morphology. Finally, it examines how occlusion impacts mastication and bite force.
1. The document discusses balanced occlusion for complete dentures, which aims to provide stability, reduce tissue trauma, and improve patient comfort. It defines key terms like occlusion, articulation, and describes requirements for different occlusal units.
2. Balanced occlusion requires simultaneous bilateral contacts in centric relation and eccentric positions. It is influenced by factors like condylar guidance, incisal guidance, orientation of occlusal plane, and cuspal angulation. Achieving balanced occlusion improves denture stability during functions like swallowing and bruxism.
3. The theories of Bonwill, conical, and spherical occlusion are described in relation to complete denture occlusion concepts. Balanced, monoplane, and
Occlusion in prosthodontics (Revision for 5th year students)Amal Kaddah
The document discusses key concepts related to occlusion and prosthodontics. It defines important occlusion terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, maximum intercuspation, vertical dimension of occlusion, and vertical dimension of rest. It describes the stomatognathic system including muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint anatomy. It also discusses factors that affect balanced occlusion and the importance of recording occlusion for removable prosthodontics.
Gnathology is the study of jaw and mandible-related problems, including temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders and muscles of the jaw. It examines issues with proper bite fitting and can extend to related areas like posture and headaches. Diagnosis of gnathological problems can be difficult as dentists often have limited understanding, leading to vague diagnoses and mediocre treatment results. Ideal occlusion is debated but involves harmony between bite, teeth, and neuromuscular system with concepts like bilateral balanced occlusion and mutually protected occlusion describing arrangements of teeth. Bruxism is excessive teeth grinding that may relate to factors like malocclusion but evidence for a strong relationship is limited.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Occlusion is defined as the contact between teeth in opposing dental arches when the jaws are closed. The document discusses key concepts in occlusion including centric occlusion, centric relation, eccentric occlusion, anterior-posterior relationships, compensatory curves, and considerations for restoring individual teeth and choosing restorative materials. Maintaining a stable and harmonious occlusion is important for the success of many dental treatments.
Unlike natural teeth, the artificial teeth act as a single unit. Hence there should be a minimum of three point contact (usually one anterior and two posterior) between the upper and lower teeth at any position of the mandible for even force distribution and stabilization of the denture.
All occlusal forms should have a tripod contact in centric relation. Balanced occlusion should have a tripod contact in eccentric relation.
This document discusses concepts of occlusion in fixed partial dentures. It defines key terms like centric relation and occlusion. It describes the requirements for optimal occlusion, including simultaneous bilateral contact of posterior teeth in centric occlusion and forces directed along the long axis of teeth. It also discusses mandibular movements, border movements, and functional movements. The document outlines the diagnosis of occlusion through intraoral exam, radiographs, and mounted casts. It describes planning occlusion and achieving an optimal occlusion.
02 occlusion in prosthodontics. balanced occlusionAmal Kaddah
The document provides an outline for a lecture on occlusion and balanced occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines key terms like centric relation, centric occlusion, vertical dimension of occlusion, and balanced occlusion. It explains that balanced occlusion is important for maintaining stability of complete dentures with minimal trauma. It also describes the different types of balance, including lever balance which depends on tooth position relative to the ridge, and occlusal balance which depends on tooth contact in various positions. Factors that affect achieving balanced occlusion are discussed.
01- Occlusion in prosthodontics introduction -5th yearAmal Kaddah
This document discusses key concepts related to occlusion for removable prosthodontics. It defines important terms like occlusion, centric relation, centric occlusion, balanced occlusion, and vertical dimension of occlusion. It explains that for removable prostheses, the centric relation position should be used and centric occlusion made to coincide with it. The document also discusses factors that affect balanced occlusion and various philosophies of denture occlusion.
Mandibular movements occur around the TMJ which is capable of making complex movements. Temporomandibular joint is the joint connecting your lower jaw and your skull.
The movements can be categorized as follows -
Basic movements
Excursive movements
Border movements
Functional movements
Parafunctional movements
Factors affecting mandibular movements are –
Condylar path / guidance
Opposing tooth contact and Anterior guidance
Neuromuscular control
Bite registration is a technique used to record the relationship between the upper and lower dental arches. There are various types of interocclusal records including centric relation records and eccentric records. Common materials used for bite registration include waxes, impression plaster, modeling compound, zinc oxide eugenol, acrylic resins, and elastomers. Newer digital techniques involve the use of scannable bite registration materials that can be directly scanned without a contrast medium. Proper bite registration is important for accurate mounting of dental casts during the fabrication of restorations.
This document discusses color science and guidelines for shade selection. It begins with definitions of light and the visible spectrum. It then defines color, describing it as an object absorbing some wavelengths of light and reflecting others. It discusses color perception and the three dimensions of hue, value, and chroma. It explains visual shade matching and digital shade matching methods. Guidelines are provided for selecting the correct shade, including patient positioning, lighting conditions, and evaluating surface characteristics. The key aspects covered are the interaction of light with objects to produce color, how humans perceive color, and best practices for shade selection.
This document discusses mouth preparation for fixed prosthodontic restorations. It involves assessing and treating the hard and soft tissues to ensure they are in an acceptable state to support the restoration. Key procedures include relief of symptoms, data collection, treatment planning, oral surgery like tooth extractions, caries control, endodontic and periodontal treatment, and sometimes orthodontics. The goals are to remove etiologic factors, repair damage, and maintain dental health.
This document discusses various ceramic materials used for CAD/CAM milling systems in dentistry. It describes feldspathic ceramics like Vita Mark I and Mark II that were among the first used for CAD/CAM produced inlays and onlays. Mica-based ceramics like Dicor and leucite-reinforced ceramics were also introduced. More recently, lithium disilicate reinforced ceramics with higher flexural strengths have been used for restorations. Glass infiltrated alumina and zirconia ceramics like InCeram are also discussed. The document also briefly mentions titanium and zirconia blocks used for crown and bridge frameworks.
The document discusses complete metal cast crowns. It defines them as artificial restorations that restore the coronal portion of a tooth. It lists advantages like great retention and resistance, and disadvantages like less conservative than partial coverage and inability to test pulp vitality. Indications include use as a bridge retainer or single crown for teeth excessively destroyed. Contraindications include use in anterior teeth if buccal/lingual walls are intact or if less than maximum retention is needed.
This document provides an introduction to fixed prosthodontics, including terminology, classifications of crowns and bridges, and types of prosthetics. It defines fixed prosthodontics as the replacement of missing teeth by artificial substitutes that are not removable. Crowns are described as restorations that replace the coronal portion of a tooth, and can be full or partial coverage. Bridges are fixed prostheses used to replace one or more missing teeth, consisting of retainers, pontics, and sometimes connectors. Bridges are classified based on retention, materials used, and location in the mouth.
RETAINERS USED FOR FIXED PROSTHODONTICS.pptraiesahashem
This document discusses fixed partial dentures and their components. It defines retainers as the artificial restorations that rebuild prepared abutment teeth and attach the pontic. There are different types of retainers classified by site (extra-coronal vs intra-coronal) and mode of retention. Complete coverage retainers provide more resistance but can endanger the pulp, while partial coverage retainers are more conservative but less retentive. The selection of retainers depends on factors like the abutment condition, esthetics, oral hygiene, patient age, occlusion, existing caries, and length of the edentulous span.
1. The document discusses various periodontal aspects related to fixed prosthodontics, including maintaining periodontal health, crown margin placement, crown contours, embrasure design, pontic design, splinting, and more.
2. Proper crown margin placement is important to avoid violating the biologic width and causing bone loss or gingival recession. Margins should be smooth, rounded, and accurately fitting.
3. Crown contours should mimic adjacent teeth to allow hygiene access while maintaining esthetics. Embrasures should be wide enough for hygiene but not too wide to cause food impaction.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
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3. Occlusion
Means simply the contact between teeth.
More technically, it is the relationship
between the maxillary (upper) and
mandibular (lower) teeth when they
approach each other, as occurs during
chewing or at rest
4. T M J:
The craniomandibular articulation and the capabilities of
movements and limitations of the TMJ are very important
to the dental profession, especially in the field of
Prosthodontics. This is due to the fact that there is a
relationship between the motion of the condyles and
the positioning of artificial teeth and the allowable
occlusal morphology of restored teeth.
1 -Condyle
2-Glenoid Fossa
3- Articular Disc
Anatomy
5. Centric Relation:
Centric relation is a bone-to-bone relation. It is the relation
between the maxilla and the mandible when the Condyles are in
the rear most upper most mid most in the Glenoid fossae (known
as the “rum” position). It is a relation where the condyle is in a
hinge position.
It may also be defined as the untranslated hinge position of
the mandible in its relation to the maxilla. More simply, it may be
defined as the physiologic centering of the condyles in the
cranium. At this centered position, there is an absence of
translation.
The most recent definition is that “the centric relation is the
maxillo-mandibular relationship in which the condyles articulate
with the thinnest avascular portion of their respective disks with
the complex in the anterior-superior position against the shapes of
6. Centric Occlusion:
This is a relation between the lower and
the upper teeth, that is, it is a tooth-to-tooth
relation.
Defined as being the
occlusion of teeth as the
mandible closes in centric
relation. It is a reference
point from which all other
relations are eccentric
7.
8. Maximum Intercuspation:
It is the most closed complete interdigitating of
mandibular and maxillary teeth irrespective of condylar
centricity.
In other words, maximum intercuspation may or may not
coincide with centric occlusion, depending on the position of the
condyle. If in maximum intercuspation the condyles are
physiologically centered, then both the maximum intercuspal
position and the centric occlusion position are the same. However, if
maximum intercuspation occurs with the condyles being out of
centricity, then both positions would not coincide, with the
maximum intercuspation in that case, referred to as the habitual
closure, and is considered as an eccentric position. In that case the
intercuspal position is in a position forward to the centric position,
and at a lower vertical dimension.
9.
10. Condylar Movements
1- Rotation
Rotation is the motion of a body around its axis.
Mandibular rotation occurs in the lower compartment
of the T M J, between the mandibular Condyle and the
articular disc. Mandibular rotation occurs around the
rotational centers of the condyles.
11. The Hinge Axis:
is the imaginary line connecting the rotational
centers of one condyle with that of the
opposite condyle, and around which the
mandible makes the opening and closing
rotational movements.
12. 2-Translation
Translation is the movement of a body when all its
parts move at the same time. Mandibular
translation occurs in the upper compartment of the
T M J between the disc and the glenoid fossa.
In mandibular
translation, there is a
change in the relationship
of the condyle and its
articular disc with the
articular fossa.
13. Mandibular Movements
1-Opening
2-Protrusive
3-Lateral Excursions: right and left
With the condylar rotation and translation, the
mandible is capable of performing the following
movements:
For studying the mandibular movements, we will
always start from the starting point of centric occlusion.
14. A-Opening Movement
For this movement to occur, the condyle
rotates in its place, in the terminal hinge
position. Pure rotation occurs only till the
condyles start to translate moving out of its
centricity. Upon rotation of the condyle, the
mandible opens, and teeth are discluded.
15. B-Protrusive Movement
For this movement to occur, Condyles follow the form of the
superior wall of the glenoid fossa, they slide downwards and
forwards as the mandible moves in protrusion. This
movement causes the separation of the posterior teeth, a state
known as Disclusion.
16. C-Lateral Excursion Movement
The mandible is capable of moving towards both the
right and left sides. The side to which the mandible
moves is called the working side, while the opposite side
is called the non-working side.
17. The Working Side
This is the side on which we chew. The condyle on
the working side is called the rotating condyle. It
rotates in its fossa with a little downward and
backward movement, rotating against the superior and
posterior walls of the glenoid fossa.
18. The Non-Working Side
This is the side opposite to where we chew. The
condyle on the non-working side is called the
orbiting or translating condyle. The condyle moves
medially till it comes in contact with the medial wall
of the glenoid fossa, then moves downwards,
forwards and medially, on the superior and medial
walls of the fossa.
19. Occlusal Contacts:
-Types of Cusps
From a coronal or frontal view of a section of the post canine
teeth, the lingual cusps of the upper teeth stamp into the fossae
of the lower teeth and the buccal cusps of the lower teeth stamp
into the fossae of the upper teeth. The lingual cusps of the upper
teeth and the buccal cusps of the lower teeth are therefore called
Stamp Cusps.
The buccal cusps of the upper teeth and the lingual cusps of
the lower are called the Shear Cusps, which is because they pass
closely by the stamp cusps on their way to occlusion to shear the
food.
20.
21. THE UNIT OF OCCLUSION
The unit of occlusion is a cusp in a
fossa. This cusp has in its fossa a
working groove through which it
moves in a working movement. It
also has an idling or nonworking
groove through which it idles in a
non-working movement when the
opposite side is working. It also
posses an idling protrusive groove,
through which it passes through
during the protrusive movement
22. Static Occlusion
Types of Occlusion Relationship:
1-Cusp - Ridge Pattern of Occlusion:
The relation between the upper
and lower teeth is such that one
stamp cusp fits in a fossa and
another stamp cusp of the same
tooth fits into the embrasure
area of two of the opposing
teeth. This cusp-ridge
arrangement is called a “tooth-
to-two-teeth” occlusion, or a
“cusp-embrasure” occlusal
pattern
23. 2-Cusp-Fossa Pattern of Occlusion
In this pattern, most or all
of the stamp cusps fit into
fossae. The “cusp -fossa”
relationship normally
produces an interdigitive
relation of the cusps and
fossae of one tooth with the
cusps and fossae of only one
opposing tooth. This pattern
may also be called “tooth -
to-one-tooth” occlusion
24. Advantages of Cusp-Fossa over Cusp-Marginal
Ridge Pattern of occlusion:
1-produces an interlocking of the upper and lower teeth, thus
giving maximum support in centric occlusion.
2-The forces are closer to the long axis of each tooth, giving a
more efficient chewing apparatus.
3- The occlusal forces are along the long axes of teeth: less
tipping.
4-There is elimination of food impaction between marginal
ridges.
5-The teeth are more stable, with more stable occlusion.
Because the cusps make their contact with their ridges, not their
tips, there is lesser wear of the cusp tips.
25. Dynamic Occlusion
Concepts of Occlusion:
1-Bilateral Balanced (5% of population)
Balanced occlusion is characterized by having all teeth in contact
both in centric occlusion and during all eccentric mandibular
movements. Since it has simultaneous tooth contacts during eccentric
movements, all the teeth along with the TMJ share the lateral occlusal
forces generated during these movements.
To summarize:
-All teeth contact each other during centric and all eccentric movement.
-There is cross mouth and cross tooth contacts.
-It is not a healthy occlusion.
-Does not normally occur.
-Complete dentures are made with this type of occlusion for the purpose of stability.
26.
27. 2-Unilateral Balanced: (Group Function)(20-25%)
This type of occlusion is seen when all the facial ridges of teeth on
the working side contact their opposers, while those on the
nonworking side do not.
This concept is characterized by:
1-Applying the theory of Long Centric.
2-All working side teeth share lateral forces during lateral movements
3-Nonworking side teeth are free from contacts during lateral movements
It was felt that all working side teeth should share and bear the lateral
pressures during lateral movements by eliminating the nonworking contacts.
However, the pressure differences in molars as compared to anterior teeth were not
thought of. The lateral pressure on a canine is approximately one-eighth that on a
second molar. By that, a molar would bear a much greater burden than a canine,
and as such, all teeth would not be sharing the same amount of load.
28. To summarize:
-On the working side: canine and post canine teeth are in
contact with their opposers.
-On the nonworking side: no contacts exist between teeth.
-This type of occlusion is found naturally, and may cause wear
and mobility.
29. Long Centric:
Long centric or “Freedom in Centric” is an occlusal concept, in
which a flat region is built between the retruded position and the
maximum intercuspation, without a change in the vertical dimension. This
flat region, having a length of 0.5-1mm, gives the mandible freedom to
close in Centric or slightly anterior to it without any interference.
Cases that need Freedom in Centric:
-When teeth are in the way if the patients close normally, but are fine
when the mandible is pushed to the back.
-When teeth are fine when laying down, but are in the way while
sitting upright.
If a patient needs long centric and does not get it, the lower incisors
will strike the lingual inclines of the upper incisors causing instability,
followed by bruxism and clenching.
30. 3-Cuspid Protected: (Mutually Protected)(60-70%)
This type of occlusion occurs when the posterior teeth protect the anterior teeth in centric
position. The centric stops on the posterior teeth also prevent excess loading to be transferred to the
TMJ.
The anterior teeth protect the canine and the posterior teeth during the protrusive movement,
while the canine protects the incisors and posterior teeth during lateral movements.
D’Amico advocated the Canine guided occlusion in 1958, after performing studies on the
canines in animals and humans.
He considered the canine as being the key of occlusion.
This was based on the facts that:
1-The canine has a good, if not superb, crown-root ratio.
2-The presence of the canine eminence formed of hard compact bone surrounding the tooth.
3-The location of the canine being far from the TMJ, thus receiving less stress.
4-The canine has many receptors in the periodontium.
31. To summarize:
-Posterior teeth are in contact in the centric position.
-Anterior teeth guide the mandible in the protrusive
movement.
-Canines guide the mandible in the lateral movements.
-Posterior teeth are separated and are not in contact in
all eccentric movements.
32.
33. Occlusal Adjustment
Occlusal adjustment refers to selective recontouring
and grinding of teeth in order to remove prematurities.
Indications:
1-Evidence of trauma from occlusion, by changes in the
periodontium
2-Symptoms of TMJ dysfunction and habit neurosis
(Bruxism)
3-Excessive tooth mobility
4-Excessive tooth wear
5-Need for extensive restorative work
6-Prerestorative treatment
34. Aim of Adjustment:
Our aim is to develop maximal intercuspation of teeth in the
centric relation. The post canine teeth should only contact in
centric, while the anterior teeth carry all eccentric contacts.
This procedure follows the criteria set forth in “Organic
Occlusion”.
Sequence of Occlusal Adjustment
Adjustments should be made first by correcting the eccentric
relations then correcting the centric. By such a sequence, once
the centric contacts have been established, there will be no need
for further corrections.
It is imperative that once the centric is established, teeth should
never be taken out of centric relation occlusion.
35. A-Correction of Protrusive Interferences:
The patient is asked to move his teeth into an edge-to-edge
incisal relation.
Existence of contacts in the premolars or molars in such a
protrusive movement is considered as a protrusive prematurity
that needs correction.
Tooth structure is removed from the distal inclines of the
buccal cusps of maxillary and the mesial inclines of the lingual
cusps of mandibular teeth. After removal of these interferences,
the mandible is moved distally from the edge-to-edge position
toward the centric position, removing any contacts that are seen
till reaching the centric.
36. B-Correction of Non-Working Interferences:
The mandible is moved to the position where the canines at an
edge-to-edge relation on the working side. Existence of contacts
on the opposite side (non-working) side in such a movement is
considered as a non-working side prematurity that needs
correction.
Depending on where the interferences are, either oblique
grooves directed mesially are made in the maxillary teeth to act as
pathways for the mandibular buccal cusps, or oblique grooves
directed distally are made in the mandibular teeth serving as
pathways for the maxillary palatal cusps.
37. C-Correction of Working Interferences:
The mandible is moved again to the position of edge-to-edge of the
canines on the working side. Existence of contacts of premolars or molars on
that side at that position is considered as a working side prematurity.
Reduction in tooth structure at the expense of the mesial inclines of the
maxillary buccal cusps and the distal inclines of the mandibular lingual cusps is
made to eliminate the working side interferences.
Following the correction at the edge-to-edge position, successive
stations are tested nearer and nearer to the centric position, eliminating any
interference in the posterior teeth till the centric position is reached.
After correcting and removing the non-working and working interferences
on one side, the same procedure is repeated for the other side.
38. D-Correction of Centric Relation Occlusal Interferences:
This step is started only when all eccentric interferences have been
corrected.
The mandible is guided to close in centric relation till the initial tooth
contact occurs. If after the initial contact, the mandible is deflected and
continues to close, then a centric prematurity exists that needs correction.
Corrections are made in the mesial slopes of maxillary teeth and distal
slopes of mandibular teeth. These are carried out till the deflection or slide
from the initial tooth contact in centric has been eliminated.
The final step after completion of adjustments is to deepen the fossae in
order to attain a more closed centric related closure.