This document presents the case of a 39-year-old Thai female patient who presented with acute fever and right shoulder pain. Physical examination revealed erythema and tenderness of the right shoulder with limited range of motion. Blood tests showed elevated inflammatory markers. MRI of the right shoulder showed signs of infection. Arthrocentesis of the right shoulder joint yielded cloudy yellow fluid with a high white blood cell count. Culture of the joint fluid and blood grew Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was diagnosed with septic arthritis of the right shoulder and treated surgically with arthrotomy and antibiotics.
Septic (infectious) arthritis is a bacterial infection of the joint space that can occur via bloodstream spread, local extension from a wound or trauma, or iatrogenically. It presents with an acutely swollen, painful and stiff joint along with fever. Diagnosis requires prompt arthrocentesis to analyze synovial fluid for signs of infection like white blood cell count over 50,000/μL and culture the fluid to identify the bacteria. Treatment involves immediate antibiotics as well as surgical drainage and debridement if needed to prevent joint damage.
This document discusses septic arthritis, including its definition, risk factors, common causative organisms, modes of infection, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and approaches to joint aspiration and drainage. The key points are:
- Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacterial invasion of the synovial membrane. It commonly affects the knee, hip, shoulder and ankle.
- Risk factors include rheumatoid arthritis, prosthetic joints, IV drug use, and diabetes. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacilli.
- Treatment involves joint drainage, IV antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity results, and splinting the joint. Surgical drainage is often needed if
This document provides an overview of suppurative arthritis, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. Suppurative arthritis is most common in young children under 5 years old and is usually caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus entering the bloodstream and infecting the joints. The key clinical sign is pain with passive motion of the joint. Diagnosis involves joint aspiration and culture. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 3-6 weeks along with surgery and physical therapy if needed. Complications can include osteonecrosis, premature osteoarthritis and growth abnormalities if not treated promptly.
This document provides information about septic arthritis, including:
- It is an inflammation of the synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule, often due to bacterial infection. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus.
- Risk factors include previous arthritis, trauma, diabetes, older age, immunosuppression, bacteremia, recent joint surgery or having a prosthetic joint.
- Joints most commonly involved are the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and ankle.
- Without treatment, it can lead to erosion of cartilage, bone destruction and joint deformity. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage if needed, and rest for the joint.
The document discusses various types of joint and bone infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It covers topics such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, Lyme disease and treatments including antibiotics and joint drainage. Prognosis depends on factors like speed of treatment, prior joint damage and virulence of the infecting organism.
Rheumatology MCQs Practice questions with explanationDr. Almas A
Topic: Rheumatology
Exam type: MCQs Practice questions
Q. A 26-year-old female presented to ER with dry cough and shortness of breath and often complains of chest pain. Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following will indicate that the patient suffers from sarcoidosis?
Q: A 50-year-old female presents to ER with dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea, red painful eyes. She complains of chronic dull pain in the gluteal region for the last 5 years and stiffness in the lower back that wakes her up in the morning. X-ray spine reveals squaring of vertebrae with bone spur formation. On MRI sacroiliitis is seen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Q: A 60-year-old female presents in OPD with knee joint stiffness in the morning and increases with activity and decreases on rest. She also complains about a crackling noise on joint movement. X-ray shows narrowing of the joint space and osteophytes. Which of the following treatments is recommended in this patient?
Q: A 70-year-old female presented to ER with swelling of knee joint and severe pain. Arthrocentesis revealed rhomboid-shaped crystals that stained deeply blue with H&E stain, and show weak positive birefringence on light microscopy. X-ray reveals chondrocalcinosis. Which of the following statements is true?
Q: A 40-year-old female comes to OPD with dry eyes and dyspareunia for the last 6 months. She also complains of cough and fatigue with joint pains. On examination, her parotid gland was enlarged and laboratory tests revealed anti-Ro antibodies are positive. Which of the following tests is recommended to this patient?
Septic (infectious) arthritis is a bacterial infection of the joint space that can occur via bloodstream spread, local extension from a wound or trauma, or iatrogenically. It presents with an acutely swollen, painful and stiff joint along with fever. Diagnosis requires prompt arthrocentesis to analyze synovial fluid for signs of infection like white blood cell count over 50,000/μL and culture the fluid to identify the bacteria. Treatment involves immediate antibiotics as well as surgical drainage and debridement if needed to prevent joint damage.
This document discusses septic arthritis, including its definition, risk factors, common causative organisms, modes of infection, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and approaches to joint aspiration and drainage. The key points are:
- Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacterial invasion of the synovial membrane. It commonly affects the knee, hip, shoulder and ankle.
- Risk factors include rheumatoid arthritis, prosthetic joints, IV drug use, and diabetes. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacilli.
- Treatment involves joint drainage, IV antibiotics based on culture and sensitivity results, and splinting the joint. Surgical drainage is often needed if
This document provides an overview of suppurative arthritis, including its epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis. Suppurative arthritis is most common in young children under 5 years old and is usually caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus entering the bloodstream and infecting the joints. The key clinical sign is pain with passive motion of the joint. Diagnosis involves joint aspiration and culture. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 3-6 weeks along with surgery and physical therapy if needed. Complications can include osteonecrosis, premature osteoarthritis and growth abnormalities if not treated promptly.
This document provides information about septic arthritis, including:
- It is an inflammation of the synovial membrane with purulent effusion into the joint capsule, often due to bacterial infection. The most common organism is Staphylococcus aureus.
- Risk factors include previous arthritis, trauma, diabetes, older age, immunosuppression, bacteremia, recent joint surgery or having a prosthetic joint.
- Joints most commonly involved are the knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and ankle.
- Without treatment, it can lead to erosion of cartilage, bone destruction and joint deformity. Treatment involves antibiotics, drainage if needed, and rest for the joint.
The document discusses various types of joint and bone infections, including bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infections. It covers topics such as septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, Lyme disease and treatments including antibiotics and joint drainage. Prognosis depends on factors like speed of treatment, prior joint damage and virulence of the infecting organism.
Rheumatology MCQs Practice questions with explanationDr. Almas A
Topic: Rheumatology
Exam type: MCQs Practice questions
Q. A 26-year-old female presented to ER with dry cough and shortness of breath and often complains of chest pain. Chest x-ray shows bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following will indicate that the patient suffers from sarcoidosis?
Q: A 50-year-old female presents to ER with dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea, red painful eyes. She complains of chronic dull pain in the gluteal region for the last 5 years and stiffness in the lower back that wakes her up in the morning. X-ray spine reveals squaring of vertebrae with bone spur formation. On MRI sacroiliitis is seen. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
Q: A 60-year-old female presents in OPD with knee joint stiffness in the morning and increases with activity and decreases on rest. She also complains about a crackling noise on joint movement. X-ray shows narrowing of the joint space and osteophytes. Which of the following treatments is recommended in this patient?
Q: A 70-year-old female presented to ER with swelling of knee joint and severe pain. Arthrocentesis revealed rhomboid-shaped crystals that stained deeply blue with H&E stain, and show weak positive birefringence on light microscopy. X-ray reveals chondrocalcinosis. Which of the following statements is true?
Q: A 40-year-old female comes to OPD with dry eyes and dyspareunia for the last 6 months. She also complains of cough and fatigue with joint pains. On examination, her parotid gland was enlarged and laboratory tests revealed anti-Ro antibodies are positive. Which of the following tests is recommended to this patient?
The document compares septic arthritis and gouty arthritis. Septic arthritis is caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection in the joint, commonly affecting those with underlying medical issues. It is diagnosed by synovial fluid showing infection and treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage. Gouty arthritis is caused by elevated uric acid levels leading to urate crystal formation in the joints. It is diagnosed by crystals seen in synovial fluid and treated by reducing uric acid levels. Both can lead to joint damage if untreated, while septic arthritis risks spread to bones and gouty arthritis risks severe long-term joint destruction.
Osteomyelitis in children is caused by bacterial infection, most commonly Hemophilus influenzae or Kingella kingae. It presents with pain, fever, and swelling near the infected bone. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Imaging like x-ray, bone scan, MRI can identify bone changes. Treatment is usually intravenous antibiotics for 2-6 weeks, sometimes with surgery to remove dead bone if the infection is not improving. Complications can include recurrence, bone damage affecting growth, or pathological fractures.
Septic arthritis is a medical emergency that occurs when a joint becomes infected with bacteria. It can cause rapid joint destruction if not treated promptly. The knee is the most commonly infected joint. Staphylococcus aureus is the primary causative organism. Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever and inability to move the affected joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, joint fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment requires antibiotics as well as surgical drainage and debridement of the infected joint. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent joint damage.
This 70-year-old woman presented with knee pain. Imaging showed tricompartmental joint space narrowing bilaterally with chondrocalcinosis in the knees. The differential diagnosis included CPPD arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. The diagnosis was determined to be calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD arthritis or pseudogout) based on the chondrocalcinosis seen on imaging. CPPD is a type of crystalline arthropathy causing acute or chronic joint inflammation most commonly seen in the knees.
A 73-year-old man presented with acute painful swelling of his left ankle. On examination, the ankle was red and swollen while the rest of his joints were normal. He reported a history of toe pain and swelling that improved with NSAIDs. Initial differential diagnoses for his acute monoarthritis included septic arthritis, gout, and fracture. Synovial fluid analysis and labs would help arrive at a definitive diagnosis.
This document provides information on acute scrotum from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It discusses the differential diagnoses of acute scrotum including testicular torsion, epididymitis, trauma and tumors. It provides evaluation methods and clinical criteria to differentiate diagnoses. Treatment involves prompt surgical exploration for testicular torsion to preserve viability. Ultrasound Doppler is an important tool to evaluate blood flow and diagnose torsion. Epididymo-orchitis is usually caused by infection and typically has a more gradual onset than torsion. Torsion of appendages like the appendix testis is also discussed.
Gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) are types of crystal-associated arthritis caused by the deposition of urate crystals and calcium pyrophosphate crystals respectively in the joints. Gout is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis and tophus formation. CPPD can manifest as acute pseudogout attacks or chronic arthropathy. Diagnosis involves identification of the characteristic crystals in synovial fluid under polarized microscopy. Treatment involves NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids and long-term urate-lowering therapy for gout.
Arthroscopy: Management of chronic septic arthritisChrystal Lynch
The patient presented with septic arthritis of the knee following arthroscopy. Septic arthritis is a painful infection of the joint that can cause significant damage if left untreated. The patient underwent arthroscopic lavage and debridement to clear the infected materials from the joint, along with a regimen of antibiotics and rest for the knee. Physical therapy was prescribed to regain knee function and range of motion.
Non-gonococcal bacterial arthritis is a dangerous form of acute arthritis that commonly affects large joints like the knee. It requires prompt diagnosis via joint aspiration and treatment with antibiotics like flucloxicillin along with joint drainage to prevent long-term damage like joint destruction and disability. Risk factors include prior joint disease, age, and immunosuppression which can make symptoms and tests less definitive, emphasizing the need for joint aspiration.
This document describes a case report of a 36-year-old woman in Turkey with a ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst that had perforated into her gastric antrum. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed a ruptured liver cyst associated with a closed perforation in the stomach's antrum region. Rupture of hepatic hydatid cysts is a known complication, but extension outside of the liver is rare. This case presented an unusual complication of a hepatic hydatid cyst rupturing and perforating into the stomach.
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes entering the joint space. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and limited movement of the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis showing purulence and leukocytosis, along with supportive blood tests. Treatment is with antibiotics and surgical drainage may be needed. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Acute inflammatory arthropathies by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Acute inflammatory arthropathies by Dr. Basil Tumaini, presented in a rheumatology class during the residency in internal medicine at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
The document discusses acute calculous cholecystitis, a complication of gallstones where the gallbladder becomes inflamed. It provides details on the pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Regarding treatment strategies, it indicates that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 1 week of symptoms starting is considered the best treatment for most patients based on randomized trials showing shorter hospital stays compared to delayed surgery 2-3 months later. However, it notes the risk of bile duct injuries may be higher for early surgery on an inflamed gallbladder based on large registry studies, though randomized trials were too small to definitively assess this risk. It concludes that while early laparoscopy is usually best, open surgery or postponing surgery may
This document provides an overview of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- AS is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints that can lead to fusion and rigidity of the spine. It has strong genetic associations with HLA-B27.
- Symptoms include lower back pain and stiffness that typically worsens in the morning. Advanced cases can develop a fixed "question mark" posture.
- Investigations include blood tests, imaging like X-rays and MRI to assess sacroiliac joint involvement, and mobility tests. HLA-B27
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can range from localized to involving multiple bone regions. It is typically caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and seeding the bone (acute hematogenous osteomyelitis). In children, it often involves the metaphysis of long bones and can lead to abscess formation if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical drainage if abscesses are present, splinting, and supportive care. Outcomes are generally good if treated promptly but chronic osteomyelitis can develop if not adequately treated.
Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that can be acute or chronic, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common cause. Treatment involves antibiotics combined with surgical debridement or drainage of abscesses. The goals of treatment are to eradicate the infection, resolve symptoms, and prevent complications through a multi-disciplinary approach and prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion into the joint capsule. Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria that can enter the joint through the bloodstream, direct inoculation, or spread from nearby infection. Clinical features include pain, swelling, warmth and restricted movement of the infected joint. Investigations may reveal elevated inflammatory markers, positive joint fluid culture, and X-ray changes over time. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, splinting the joint at rest, and sometimes surgical drainage or debridement to clear the infection. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity,
Diabetic foot infections and ulcers are common complications of diabetes that occur due to peripheral neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, and immune dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia. Risk factors include prior ulcers or amputations, foot deformities, and peripheral artery disease. Evaluation involves assessing infection severity, underlying bone involvement, and vascular status. Management requires wound debridement and dressings, antimicrobial therapy, glycemic control, and possible surgery. Close follow up is needed to monitor treatment response and detect any need for treatment modifications.
This document discusses various types of infectious and viral arthritis. Septic arthritis is a potentially life-threatening joint infection most often caused by bacteria entering the joint from another infected site. Diagnosis involves joint fluid analysis showing very high white blood cell counts. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes surgery. Risk factors include age, diabetes, and prosthetic joints. Parvovirus B19 and rubella can also cause self-limiting viral arthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis.
Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff Ade Wijaya
Calcific tendinitis is a degenerative condition involving calcium deposits within the rotator cuff tendons. It typically affects middle-aged individuals and is more common in females. While the majority of cases resolve spontaneously with conservative care, some patients experience persistent pain requiring needle decompression, shockwave therapy, or surgery to remove the deposits. Imaging like x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI are used to classify the deposits and guide treatment.
A 48-year-old Thai woman presented to the emergency department after being struck from behind by a cow 30 minutes earlier. She reported severe low back pain that was exacerbated by movement. On examination, she had swelling and tenderness in her low back but no neurological deficits. X-rays revealed a compression fracture of her L3 vertebra. She was admitted and prescribed bed rest and pain medication.
The document compares septic arthritis and gouty arthritis. Septic arthritis is caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection in the joint, commonly affecting those with underlying medical issues. It is diagnosed by synovial fluid showing infection and treated with antibiotics and surgical drainage. Gouty arthritis is caused by elevated uric acid levels leading to urate crystal formation in the joints. It is diagnosed by crystals seen in synovial fluid and treated by reducing uric acid levels. Both can lead to joint damage if untreated, while septic arthritis risks spread to bones and gouty arthritis risks severe long-term joint destruction.
Osteomyelitis in children is caused by bacterial infection, most commonly Hemophilus influenzae or Kingella kingae. It presents with pain, fever, and swelling near the infected bone. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP). Imaging like x-ray, bone scan, MRI can identify bone changes. Treatment is usually intravenous antibiotics for 2-6 weeks, sometimes with surgery to remove dead bone if the infection is not improving. Complications can include recurrence, bone damage affecting growth, or pathological fractures.
Septic arthritis is a medical emergency that occurs when a joint becomes infected with bacteria. It can cause rapid joint destruction if not treated promptly. The knee is the most commonly infected joint. Staphylococcus aureus is the primary causative organism. Symptoms include pain, swelling, fever and inability to move the affected joint. Diagnosis involves blood tests, joint fluid analysis and imaging. Treatment requires antibiotics as well as surgical drainage and debridement of the infected joint. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent joint damage.
This 70-year-old woman presented with knee pain. Imaging showed tricompartmental joint space narrowing bilaterally with chondrocalcinosis in the knees. The differential diagnosis included CPPD arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoarthritis, and psoriatic arthritis. The diagnosis was determined to be calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD arthritis or pseudogout) based on the chondrocalcinosis seen on imaging. CPPD is a type of crystalline arthropathy causing acute or chronic joint inflammation most commonly seen in the knees.
A 73-year-old man presented with acute painful swelling of his left ankle. On examination, the ankle was red and swollen while the rest of his joints were normal. He reported a history of toe pain and swelling that improved with NSAIDs. Initial differential diagnoses for his acute monoarthritis included septic arthritis, gout, and fracture. Synovial fluid analysis and labs would help arrive at a definitive diagnosis.
This document provides information on acute scrotum from the Department of Urology at Govt Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It discusses the differential diagnoses of acute scrotum including testicular torsion, epididymitis, trauma and tumors. It provides evaluation methods and clinical criteria to differentiate diagnoses. Treatment involves prompt surgical exploration for testicular torsion to preserve viability. Ultrasound Doppler is an important tool to evaluate blood flow and diagnose torsion. Epididymo-orchitis is usually caused by infection and typically has a more gradual onset than torsion. Torsion of appendages like the appendix testis is also discussed.
Gout and calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) are types of crystal-associated arthritis caused by the deposition of urate crystals and calcium pyrophosphate crystals respectively in the joints. Gout is characterized by recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis and tophus formation. CPPD can manifest as acute pseudogout attacks or chronic arthropathy. Diagnosis involves identification of the characteristic crystals in synovial fluid under polarized microscopy. Treatment involves NSAIDs, colchicine, corticosteroids and long-term urate-lowering therapy for gout.
Arthroscopy: Management of chronic septic arthritisChrystal Lynch
The patient presented with septic arthritis of the knee following arthroscopy. Septic arthritis is a painful infection of the joint that can cause significant damage if left untreated. The patient underwent arthroscopic lavage and debridement to clear the infected materials from the joint, along with a regimen of antibiotics and rest for the knee. Physical therapy was prescribed to regain knee function and range of motion.
Non-gonococcal bacterial arthritis is a dangerous form of acute arthritis that commonly affects large joints like the knee. It requires prompt diagnosis via joint aspiration and treatment with antibiotics like flucloxicillin along with joint drainage to prevent long-term damage like joint destruction and disability. Risk factors include prior joint disease, age, and immunosuppression which can make symptoms and tests less definitive, emphasizing the need for joint aspiration.
This document describes a case report of a 36-year-old woman in Turkey with a ruptured hepatic hydatid cyst that had perforated into her gastric antrum. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed a ruptured liver cyst associated with a closed perforation in the stomach's antrum region. Rupture of hepatic hydatid cysts is a known complication, but extension outside of the liver is rare. This case presented an unusual complication of a hepatic hydatid cyst rupturing and perforating into the stomach.
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes entering the joint space. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth and limited movement of the infected joint. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis showing purulence and leukocytosis, along with supportive blood tests. Treatment is with antibiotics and surgical drainage may be needed. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity, and secondary osteoarthritis.
Acute inflammatory arthropathies by Dr. Basil TumainiBasil Tumaini
Acute inflammatory arthropathies by Dr. Basil Tumaini, presented in a rheumatology class during the residency in internal medicine at Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
The document discusses acute calculous cholecystitis, a complication of gallstones where the gallbladder becomes inflamed. It provides details on the pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment strategies. Regarding treatment strategies, it indicates that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 1 week of symptoms starting is considered the best treatment for most patients based on randomized trials showing shorter hospital stays compared to delayed surgery 2-3 months later. However, it notes the risk of bile duct injuries may be higher for early surgery on an inflamed gallbladder based on large registry studies, though randomized trials were too small to definitively assess this risk. It concludes that while early laparoscopy is usually best, open surgery or postponing surgery may
This document provides an overview of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Some key points:
- AS is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the axial skeleton and sacroiliac joints that can lead to fusion and rigidity of the spine. It has strong genetic associations with HLA-B27.
- Symptoms include lower back pain and stiffness that typically worsens in the morning. Advanced cases can develop a fixed "question mark" posture.
- Investigations include blood tests, imaging like X-rays and MRI to assess sacroiliac joint involvement, and mobility tests. HLA-B27
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can range from localized to involving multiple bone regions. It is typically caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and seeding the bone (acute hematogenous osteomyelitis). In children, it often involves the metaphysis of long bones and can lead to abscess formation if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical drainage if abscesses are present, splinting, and supportive care. Outcomes are generally good if treated promptly but chronic osteomyelitis can develop if not adequately treated.
Osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection that can be acute or chronic, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common cause. Treatment involves antibiotics combined with surgical debridement or drainage of abscesses. The goals of treatment are to eradicate the infection, resolve symptoms, and prevent complications through a multi-disciplinary approach and prolonged antibiotic therapy.
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria or other microbes. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion into the joint capsule. Common causative organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria that can enter the joint through the bloodstream, direct inoculation, or spread from nearby infection. Clinical features include pain, swelling, warmth and restricted movement of the infected joint. Investigations may reveal elevated inflammatory markers, positive joint fluid culture, and X-ray changes over time. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, splinting the joint at rest, and sometimes surgical drainage or debridement to clear the infection. Complications can include bone and cartilage destruction, joint deformity,
Diabetic foot infections and ulcers are common complications of diabetes that occur due to peripheral neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, and immune dysfunction caused by hyperglycemia. Risk factors include prior ulcers or amputations, foot deformities, and peripheral artery disease. Evaluation involves assessing infection severity, underlying bone involvement, and vascular status. Management requires wound debridement and dressings, antimicrobial therapy, glycemic control, and possible surgery. Close follow up is needed to monitor treatment response and detect any need for treatment modifications.
This document discusses various types of infectious and viral arthritis. Septic arthritis is a potentially life-threatening joint infection most often caused by bacteria entering the joint from another infected site. Diagnosis involves joint fluid analysis showing very high white blood cell counts. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes surgery. Risk factors include age, diabetes, and prosthetic joints. Parvovirus B19 and rubella can also cause self-limiting viral arthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis.
Calcific Tendinitis of the Rotator Cuff Ade Wijaya
Calcific tendinitis is a degenerative condition involving calcium deposits within the rotator cuff tendons. It typically affects middle-aged individuals and is more common in females. While the majority of cases resolve spontaneously with conservative care, some patients experience persistent pain requiring needle decompression, shockwave therapy, or surgery to remove the deposits. Imaging like x-ray, ultrasound, CT and MRI are used to classify the deposits and guide treatment.
A 48-year-old Thai woman presented to the emergency department after being struck from behind by a cow 30 minutes earlier. She reported severe low back pain that was exacerbated by movement. On examination, she had swelling and tenderness in her low back but no neurological deficits. X-rays revealed a compression fracture of her L3 vertebra. She was admitted and prescribed bed rest and pain medication.
This document describes the case of a 6-year-old boy who fell from a tree and injured his left elbow. On examination, he had swelling, deformity, and tenderness of the left elbow with limited range of motion. X-rays showed a displaced supracondylar fracture of the left humerus. The boy underwent closed reduction with percutaneous pinning. Supracondylar fractures are common elbow injuries in children that often result from falls. They require careful evaluation, reduction if displaced, and immobilization to heal properly.
Interesting case epiphyseal plate injurySirivitch Pun
A 13-year-old boy fell from a small ladder and injured his left wrist. He reported pain and inability to move his left wrist. X-rays showed a closed fracture of the distal radius and ulna with injury to the growth plate. The boy's wrist was placed in a long arm cast after closed reduction. Growth plate fractures in children risk unequal limb growth if not properly treated. Non-operative treatment involves immobilization while operative treatment may be needed for displaced fractures. Complications can include growth arrest or angular deformity if not managed correctly.
The SlideShare 101 is a quick start guide if you want to walk through the main features that the platform offers. This will keep getting updated as new features are launched.
The SlideShare 101 replaces the earlier "SlideShare Quick Tour".
1. Acute septic arthritis and acute osteomyelitis are bacterial infections of joints and bones respectively.
2. They are usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus and can spread hematogenously or from contiguous infected sites.
3. Symptoms include fever, pain, swelling and reduced range of motion near the infected site. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like X-rays and MRI, and joint fluid analysis. Treatment requires antibiotics and may require surgical drainage of pus.
This document discusses bone and joint infections. It begins by classifying infections as either pyogenic (bacterial), tuberculous, or other causes. Osteomyelitis is defined as a bone infection that can be caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses. Symptoms of osteomyelitis can be acute, subacute, or chronic. Common sites of bone infection in children are the metaphysis around the knee. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, with plain radiography, CT, MRI, bone scans, and ultrasound all discussed. Biopsy may be needed to confirm infection and identify the organism. Brodie's abscess, a characteristic subacute pyogenic bone infection, is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of adult pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. It discusses the typical demographics of 50-60 years old and location in the lumbar spine. Common risk factors include IV drug use, diabetes, recent infections, obesity, and immunosuppression. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen. Presentation involves back pain that worsens with activity. Diagnosis relies on imaging like MRI and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics after identifying the organism, with surgery indicated for failure to improve or neurological deterioration.
1. The document discusses bone infections (osteomyelitis), including epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It provides details on the different types of bone infections like acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and chronic osteomyelitis.
2. Key points include that Staph aureus is the most common cause in all ages except neonates. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays, CT, MRI and bone scans. Treatment involves IV antibiotics for 4-6 weeks and sometimes surgical debridement.
3. Chronic osteomyelitis is characterized by infected dead bone within compromised soft tissue. Treatment requires extensive surgical debridement and long-term antibiotics.
Acute osteomyelitis is a bacterial bone infection, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus. It typically presents in children as fever, pain and swelling near the metaphysis of long bones. Investigations like blood tests, X-rays and MRI can help with diagnosis. Treatment involves antibiotics, splinting and possible surgical drainage, with precautions taken to prevent complications like chronic osteomyelitis, pathological fractures or growth plate disturbances.
This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient presenting with arthritis. It describes how arthritis is defined and classified based on the number and duration of involved joints. Key components of the history include symptoms, physical exam findings, classification, differential diagnoses, and initial investigations for monoarthritis and polyarthritis. Initial workup may include blood tests, imaging, and synovial fluid analysis to help identify conditions like gout, pseudogout, septic arthritis, trauma, and rheumatic diseases.
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that can be acute or chronic. Acute osteomyelitis typically occurs in children under 12 and presents with fever, bone pain, and swelling. It is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus entering the bone via bloodstream. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like x-rays and MRIs, and biopsies. Treatment is IV antibiotics for 3-6 weeks followed by oral antibiotics. Chronic osteomyelitis persists longer than 1 month and may require surgical intervention like debridement in addition to long-term antibiotic therapy. Complications can include bone deformities, fractures, and systemic effects.
This document provides information on fever in infants and children, including:
1) It describes the differences between true fever caused by the body's set point being increased due to infection or inflammation, versus false fever which does not directly increase the set point.
2) Evaluation of the febrile infant or child involves obtaining a thorough history, physical exam, and screening tests like CBC, blood cultures, and lumbar puncture if meningitis is suspected, to identify potential causes and focus of infection.
3) Management depends on the age of the child. Neonates less than 1 month require full sepsis workup and antibiotics if febrile. Infants 1-3 months can potentially be treated as out
1. Key physical exam findings that help differentiate joint diseases include the presence of swelling, erythema, warmth, tenderness, range of motion, pain characteristics, and duration of symptoms.
2. The major arthritides like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout/pseudogout can be compared based on features such as onset, pathology, number and type of joints involved, and associated extra-articular findings.
3. Osteoarthritis is the most common type of joint disease and diagnosis is based on clinical and radiographic evidence. Treatment focuses on medications, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease treated initially with disease-mod
Vertebral osteomyelitis( spondylodiskitis )
usually seen in adults (median age is 50 to 60 years)
Location
50-60% of cases occur in lumbar spine
30-40% in thoracic spine
~10% in cervical spine
Septic arthritis is a joint infection caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It leads to inflammation of the synovial membrane and purulent effusion in the joint capsule. Common causes are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, warmth, and limited range of motion. Diagnosis involves synovial fluid analysis showing an elevated white blood cell count. Treatment consists of antibiotics, joint drainage if needed, and rest. Without treatment, cartilage destruction and bone damage can occur, potentially leading to permanent joint deformity or ankylosis.
This document provides information on septic arthritis, including:
- Definition, risk factors, common organisms, and modes of infection. The lower extremities are most commonly affected.
- Clinical features include joint pain, swelling, warmth and restricted movement. Investigations include blood tests, joint fluid analysis and imaging.
- Treatment involves adequate joint drainage, parenteral antibiotics based on culture/sensitivity, and rest. Open surgical drainage is needed if response to aspiration is poor.
Here are some key points in the differential diagnosis based on the information provided:
- Sepsis (given fever, hypotension, leukocytosis)
- Pneumonia (given fever, leukocytosis, back pain on exam)
- Urosepsis (given fever, hypotension, leukocytosis)
- Endocarditis (given fever, hypotension, family history of "social drinking")
- Myocarditis/pericarditis (given fever, back pain)
- Drug-related toxicity (given multiple comorbidities and medications)
- Adrenal crisis (given multiple comorbidities)
Given the acute onset of fever and hypotension requiring intubation and vasopressors, sepsis
Paediatric septic arthritis is an infection of the joint space, most commonly caused by bacteria entering through the bloodstream. It can lead to destruction of joint components if not treated promptly. The diagnosis involves examining the affected joint for swelling, warmth and limited range of motion, as well as blood tests and imaging. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics for 6-8 weeks alongside surgical drainage and physiotherapy, with the aim of preventing long-term joint damage. Proper follow-up is important to monitor a child's development.
This document discusses and compares acute versus chronic scrotal swelling. It provides details on various causes of acute scrotal swelling including testicular torsion, epididymitis/orchitis, trauma, and torsion of testicular appendages. It also discusses chronic conditions like hydrocele, hernia, and varicocele. For acute scrotal swelling, it emphasizes testicular torsion is a medical emergency requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent testicular loss. Key examination findings, investigations like ultrasound and management are outlined for different acute conditions.
A 31-year-old man presented with low back pain radiating to his lower limbs that had been ongoing for two years since a motorcycle accident. Physical examination found tenderness at L5 and positive straight leg raise, Lasegue, and bowstring tests on the right side. MRI revealed herniation of the nucleus pulposus at L3-L4 and L4-L5. The diagnosis was low back pain due to herniated discs at L3-L4 and L4-L5. Treatment of analgesics and planned discectomy was recommended.
This patient presents with classic symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome including dry eyes, dry mouth, and joint pain. A Schirmer's test, which measures tear production, showed a result of 3mm in 5 minutes, confirming the diagnosis of dry eyes. Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by decreased tear and saliva production due to inflammation of the lacrimal and salivary glands. It most commonly affects middle-aged women and can cause a variety of systemic symptoms in addition to dry eyes and dry mouth. The patient's symptoms and positive Schirmer's test suggest she has primary Sjogren's syndrome.
1) She reports the classic symptoms of dry eyes and dry mouth.
2) A Schirmer's test confirmed decreased tear production, a hallmark of Sjögren's, as it showed a tear absorption rate of only 3mm in 5 minutes (normal is 5mm or more).
3) She also reports joint pain, another common extraglandular manifestation seen in Sjögren's syndrome.
In summary, the combination of dry eyes, dry mouth, and decreased tear production on objective testing, along with joint pain, are
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
4. Present IllnessPresent Illness
9 PTA
8 PTA CT
7 PTA ..admit ATB ceftriazone 2g IV OD x 6 days,
ceftriazone 2g IV q 12 hr x 2 days Clindamycin 600 mg IV
q 8 hr x 1 day
refer .
9. Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
• Vital Signs: T 38.2°C, P 102 bpm, RR 20/min, BP 125/76 mmHg
Wt 40 kg, Ht 155 cm BMI= 16.65 kg/m2
• GA: Thai female, Age 39 year olds, Looking well, Active, Cooperative
• Skin: Ulceration wound at
Lt lateral foot, mild tender
• Eyes: no pale conjunctiva, anicteric sclerae, Pupil round and equal
diameter 3 mm. Rt = Lt , RTL Both eyes
• Ear: Normal hearing, No abnormal looking, Ear canals are normal
looking, No discharge, Tympanic membranes intact
• Nose: Symmetrical, No septal deviation, No visible blockage, No
inflammation in the nostrils
10. Physical Examination (cont.)Physical Examination (cont.)
• Oral cavity: no oral ulcer, No dental caries or gingivitis, Tongue not
deviated, Pharynx not injected, Tonsils not enlarged, not injected
• Neck: Trachea in midline, Thyroid gland not enlarged, Jugular veins
not engorged, Cervical LN not palpable
• Chest: Symmetrical chest wall, Normal breathing movement,
Expansion full, Rt =Lt, Normal breath sound, no adventitious sound
• CVS: No cyanosis, No clubbing fingers, No heave or thrill, Peripheral
pulses are equal, No carotid bruit, Normal S1 S2, no murmur
• Abdomen: No distension, no dilated veins, Normal movement, No
scar, Bowel sounds normal, Soft, not tender, no mass, Liver and
spleen can’t be palpated, No guarding, No rebound tenderness, No
liver stigmata, Fluid thrill negative, Shifting dullness negative
11. Physical Examination (cont.)Physical Examination (cont.)
• Extremities:
No pitting edema,
no petechiae, no
rash
Mild erythema
Warmth
Marked tenderness
Mild swelling
Limit ROM at Right shoulder
due to pain (Joint immobility)
(Passive & Active)
13. Physical Examination (cont.)Physical Examination (cont.)
• Neurological: Fully conscious, Good orientation to time, place,
person
Speech: normal
Cranial nerves: normal
Motor: grade V all extremities
Sensory: grossly intact
DTR: 2+ all
Stiffness of neck: negative
32. GeneralGeneral
• known as infectious arthritis, may represent a direct
invasion of joint space by various microorganisms, most
commonly caused by bacteria.
• key consideration in adults presenting with acute
monoarticular arthritis.
• becoming increasingly common among people who are
immunosuppressed and elderly persons.
• Of people with septic arthritis, 45% are older than 65
years; these groups are more likely to have various
comorbid disease states.
• Septic arthritis due to bacterial infections is commonly
classified as either gonococcal or nongonococcal.
33. PathogenesisPathogenesis
• Because of the lack of a limiting basement plate in
synovial tissues, the most common route of entry into the
joint is hematogenous spread during bacteremia.
• Pathogens may also enter through direct inoculation (e.g.,
arthrocentesis, arthroscopy, trauma) or contiguous spread
from local infections (e.g., osteomyelitis, septic bursitis,
abscess).
• Once in the joint, microorganisms are deposited in the
synovial membrane, causing an acute inflammatory
response.
• Inflammatory mediators and pressure from large effusions
lead to the destruction of joint cartilage and bone loss.
36. PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONPHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• The physical examination should determine if
the site of inflammation is intraarticular or
periarticular, such as a bursa or skin.
• Intraarticular pathology results in severe
limitation of active and passive range of
motion, and the joint is often held in the
position of maximal intraarticular space.
• Conversely, pain from periarticular pathology
occurs only during active range of motion, and
swelling will be more localized.
37. LABORATORY EVALUATIONLABORATORY EVALUATION
• Serum markers, such as white blood cell
(WBC) count, ESR and C-reactive protein
levels, are often used to determine the
presence of infection or inflammatory
response.
• Patients with confirmed septic arthritis have
been found to have normal ESR and C-
reactive protein levels.
• When elevated, these markers may be used to
monitor therapeutic response.
38. SYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSISSYNOVIAL FLUID ANALYSIS
In synovial fluid, a WBC count of more than 50,000/mm3
(50 × 109
per L) and a polymorphonuclear cell count
greater than 90 percent have been directly correlated with
infectious arthritis, although this overlaps with crystalline
disease.
39. IMAGINGIMAGING
• There are no data on imaging studies that are
pathognomonic for acute septic arthritis.
• Plain films establish a baseline and may detect fractures,
chondrocalcinosis, or inflammatory arthritis.
• U/S is more sensitive for detecting effusions, particularly
in difficult-to examine joints, such as the hip.
• MRI findings that suggest an acute intraarticular infection
include the combination of bone erosions with marrow
edema.
• Imaging may allow guided arthrocentesis, particularly in
difficult-to-examine joints (e.g., hip, sacroiliac,
costochondral).
40. OrganismsOrganisms
• Almost any microorganism may be pathogenic in septic
arthritis.
• Bacterial causes of septic arthritis include staphylococci
(40%), streptococci (28%), gram-negative bacilli (19%),
mycobacteria (8%), gram-negative cocci (3%), gram-
positive bacilli (1%), and anaerobes (1%).
• There are various characteristic presentations depending
on the pathogen, underlying medical conditions, or
exposures.
48. ManagementManagement (Adjunctive Therapies)(Adjunctive Therapies)
Drainage
•Removal of bacteria and inflammatory debris from the joint
is an essential component of the management of infectious
arthritis.
•The most effective method of drainage has yet to be
clearly delineated given a paucity of quality studies.
•Closed needle aspiration has historically been the method
used in less severe cases and in distal, smaller joints.
•It is less invasive than surgical drainage and may be
associated with faster functional recovery, but it has not
been associated with shorter length of stay or decreased
mortality.
49. ManagementManagement (Adjunctive Therapies)(Adjunctive Therapies)
Drainage
•Additionally, lysis of adhesions or drainage of loculated
infection is not possible with needle aspiration.
•When surgical drainage is employed, one must consider
arthroscopy versus open arthrotomy.
•There is no definitive evidence to recommend one over
the other and most studies focus on a specific joint.
•Open arthrotomy is recommended under specific
situations such as in joints with preexisting severe articular
disease, associated osteomyelitis, or not easily accessible
for needle aspiration.
50. Take home messagesTake home messages
• Septic arthritis is a medical emergency that requires
rapid diagnosis and treatment to avoid morbidity and
mortality.
• S. aureus is the most frequent causative pathogen, and
MRSA is emerging as an important cause of community-
and hospital-acquired septic arthritis.
• Joint drainage is paramount in the management of
septic arthritis.
51. ReferencesReferences
• The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy Version
1.9 for iTunes By Antimicrobial Therapy, Inc.
• Diane L Horowitz, et al. Approach to Septic Arthritis,
Am Fam Physician. 2011 Sep 15;84(6):653-660.
• Katie A. Sharff, et al. Clinical Management of Septic
Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep.2013. 15:332