The document covers key concepts about the Earth's layers, including the lithosphere, various tectonic plates, and their movements, with an emphasis on geological formations resulting from plate boundaries. It explains three types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent, and transform, highlighting their characteristics and the geological impacts they have, such as earthquakes and volcanoes. Additionally, the document outlines the importance of convection currents in driving plate tectonics and provides detailed descriptions of major tectonic plates worldwide.

2. Quiz #1
1. The Earth’s crust is considered the thinnest layer.
2. The average temperature of the Earth’s Inner
Core is roughly 5000 to 6000°C
3. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the
core.
4. The Lithosphere is the hottest layer of the Earth.
5. There are 10 Major Tectonic Plates on Earth. True or False

3. Quiz #1
6. Mohorovicic Discontinuity (Moho) is the boundary between
the upper mantle and the crust.
7. The continental crust is thinner as compared to the
oceanic crust.
8. The largest known planet in the Solar System is the Earth.
9. The Pacific Ring of Fire is found in the Pacific Plate
10. When continental crust collides with oceanic crust,
volcanoes and trenches are formed.
True or False

4. 11. Which layer of the Earth is the hottest and has the highest pressure?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust
12. Where does the heat of the core come from?
a) The Sun’s Radiation
b) The Moon
c) The radioactive decay of Plutonium
d) The Radioactive decay of Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium.
Scientific findings 4

5. 5
13. Which layer of the Earth is responsible for generating the Earth's
magnetic field?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust
14. Which layer of the Earth is the thickest?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust

6. Scientific findings 6
15. Which layer of the Earth is composed of solid rock and is divided into
tectonic plates?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust
16. Which type of crust is denser?
a) Continental Crust
b) Oceanic Crust
c) Mantle
d) Tectonic Crust

7. Scientific findings 7
17. Which layer of the Earth does the diamond formed?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust
18. Which layer of the Earth is the thinnest?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust

8. Scientific findings 8
19. The Lithosphere comes from the Greek words lithos and sphaira which
means.
a) Rock and Sphere
b) Solid and Round
c) Rock and Globe
d) Rock and Earth
20. Which layer of the Earth is located between the crust and the core?
a) Inner core
b) Outer core
c) Mantle
d) Crust

9. Scientific findings 9
21. It is a precious material found in the mantle.
22. Basalt can be found in which type of Crust?
23. It protects the Earth from the harmful solar radiation.
24. It is the boundary between the crust and the mantle.
25. The deepest part of the Earth.

10. Quiz #1
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2
3
4
5
6
7 8
9
Label it!

11. IVAN C H R IST I AN B. B AN AS TAO, L PT

12. P L A T E B O U N D A R I E S
T Y P E S A N D D E F I N I T I O N

13. 13
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
At the end of classroom discussion, the students are able to:
 Identify the different types of plate boundaries;
 Differentiate the formations that may be formed per plate
boundaries;
 Use the PhET Simulation to demonstrate Plate Boundaries;
 Give importance to setting boundaries in real-life situations.

15. 15
Plate Motions

16. 16
Plate Motions
The plates are
moving due to a
mechanism called
Convection
Currents.

17. 17
Convection Current
Hot material rises
while cooler
material near the
surface sinks.

18. 18
Hot material from
deep within the
Earth rises while
cooler material
near the surface
sinks.
Convection Current

19. 19
Convection
Current

20. Plate Tectonics
Theory
This theory states that “The Earth’s lithosphere
(plates) are moving in constant motion, driven by
convection currents in the mantle.”
Plates move slowly in different directions which
causes different geologic events like earthquakes,
volcanoes, mountains, rift valleys, etc.

21. Plate Tectonics
Theory
Major and Minor
Tectonic Plates

23. 23
Plate
Boundaries

24. PLATE
BOUNDARIES
Plates do not have gaps with
one another, and the fine line
between them is a boundary.
Plates comprise the crust and
the upper mantle, and even
though they move, there are no
spaces between them.
These extend deep into the
lithosphere; thus, it has greater
thickness.
These are divided into three (3)
types, namely: divergent,
convergent, and transform

25. CONVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
In these boundaries, the type of
crust should be considered since
utilization of different crust creates
different landforms.
Convergent boundaries have
three types: convergence
between oceanic-oceanic,
oceanic-continental, and
These plates are commonly
known as “colliding plates”
wherein two tectonic plates
toward each other.

26. 26
Oceanic and Continental
Crust
Oceanic Crust
• Very dense, made of basalt
• This is the crust found in the
ocean floors
Continental
• Less dense, made of granite
• This is the crust that
composes the continents

27. CONVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
In these boundaries, the type of
crust should be considered since
utilization of different crust
creates different landforms.
Convergent boundaries have
three types: convergence
between oceanic-oceanic,
oceanic-continental, and
These plates are commonly
known as “colliding plates”
wherein two tectonic plates
toward each other.

28. DIVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
Most divergent boundaries are
located at the oceanic ridges,
although some are on land,
Spreading of plates have a
varying rates depending on the
location, 1 to 3 cm/y in the
Atlantic, and 6 to 10 cm/y in
These plates are spreading
boundaries, where a new
oceanic crust is created from
magma.

29. TRANSFORM
BOUNDARIES
Most transform faults connect
segments of mid-ocean ridges
and are thus ocean-ocean
plates.
Some transform faults
connect continental
parts of plates.
These plates occur when
two plates slide pas each
other, horizontally.

30. 30

31. 31
ACTIVITY TO
PERFORM

32. 32
Convergent Plates
Introduction
These plates are commonly
known as “colliding plates”
wherein two tectonic plates
toward each other. In these
boundaries, the type of crust
should be considered since
the utilization of different
crusts creates different
landforms.

33. 33
Oceanic-continental
Ocean plate colliding
with a less dense
continental plate causing

34. 34
Oceanic-continental
SUBDUCTION : The
process by which ocean
crust sinks beneath a
deep-ocean trench and
back into the mantle at a
convergent plate
In this convergence,
the ocean plate,
which is denser as
compared to the
continental crust will
go under it.
Sediments that has
accumulated in the
continental slope is
thrust up into an
accretionary wedge,
and compression
leads to thrusting
within the continental
plate.

35. 35
Oceanic-continenta
Mountains,
volcanoes, and
earthquakes occur
as an ocean plate
subducts under a
continental plate.
The oceanic plate
melts; less dense
magma rises to
form volcanoes.
Mt. Malinao
Mt.
Masaraga
Mt. Mayon

36. 36
Mt. Malinao
Mt.
Masaraga
Mt. Mayon
Mt. Bulusan
Mt. Isarog
Mt Asog

37. 37
Oceanic-continenta

38. 38
Oceanic-continental
Ocean plate colliding
with a less dense
continental plate causing

39. 39
Oceanic-oceanic
Ocean plate colliding
with another ocean
plate.

40. 40
Oceanic
Oceanic-Oceanic
One of the plates is pushed or subducted under
the other. Often, it is the older and colder plate
that is denser and subducts beneath the younger
and hotter plate. The subduction zone is called a
TRENCH.
With this convergence,
volcanic islands are
formed.

41. Mariana’s
Trench

43. 43
Continental-Continental
A continental plate collides
with another continental
plate.
COLLISION ZONES: A place
where folded and thrust
faulted mountains form.

44. Sierra Madre
Mountain Ranges
The mountain
formation in this
place is directly
influenced by the
convergent plate
boundary. The
convergence
between the
Eurasian plate and
the Philippine Sea
plate is the reason
for those mountain
formations in the
area

45. Himalayan
Mountain Ranges
The Himalayas is the
highest mountain
range in the world and
have 9 out of 10 of the
world’s highest peaks,
including Mount
Everest (8848 meters).
These mountains,
referred to as the
Third Pole, are the
source of some of
Asia’s major rivers and
also help to regulate
our planet’s climate.

47. DIVERGENT
BOUNDARIES
Most divergent boundaries are
located at the oceanic ridges,
although some are on land,
Spreading of plates have a
varying rates depending on the
location, 1 to 3 cm/y in the
Atlantic, and 6 to 10 cm/y in
These plates are spreading
boundaries, where a new
oceanic crust is created from
magma.

48. 48
Divergent
Boundaries
In terms of divergent plate
boundaries, it has two
specific types depending
on the crust being
involved. We have the rift
valley and mid-oceanic
ridges.

49. 49
Rift Valley The continent starts to
split apart, forming a rift
valley and eventually a
seaway and then an
ocean. Volcanic activities
and earthquakes occur in
these areas.

50. 50
Rift Valley

51. 51
Rift Valley

52. 52
Mid-Oceanic
Ridge
New ocean floor,
mountains,
earthquakes, and
volcanic action occur
when an ocean plate
spreads apart from
each other.

53. 53
Mid-Oceanic
Ridge

54. 54
Mid-Oceanic
Ridge

55. TRANSFORM
BOUNDARIES
Most transform faults connect
segments of mid-ocean ridges
and are thus ocean-ocean
plates.
Some transform faults
connect continental
parts of plates.
These plates occur when
two plates slide pas each
other, horizontally.

56. 56
West Valley Fault
The West Valley
Fault
segment traverses
from Doña
Remedios Trinidad
to Calamba with a
length of 129.47
kilometers (80.45
mi). The West Fault
is capable of
producing large
scale earthquakes
on its active phases
with a magnitude of
7 or higher.

57. 57

58. 58

59. 59

60. 60

61. Earth’s Origin
630 million years
ago
• Acid rain comes down caused by the carbon
dioxide from a massive number of volcanic
eruptions.
• Temperatures dropped to -50 degrees Celsius
due to lack of CO2
• Snowball Earth has the longest ice age ever.
• 15 years later, the ice begins to melt as
volcanoes start to pump out tons of CO2

62. Earth’s Origin
252 to 66 million
years ago
• Supercontinent Pangaea is formed from
pole to pole.
• Dinosaurs evolved from the reptiles that
survived extinctions
• Earth’s crust is thinning
• Pangaea breaks up from tectonic plate
movements
• The seafloor is scattered with dead fish
and plankton

63. Scientific findings 63

64. 64
Tectonic Plates
Plates are large, rigid
slabs of solid rock.
These are formed
from the lithosphere:
the crust and the
upper mantle.

65. 65
Major Tectonic Plates

66. 66
Major Tectonic Plates
Pacific Plate
The Pacific major plate is the
largest, which underlies the
Pacific Ocean. Specifically, it
stretches all the way along the
west coast of North America to
the east coast of Japan and
Indonesia. This plate forms most
of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

67. 67
Major Tectonic Plates
Eurasian Plate
The Eurasian major plate
consists of most of Europe,
Russia, and parts of Asia. This
plate is sandwiched between the
North American and African
Plates on the north and west
sides.

68. 68
Major Tectonic Plates
African plate
The African Plate contains the
whole continent of Africa as well
as the surrounding oceanic crust
of the Atlantic Ocean. The west
side of the African Major Plate
diverges from the North
American Plate, forming the
mid-oceanic ridges.

69. 69
Major Tectonic Plates
Antarctic plate
The Antarctic plate holds the
entire continents of Antarctica
including its surrounding
oceanic crust. This plate is
surrounded parts of the African,
Australian, Pacific, and South
American plates.

70. 70
Major Tectonic Plates
Indo-Australia Plate
The Indo-Australia plate is a
major plate combining the
Australian and Indian plates.
Australia, India, and Antarctica
were once connected as the
supercontinent Gondwana.

71. 71
Major Tectonic Plates
South American Plate
The South American Plate is a
major plate that includes the
continent of South America and
a large portion of the ocean from,
the Atlantic Ocean. On the west
side of South America, it
experiences devastating
earthquakes due to CPB.

72. 72
Major Tectonic Plates
es
of
the
major
tectonic
plates Major plate Continents and Oceans Size in area (km2
)
Pacific Plate Pacific Ocean 102,900,000
North American
Plate
United States, Canada, Arctic
Ocean, and the Atlantic
Ocean
75,900,000
Eurasian Plate Europe, Russia, and Asia 67,800,000
African Plate Africa and Atlantic Ocean 61,300,000
Antarctic Plate Antarctica 60,900,000
Indo-Australia
Plate
Australia, India, Oceania, and
the Indian ocean
58,900,000
South American
Plate
South America and Atlantic
Ocean
43,600,000

73. 73
Major Tectonic Plates