A presentation on project formulation submitted at the college level. Data is gathered from different websites including SlideShare itself and book on Entrepreneurship Development Program by S.P.Sukhija and Sangam Kapoor.
A presentation on project formulation submitted at the college level. Data is gathered from different websites including SlideShare itself and book on Entrepreneurship Development Program by S.P.Sukhija and Sangam Kapoor.
INTRODUCTION
A breakeven analysis is used to determine how much sales volume your business needs to start making a profit.
The breakeven analysis is especially useful when you're developing a pricing strategy, either as part of a marketing plan or a business plan.
In economics & business, specifically cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP) is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain, and one has "broken even".
Total cost = Total revenue = B.E.P.
Project identification and Project selectionAmandaBvera
This presentation covers the topic of project identification and project selection. It sheds light on the meaning of the project, meaning of project identification, classification of projects, types of opportunities, dimensions of project identification, criteria for project selection and constraints involved in project selection. Enjoy learning!
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
The slides describes the basics of agricultural marketing, its importance, scope with some concepts like market, dimensions of market, market structure, market conduct and market performance.
The following slide describes Promotion Mix of Marketing Mix which is the Market Promotion consisting of Promotion strategy and its elements such as Personal selling, Sale promotion, Advertising, Publicity, Public relations, etc and it's meaning, merits and demerits. course - Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices of Agricultural Economics Department
INTRODUCTION
A breakeven analysis is used to determine how much sales volume your business needs to start making a profit.
The breakeven analysis is especially useful when you're developing a pricing strategy, either as part of a marketing plan or a business plan.
In economics & business, specifically cost accounting, the break-even point (BEP) is the point at which cost or expenses and revenue are equal: there is no net loss or gain, and one has "broken even".
Total cost = Total revenue = B.E.P.
Project identification and Project selectionAmandaBvera
This presentation covers the topic of project identification and project selection. It sheds light on the meaning of the project, meaning of project identification, classification of projects, types of opportunities, dimensions of project identification, criteria for project selection and constraints involved in project selection. Enjoy learning!
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations, and from community activities.
The slides describes the basics of agricultural marketing, its importance, scope with some concepts like market, dimensions of market, market structure, market conduct and market performance.
The following slide describes Promotion Mix of Marketing Mix which is the Market Promotion consisting of Promotion strategy and its elements such as Personal selling, Sale promotion, Advertising, Publicity, Public relations, etc and it's meaning, merits and demerits. course - Agricultural Marketing, Trade and Prices of Agricultural Economics Department
Entrepreneurship development - Venturing Small BusinessSOMASUNDARAM T
Steps involved in starting a business venture; location, clearances and permits required, formalities, licensing and registration procedures; Feasibility study (financial, technical and social) of project; Sources of Finance: Short term and Long term (Venture Capital and Angel Investing)
Entrepreneurship development - Venturing Small BusinessSOMASUNDARAM T
Steps involved in starting a business
venture, Location, Clearances and
permits required, formalities,
licensing and registration procedures,
Feasibility study (financial, technical
and social) of project, Sources of
Finance – Short term and Long term
(Venture capital and Angel investing)
Project: definition, types and importance, phases of the project,
project identification, sources of idea generation, selection,
feasibility studies, formulation and project report, appraisal,
implementation, evaluation, and control.
Setting up a small business enterprise: identifying the business
opportunity- the importance of creativity, opportunities in various
sectors, stages for setting up of a small enterprise, Concept of
elevator pitch.
Business plan: meaning, Objectives, preparation.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Feasibility Study is an assessment of the
practicality of a proposed project or
system.
In feasibility analysis, the project idea is
examined from the point of view whether
to go in for making a detailed investment
proposal or not.
2
3. While making a feasibility analysis, there could
be only 3 alternatives which are the following:
1. When the project idea seems to be feasible, then we proceed with the idea.
2. When the project idea is not feasible, then we abandon the idea.
3. When we are unable to arrive at a conclusion, then we make efforts to collect
the required data and design the development.
3
4. Techno - Economic feasibility refers to the estimation of
project demand potential and choice of optimal technology.
Techno- Economic feasibility is an analysis on the existing
market and technology.
The choice of technology itself will be based on the demand
potential in project design.
Techno - Economic feasibility analyze the project on
individual criteria or different aspects and sets the stage for
detailed design development.
4
5. A feasibility report of a new enterprise or of an
expanding enterprise consist of some
background info. about the industry to which
the project belongs, and the enterprise
submitting the report in general.
5
6. 1. Objective and scope of the report.
2. Product characteristics.
3. Market position and trends.
4. Raw material requirement, prices, sources and properties of raw
materials.
5. Manufacturing processes, selection of process, production
schedule and techniques.
6. Plant and machinery.
7. Requirement of land area, building, construction schedule.
8. Financial implications.
9. Marketing channels, their trending practices and marketing
strategies.
10. Requirement o personnel, labour and expenses on wage system.
6
8. Factors to be considerd while
preparing report
Technical
considerations
Economic
considerations
Financial
considerations
Managerial
consideration
Implementation
schedule
8
9. Technical Considerations : It establishes whether the
project is technically feasible or not. In this various
technical alternatives on employment, ecology ,
infrastructure demands, capital services , balance of
payments and other factors are taken in account.
Economic Considerations : Economic data relates to
market, the data required for analysis of this aspect can be
obtained from secondary sources like government
agencies, trade associations. Data can also be obtained
through primary sources like mailed questionnaire and
market survey.
Financial Considerations : Financial considerations help
the project to evaluate the different measures of
commercial profitability and the magnitude of financing
required . It requires the current status of the market with
respect to the project.
9
10. Managerial Competence : A proper assessment of the number
and skills of staff required for the project is to be considered
under this aspect. For this purpose an appropriate
organization structure is decided, then the skills and talents
required by man power is determined.
Managerial competence consideration :
a) Activity analysis involving anticipated work flow and the
activities involved in the project.
b) Grouping of activities into tasks which employees can
perform effectively.
c) Classification of tasks are the building blocks of the
organization structure.
d) Determining inter-relationships between different
positions to decide the chain of command
Implementation Schedule : The implementation schedule is
prepared to ensure timely completion of the project. It helps
in saving time and cost. Delays in project completion may
10
13. A record to verify that the running facets of the project are
analyzed just before implementation.
To make sure the suggested project/business is a effective
venture.
Provide guideline which will help the management in easy
monitoring and controlling project implementation and
production activity.
Helps you to convince bankers, partners, government to avail
necessary help.
13
14. 1. Management capacity to handle the company.
2. Government clearance and approval feasibility.
3. Marketability from the products towards the extent of production
suggested.
4.Technical feasibility of production.
5. Financial stability to make sure of profit.
14
15. I. Management capacity to employ THE PROJECT and keep it
check effectively:
o Personal particulars from the marketers.
o Financial status from the marketers.
o Stake from the marketers / equity participation particulars.
o The connection between the marketers.
o Organization chart /determining clearly government bodies and
duties.
o Particulars from the key personnel.
o Write the kind of skilled persons needed for that project as well as
their availability.
o Bankers / auditors particulars.
15
16. II. Government clearances to become acquired:
o Licence for production and exports
o Licence for imports of machines/ recyclables /many other
materials
o Foreign nation guidelines highly relevant to the company
o Work law and Industrial facilities act/industries act / boiler act
o Register of companies -Tax act ,Excise duty and ISO
certification
o Maximum retail cost
o Storing the raw materials , many other materials
o Packing and moving
o Investment subsidy supplied by the government
o Location from the project
o Government reservation list for SSI sector
16
17. III. Marketing aspects:
a) Creating the near future DEMAND /SUPPLY in quantity terms
Projecting THE NEAR FUTURE DEMND
Study yesteryear demand pattern
Consumption , market size , exports , role of competition
Starting at the present trend and future expected
demand thinking about above points
Projecting THE NEAR FUTURE SUPPLY
Study yesteryear supply pattern
Production sector market , capital utilisation, imports and
quantity of models
Starting at the present trend and future expected supply
thinking about above points
b) The scope of promoting the merchandise to at least one
Consumer market
Industrial market
Export market
Government and institutional market
17
18. c) The marketing mix ( product, cost, place promotion) of
competitors
Companies analyzed to reach a suitable means of organisation
d) Scope for ANCILLARY status unit to motor unit , marketing
correct arrangement , opening show rooms , acquiring job
work , captive consumption , ETC analyzed.
18
19. 1. Quality parameters from the items suggested to
become created.
2. Product specifications.
3. Quantity to become created in every variety.
4. Suggested technology.
5. Highlights around the suggested technology.
6. Procedure for manufacture.
7. Production line balancing.
8. Listings of machines.
9. Supplier selections.
10. Raw material. (cost, quality etc.)
19
20. 1. Price of land.
2. Price of building.
3. Price of machines.
4. Contingencies.
5. Preliminary and pre operative expenses.
6. Miscellaneous fixed assets.
7. Margin money for capital.
20
21. 1. Promoter’s capital.
2. Term loan from bank.
3. Investment subsidy.
Term loan component is debt promoter’s capital and
investment subsidy components may be the equity.
21
23. 1. Profit on sales.
2. Profit on investment with various investment
options.
3. Break even point.
4. DET service coverage ratio.
5. Sensitivity analysis.
6. Internal rate of return.
23
24. Entrepreneurship Development By S.Anil
kumar
Paper onTEFR of the industrial project
– Prof.V S RangarajAN
Entrepreneurship and Economic development
by-Wim Naude 24