Decontamination of anaesthesia equipmentsshahchetank1
The document discusses decontamination of anesthesia equipment. It provides evidence that anesthesia equipment can transmit infections based on multiple studies over decades. Equipment like breathing bags, humidifiers, ventilators, and laryngoscopes have been implicated in spreading pathogens. The document concludes that a 8% contamination rate of equipment is too high a risk. It then describes the processes of cleaning, disinfection and sterilization needed for anesthesia equipment depending on the item's classification as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical. Chemicals and methods used for effective decontamination are also outlined.
The document provides information on general anesthesia including:
1) It discusses the history, goals, and levels of sedation for general anesthesia. Different levels include minimal sedation, moderate sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia.
2) The pre-anesthetic evaluation process involves taking a medical history, performing a physical exam including airway assessment, and ordering lab tests.
3) Common anesthetic equipment is described including laryngoscopes, endotracheal tubes, airways, monitors, and intravenous and inhalational drugs used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of regional anaesthetics. It begins by defining regional anaesthesia as anaesthesia of a segment of the body through peripheral or neuraxial interruption of nerve transmission without loss of consciousness. The document then discusses the history of local anaesthetics from cocaine in the 1860s to modern agents like lidocaine and bupivacaine. It also covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of various local anaesthetic agents.
This document provides information on local anesthetics including their history, chemical structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses. It discusses that local anesthetics reversibly block nerve conduction by binding to sodium channels. The first local anesthetic used was cocaine in the 1860s. Local anesthetics have three parts to their structure - a lipophilic group, intermediate bond and hydrophilic group. Their onset, potency and duration are determined by pKa, lipophilicity and protein binding respectively. The document outlines the differences between ester and amide local anesthetics and discusses various additives used with local anesthetics. It also covers the side effects, toxicity and individual characteristics of different local anesthetic agents.
This document discusses anesthetics, including local anesthetics and their mechanism of action. It notes that local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels, preventing the propagation of action potentials. It classifies local anesthetics as either esters or amides and notes their differences in metabolism and duration of action. The document discusses allergic reactions, toxicity, and important considerations for use such as not using amides in patients with liver dysfunction. It also provides tips to determine if a cocaine derivative is an ester or amide and discusses the use of vasoconstrictors and anesthetic adjuncts.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a restricted area of the body. They work by interfering with sodium channel function and action potential generation in neurons. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine. Adding vasoconstrictors like epinephrine prolongs the duration of anesthesia by slowing absorption from the injection site. Local anesthetics are used for surface anesthesia, injections, and spinal anesthesia. Adverse effects include central nervous system toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and allergic reactions at high doses.
Spinal anesthesia involves injecting local anesthetic into the fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord. This blocks pain and other sensations below the injection site. The document discusses the anatomy of spinal anesthesia, commonly used local anesthetics, indications, contraindications, proper administration technique, and potential complications and their treatments. It provides a comprehensive overview of spinal anesthesia.
Decontamination of anaesthesia equipmentsshahchetank1
The document discusses decontamination of anesthesia equipment. It provides evidence that anesthesia equipment can transmit infections based on multiple studies over decades. Equipment like breathing bags, humidifiers, ventilators, and laryngoscopes have been implicated in spreading pathogens. The document concludes that a 8% contamination rate of equipment is too high a risk. It then describes the processes of cleaning, disinfection and sterilization needed for anesthesia equipment depending on the item's classification as critical, semi-critical, or non-critical. Chemicals and methods used for effective decontamination are also outlined.
The document provides information on general anesthesia including:
1) It discusses the history, goals, and levels of sedation for general anesthesia. Different levels include minimal sedation, moderate sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia.
2) The pre-anesthetic evaluation process involves taking a medical history, performing a physical exam including airway assessment, and ordering lab tests.
3) Common anesthetic equipment is described including laryngoscopes, endotracheal tubes, airways, monitors, and intravenous and inhalational drugs used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.
This document provides an overview of regional anaesthetics. It begins by defining regional anaesthesia as anaesthesia of a segment of the body through peripheral or neuraxial interruption of nerve transmission without loss of consciousness. The document then discusses the history of local anaesthetics from cocaine in the 1860s to modern agents like lidocaine and bupivacaine. It also covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of various local anaesthetic agents.
This document provides information on local anesthetics including their history, chemical structure, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and clinical uses. It discusses that local anesthetics reversibly block nerve conduction by binding to sodium channels. The first local anesthetic used was cocaine in the 1860s. Local anesthetics have three parts to their structure - a lipophilic group, intermediate bond and hydrophilic group. Their onset, potency and duration are determined by pKa, lipophilicity and protein binding respectively. The document outlines the differences between ester and amide local anesthetics and discusses various additives used with local anesthetics. It also covers the side effects, toxicity and individual characteristics of different local anesthetic agents.
This document discusses anesthetics, including local anesthetics and their mechanism of action. It notes that local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels, preventing the propagation of action potentials. It classifies local anesthetics as either esters or amides and notes their differences in metabolism and duration of action. The document discusses allergic reactions, toxicity, and important considerations for use such as not using amides in patients with liver dysfunction. It also provides tips to determine if a cocaine derivative is an ester or amide and discusses the use of vasoconstrictors and anesthetic adjuncts.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a restricted area of the body. They work by interfering with sodium channel function and action potential generation in neurons. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, and tetracaine. Adding vasoconstrictors like epinephrine prolongs the duration of anesthesia by slowing absorption from the injection site. Local anesthetics are used for surface anesthesia, injections, and spinal anesthesia. Adverse effects include central nervous system toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and allergic reactions at high doses.
Spinal anesthesia involves injecting local anesthetic into the fluid-filled space surrounding the spinal cord. This blocks pain and other sensations below the injection site. The document discusses the anatomy of spinal anesthesia, commonly used local anesthetics, indications, contraindications, proper administration technique, and potential complications and their treatments. It provides a comprehensive overview of spinal anesthesia.
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels in nerves, limiting the propagation of action potentials and producing loss of sensation in a specific area. Early local anesthetics like cocaine and procaine had limitations. Lidocaine, introduced in 1940, was a major breakthrough as the first modern local anesthetic due to its quick onset of action, duration of several hours, and minimal allergenicity. The two classes of local anesthetics are esters and amides; amides are preferable due to lower risk of allergic reactions. Factors like lipid solubility, pH, vasoconstrictors, and dosage levels affect the onset and duration of local anesthetics.
This document provides an overview of general anesthesia. It defines general anesthesia as a reversible state of unconsciousness with inability to respond to pain. It then briefly discusses the history of general anesthesia and compares it to local anesthesia and conscious sedation. The rest of the document details various aspects of general anesthesia including pre-anesthetic checkups, airway assessments, induction, maintenance, emergence, postoperative care, complications and their management, as well as advantages, disadvantages, contraindications and indications for general anesthesia.
This document discusses local anesthetics, including their definitions, types, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and uses in regional anesthesia techniques. It defines local anesthesia as techniques that render part of the body insensitive to pain without affecting consciousness. The main types of local anesthetics are amides like lidocaine and bupivacaine, and esters like procaine. Their mechanisms of action involve blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. The document discusses the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicity of various local anesthetics and techniques for regional anesthesia like nerve blocks and epidurals.
The document discusses the history and current use of spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia. It provides details on:
1) The key developments in these techniques from 1885 to present day and their current role in veterinary and human anesthesia.
2) The indications, contraindications, and complications of these regional anesthesia techniques.
3) The local anesthetics, opioids, and other agents used and their mechanisms of action, dosages, durations, and side effects.
4) Techniques for administering spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia including needle selection, injection procedures, and postoperative care.
General anesthesia involves inducing a state of unconsciousness through administration of anesthetic agents to provide analgesia, amnesia and muscle relaxation for surgical procedures. It allows treatment of uncooperative patients or those with medical conditions making local anesthesia unsuitable. Proper pre-operative evaluation, monitoring during induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and post-operative care are essential for safe administration of general anesthesia.
The 4 basic monitors displayed in the operating room are:
1) ECG
2) Blood pressure
3) Pulse oximetry
4) Capnogram (end-tidal CO2)
It is important to never start induction without these monitors and to never remove any monitors before extubation and recovery. The best monitor is always the anesthesiologist using their clinical judgement.
The document outlines local anesthetic agents used in surgery. It discusses the definition of local anesthetics, the ideal properties, and brief history. It then covers classification based on biological sites/mechanism of action and chemical structure. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of neurons involved in nerve conduction and the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction. It discusses pharmacokinetics including uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It also covers factors affecting drug action and applications of local anesthetics in different surgical procedures.
Regional anesthesia can be divided into neuraxial blocks and peripheral nerve blocks. Neuraxial blocks include subarachnoid, epidural and caudal anesthesia. Neuraxial blocks have specific anatomy, indications, contraindications, safety precautions, equipment, and techniques that must be followed. The document outlines the key anatomical structures involved in neuraxial blocks, when they are indicated, potential risks, how to prepare the patient, types of needles used, and proper positioning and aseptic techniques.
This document discusses local anesthetics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, techniques of use, and risks. It describes how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and preventing the propagation of action potentials, temporarily causing loss of sensation. The two main classifications are esters and amides. It outlines various regional anesthesia techniques like nerve blocks, epidurals, and spinal anesthesia. Risks include potential systemic toxicity if the local anesthetic enters the bloodstream too quickly and blocks sodium channels throughout the body, which can cause effects like excitation, convulsions, and reduced heart function.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area of the body without damaging neurons. They work by blocking the generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the site of action, which is the axonal membrane. The order of block is pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and then motor function. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine, and prilocaine. They provide analgesia for minor procedures but can also be used for major surgery via regional techniques like epidurals.
This document discusses the essential safety features of Boyle's anaesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features include pin indexing and color coding of gas cylinders to prevent misconnections, minimum oxygen requirements to prevent hypoxia, oxygen failure alarms and cutoff devices, and monitoring equipment to detect issues and protect patient safety.
This document discusses premedication before anesthesia. It defines premedication as the administration of drugs before anesthesia induction. The goals of premedication are to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, amnesia and facilitate induction and recovery from anesthesia. Common drugs used for premedication include benzodiazepines for anxiolysis and sedation, opioids for analgesia, anticholinergics to reduce saliva production, antihistamines for their anticholinergic effects, and antiemetics to prevent nausea and vomiting. Factors like a patient's medical history, surgery type and timing must be considered when determining appropriate premedication.
This document provides an overview of spinal anaesthesia. It begins with definitions and history, then covers anatomy including the subarachnoid space and structures pierced during spinal anaesthesia. It describes the mechanism of action of spinal anaesthesia and how local anaesthetics work. Indications, contraindications, preparation, positioning, and complications are discussed. Pharmacology of local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia and additives are outlined. Monitoring during the procedure and factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetics are also summarized.
This document provides information on general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and conscious sedation including:
- The key differences between general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and conscious sedation.
- The American Society of Anesthesiologists patient physical status classification system.
- The stages of general anesthesia according to Guedel and Gillespie.
- Common routes of administration for anesthesia including intravenous, inhalation, intramuscular, and oral.
- Common drugs used for intravenous and inhalation anesthesia like propofol, sevoflurane, and ketamine.
- Guidelines for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care when providing general anesthesia.
Lidocaine is a rapid-acting local anesthetic first synthesized in 1943 that was approved by the FDA in 1948. It is widely used for local anesthesia and pain management. Lidocaine works by blocking sodium channels in neurons, preventing action potentials and nerve conduction. It has a short half-life of 1.6 hours and is metabolized in the liver. Lidocaine is commonly administered via local injection but is also available in topical forms and as an intravenous antiarrhythmic. When combined with a vasoconstrictor like epinephrine, lidocaine has an increased duration of anesthesia. Lidocaine remains the gold standard for local anesthesia due to its fast onset and short duration of action.
Local anaethetics ,MOA,PHARMACOLICAL ACTIONSHeena Parveen
Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses and thereby inhibiting pain sensation and motor function. They have various clinical uses such as dentistry, dermatology, and spinal or epidural anesthesia. Local anesthetics are classified based on their chemical structure as esters or amides, and individual drugs differ in onset and duration of action, potency, and risk of toxicity. Proper use requires understanding their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and potential adverse effects.
This document provides information on local anesthesia. It defines local anesthesia and classifies local anesthetic agents into esters and amides. It describes the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction and lists some commonly used local anesthetic agents like lidocaine, bupivacaine, and procaine. It also discusses vasoconstrictors that are often added to local anesthetics to prolong their duration of action and the composition, effects, administration and side effects of local anesthetic solutions.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area when applied topically or injected. They work by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the transmission of nerve impulses. There are two main types - esters which are metabolized rapidly and amides which have a longer duration due to slower hepatic metabolism. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, cocaine, and procaine. They have various medical uses such as nerve blocks, infiltration anesthesia, surface anesthesia and conduction blocks.
Local anesthesia involves applying numbing drugs to specific parts of the body to temporarily block pain sensation during surgery or other procedures. It has a long history dating back to the 1850s with early experiments using cocaine. Local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium ion channels in nerves, preventing the generation of action potentials. While useful for minor procedures, local anesthetics can cause adverse effects if too much enters the bloodstream, possibly interfering with heart function. Proper administration is important to avoid safety issues.
Local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels in nerves, limiting the propagation of action potentials and producing loss of sensation in a specific area. Early local anesthetics like cocaine and procaine had limitations. Lidocaine, introduced in 1940, was a major breakthrough as the first modern local anesthetic due to its quick onset of action, duration of several hours, and minimal allergenicity. The two classes of local anesthetics are esters and amides; amides are preferable due to lower risk of allergic reactions. Factors like lipid solubility, pH, vasoconstrictors, and dosage levels affect the onset and duration of local anesthetics.
This document provides an overview of general anesthesia. It defines general anesthesia as a reversible state of unconsciousness with inability to respond to pain. It then briefly discusses the history of general anesthesia and compares it to local anesthesia and conscious sedation. The rest of the document details various aspects of general anesthesia including pre-anesthetic checkups, airway assessments, induction, maintenance, emergence, postoperative care, complications and their management, as well as advantages, disadvantages, contraindications and indications for general anesthesia.
This document discusses local anesthetics, including their definitions, types, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and uses in regional anesthesia techniques. It defines local anesthesia as techniques that render part of the body insensitive to pain without affecting consciousness. The main types of local anesthetics are amides like lidocaine and bupivacaine, and esters like procaine. Their mechanisms of action involve blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. The document discusses the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicity of various local anesthetics and techniques for regional anesthesia like nerve blocks and epidurals.
The document discusses the history and current use of spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia. It provides details on:
1) The key developments in these techniques from 1885 to present day and their current role in veterinary and human anesthesia.
2) The indications, contraindications, and complications of these regional anesthesia techniques.
3) The local anesthetics, opioids, and other agents used and their mechanisms of action, dosages, durations, and side effects.
4) Techniques for administering spinal, epidural, and caudal anesthesia including needle selection, injection procedures, and postoperative care.
General anesthesia involves inducing a state of unconsciousness through administration of anesthetic agents to provide analgesia, amnesia and muscle relaxation for surgical procedures. It allows treatment of uncooperative patients or those with medical conditions making local anesthesia unsuitable. Proper pre-operative evaluation, monitoring during induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and post-operative care are essential for safe administration of general anesthesia.
The 4 basic monitors displayed in the operating room are:
1) ECG
2) Blood pressure
3) Pulse oximetry
4) Capnogram (end-tidal CO2)
It is important to never start induction without these monitors and to never remove any monitors before extubation and recovery. The best monitor is always the anesthesiologist using their clinical judgement.
The document outlines local anesthetic agents used in surgery. It discusses the definition of local anesthetics, the ideal properties, and brief history. It then covers classification based on biological sites/mechanism of action and chemical structure. The document outlines the anatomy and physiology of neurons involved in nerve conduction and the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction. It discusses pharmacokinetics including uptake, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It also covers factors affecting drug action and applications of local anesthetics in different surgical procedures.
Regional anesthesia can be divided into neuraxial blocks and peripheral nerve blocks. Neuraxial blocks include subarachnoid, epidural and caudal anesthesia. Neuraxial blocks have specific anatomy, indications, contraindications, safety precautions, equipment, and techniques that must be followed. The document outlines the key anatomical structures involved in neuraxial blocks, when they are indicated, potential risks, how to prepare the patient, types of needles used, and proper positioning and aseptic techniques.
This document discusses local anesthetics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, techniques of use, and risks. It describes how local anesthetics work by blocking sodium channels and preventing the propagation of action potentials, temporarily causing loss of sensation. The two main classifications are esters and amides. It outlines various regional anesthesia techniques like nerve blocks, epidurals, and spinal anesthesia. Risks include potential systemic toxicity if the local anesthetic enters the bloodstream too quickly and blocks sodium channels throughout the body, which can cause effects like excitation, convulsions, and reduced heart function.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area of the body without damaging neurons. They work by blocking the generation and conduction of nerve impulses at the site of action, which is the axonal membrane. The order of block is pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and then motor function. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, tetracaine, and prilocaine. They provide analgesia for minor procedures but can also be used for major surgery via regional techniques like epidurals.
This document discusses the essential safety features of Boyle's anaesthetic machine. It describes the high pressure, intermediate, and low pressure systems. Key safety features include pin indexing and color coding of gas cylinders to prevent misconnections, minimum oxygen requirements to prevent hypoxia, oxygen failure alarms and cutoff devices, and monitoring equipment to detect issues and protect patient safety.
This document discusses premedication before anesthesia. It defines premedication as the administration of drugs before anesthesia induction. The goals of premedication are to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, amnesia and facilitate induction and recovery from anesthesia. Common drugs used for premedication include benzodiazepines for anxiolysis and sedation, opioids for analgesia, anticholinergics to reduce saliva production, antihistamines for their anticholinergic effects, and antiemetics to prevent nausea and vomiting. Factors like a patient's medical history, surgery type and timing must be considered when determining appropriate premedication.
This document provides an overview of spinal anaesthesia. It begins with definitions and history, then covers anatomy including the subarachnoid space and structures pierced during spinal anaesthesia. It describes the mechanism of action of spinal anaesthesia and how local anaesthetics work. Indications, contraindications, preparation, positioning, and complications are discussed. Pharmacology of local anaesthetics for spinal anaesthesia and additives are outlined. Monitoring during the procedure and factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetics are also summarized.
This document provides information on general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and conscious sedation including:
- The key differences between general anesthesia, local anesthesia, and conscious sedation.
- The American Society of Anesthesiologists patient physical status classification system.
- The stages of general anesthesia according to Guedel and Gillespie.
- Common routes of administration for anesthesia including intravenous, inhalation, intramuscular, and oral.
- Common drugs used for intravenous and inhalation anesthesia like propofol, sevoflurane, and ketamine.
- Guidelines for preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative care when providing general anesthesia.
Lidocaine is a rapid-acting local anesthetic first synthesized in 1943 that was approved by the FDA in 1948. It is widely used for local anesthesia and pain management. Lidocaine works by blocking sodium channels in neurons, preventing action potentials and nerve conduction. It has a short half-life of 1.6 hours and is metabolized in the liver. Lidocaine is commonly administered via local injection but is also available in topical forms and as an intravenous antiarrhythmic. When combined with a vasoconstrictor like epinephrine, lidocaine has an increased duration of anesthesia. Lidocaine remains the gold standard for local anesthesia due to its fast onset and short duration of action.
Local anaethetics ,MOA,PHARMACOLICAL ACTIONSHeena Parveen
Local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the generation and conduction of nerve impulses and thereby inhibiting pain sensation and motor function. They have various clinical uses such as dentistry, dermatology, and spinal or epidural anesthesia. Local anesthetics are classified based on their chemical structure as esters or amides, and individual drugs differ in onset and duration of action, potency, and risk of toxicity. Proper use requires understanding their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and potential adverse effects.
This document provides information on local anesthesia. It defines local anesthesia and classifies local anesthetic agents into esters and amides. It describes the mechanism of action of local anesthetics in blocking nerve conduction and lists some commonly used local anesthetic agents like lidocaine, bupivacaine, and procaine. It also discusses vasoconstrictors that are often added to local anesthetics to prolong their duration of action and the composition, effects, administration and side effects of local anesthetic solutions.
Local anesthetics are drugs that cause reversible loss of sensation, especially pain, in a localized area when applied topically or injected. They work by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, preventing the transmission of nerve impulses. There are two main types - esters which are metabolized rapidly and amides which have a longer duration due to slower hepatic metabolism. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, cocaine, and procaine. They have various medical uses such as nerve blocks, infiltration anesthesia, surface anesthesia and conduction blocks.
Local anesthesia involves applying numbing drugs to specific parts of the body to temporarily block pain sensation during surgery or other procedures. It has a long history dating back to the 1850s with early experiments using cocaine. Local anesthetics work by inhibiting sodium ion channels in nerves, preventing the generation of action potentials. While useful for minor procedures, local anesthetics can cause adverse effects if too much enters the bloodstream, possibly interfering with heart function. Proper administration is important to avoid safety issues.
Local anaesthesia for children (dentistry)jhansi mutyala
This document provides an overview of local anaesthesia techniques for children. It discusses definitions of local anaesthesia and various techniques including surface anaesthesia, infiltration, nerve blocks, and recent advances. It covers local anaesthetic solutions, pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain control methods, and complications of local anaesthesia such as allergic reactions and toxicity when using local anaesthetics in children. The goal is to provide effective pain control while minimizing risks for paediatric dental procedures.
The document discusses various anaesthetic techniques used in veterinary practice including general anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, and other methods. General anaesthesia involves injectable and inhalation techniques. Local anaesthesia includes topical, field block, regional nerve block techniques. Specific nerve blocks are described such as auriculopalpebral nerve block, retrobulbar nerve block, maxillary nerve block. Intravenous regional anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia techniques are also summarized. Other anaesthetic routes mentioned include electronarcosis, acupuncture, hypothermia.
Choice of Local Anesthetics for Anesthesia.pptxBiruk628892
Dr. Biruk Abera discusses the choice of local anesthetics for various regional anesthetic procedures. He outlines the main types of regional anesthesia including infiltration, intravenous regional, peripheral nerve blockade, central neural blockade, topical, and tumescent anesthesia. For each type, he discusses the appropriate local anesthetics to use based on their onset, duration, and potential side effects. He provides guidance on dosing and administration techniques for safe and effective use of local anesthetics.
This document discusses different types of anesthesia including local, regional, and general anesthesia. It provides details on common regional anesthesia techniques like spinal blocks, epidurals, and caudal blocks. It also describes local anesthesia techniques including infiltration, nerve blocks, and intravenous regional anesthesia. The document discusses the mechanisms of local anesthetics and some potential complications as well as benefits of local and regional anesthesia compared to general anesthesia.
This document discusses different types of anesthesia including local, regional, and general anesthesia. It provides details on common regional anesthesia techniques like spinal blocks, epidurals, and caudal blocks. It also describes local anesthesia techniques such as infiltration, nerve blocks, and intravenous regional anesthesia. The document discusses the mechanisms of local anesthetics and some potential complications as well as benefits of local and regional anesthesia compared to general anesthesia.
K. Mohan Epidural Anesthesia PresentationMohanK101
Epidural anesthesia can be used for surgeries and pain management below and sometimes above the injection site. The Tuohy needle is commonly used to administer epidural injections in the lumbar or thoracic regions. The injection site and volume injected determine the extent of the resulting block. Positioning, the loss of resistance technique, and a test dose help ensure safe and effective epidural administration. Local anesthetics and opioids are typically used and their effects and advantages/disadvantages differ. Multiple factors influence block level and duration. Epidural provides analgesia with less hypotension risk compared to spinal but also higher risks in some areas.
The document provides information on local anesthesia, including its definition, classifications, constituents, maximum recommended doses, techniques of administration, and complications. It defines local anesthesia as the transient loss of sensation in a circumscribed area caused by depression of nerve endings or inhibition of peripheral nerve conduction. It classifies local anesthetics based on their composition, amide group, duration of action, source, and potency. The key constituents include a local anesthetic agent, vasoconstrictors, reducing agents, preservatives, fungicides, and vehicles. Techniques of administration for maxillary and mandibular injections are described. Complications can arise from the method of drug deposition, drug dosage, or hypersensitivity reactions.
This document provides an overview of local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes topical anesthetics and the components of local anesthetic solutions. Techniques for mandibular and maxillary anesthesia are outlined, including nerve blocks and infiltration. Supplemental injection methods and maximum recommended doses are also discussed. Potential complications of local anesthesia are reviewed. Finally, some new techniques are mentioned, such as jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
Local anesthetics produce localized, reversible nerve block by inhibiting sodium channels. They are commonly used for surface anesthesia, infiltration, nerve blocks, intravenous regional anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and spinal anesthesia. Common local anesthetics include lidocaine, bupivacaine, procaine, and tetracaine which vary in duration of action from short to long. Adverse effects include allergic reactions and systemic toxicity.
This document provides information on various local anesthesia techniques used in dentistry. It begins with an introduction to regional anesthesia, including field blocks, nerve blocks, and local infiltration. It then describes different local anesthesia injection techniques such as supraperiosteal, intraligamentary, intraosseous, and intraseptal injections. The document proceeds to explain specific maxillary and mandibular injection techniques including posterior superior alveolar nerve block, anterior superior alveolar nerve block, greater palatine nerve block, and others. It concludes with a brief section on recent advancements in local anesthesia.
This document defines key terms related to local anesthesia and describes the ideal properties, constituents, and administration methods of local anesthetic agents. It discusses that local anesthetics work by reversibly blocking nerve impulses, lists important properties like potency, safety, and rapid onset, and describes common agents like lidocaine and bupivacaine. It also outlines techniques for maxillary and mandibular anesthesia, including inferior alveolar nerve blocks and other regional methods.
The document provides information on various anaesthetic techniques, equipment, and artificial respiration used in veterinary practice. It discusses different types of anaesthesia including general, local, and other techniques like electronarcosis and acupuncture. It describes equipment used for general anaesthesia like endotracheal tubes, laryngoscopes, masks, anaesthetic chambers and machines. It explains components of anaesthetic machines and breathing systems. It also covers various nerve blocks, anaesthetic instruments and methods of artificial respiration.
This document discusses local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes the components of local anesthetic solutions. It provides details on topical anesthetics and various injection techniques for mandibular and maxillary teeth, including inferior alveolar nerve block, mental nerve block, and local infiltration. Supplemental techniques like periodontal ligament injections are also covered. The document discusses metabolism of local anesthetics, maximum recommended doses, and potential complications. It concludes by mentioning new techniques like jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
Pain management in Restorative dentistry and Endodontics - fathima newpdf.pdfNAVANEETH KRISHNA
This document discusses various techniques for pain management in restorative dentistry and endodontics. It begins by defining local anesthesia and describing the mechanism of action and classification of local anesthetics. It then discusses the composition of local anesthetic agents and techniques for administering local anesthesia, including maxillary and mandibular techniques as well as alternative techniques like the Gow-Gates and Vazirani-Akinosi methods. It also covers selecting the appropriate local anesthetic based on factors like duration of the dental procedure and adjunctive analgesics that can provide pain relief.
This document provides an overview of different types of local and regional anesthesia techniques. It discusses local anesthesia, which involves infiltration or topical application of anesthetic to a specific body part. It also covers regional anesthesia techniques like spinal blocks, epidurals, and peripheral nerve blocks. The document describes different conduction anesthesia methods, including peripheral nerve blocks, plexus blocks, epidurals, and caudal blocks. It discusses intravenous regional anesthesia and local anesthetic agents and complications. In summary, the document is a comprehensive guide to local and regional anesthesia techniques.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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3. SURFACE ANAESTHESIA (TOPICAL)
● LA is applied on the mucous membrane of
the nose, mouth, eyes, throat, upper
respiratory tract, oesophagus, urethra,
ulcers, burns, fissures, etc.
● Surface anaesthetics are available as
solution, ointment, gel, cream, spray,
lozenges, etc.
● On addition of adrenaline doesn't prolong
the duration of surface anaesthesia because
of poor penetration.
● Drugs are Lignocaine (2 – 10%), Tetracaine
(2%) and Benzocaine.
● It is used to anaesthetize mucous membrane
of the eyes, nose, mouth, cornea, urinary
and upper respiratory tract, fissures, ulcers,
etc.
4. INFILTRATION ANAESTHESIA
● LA is injected directly into tissues to be operated-it blocks the sensory
nerve endings.
● LA is infiltrated into the skin, subcutaneous tissue or deeper structures,
including intra-abdominal organs.
● Addition of adrenaline to LA (1:200,000-250,000) prolongs the duration
of anaesthesia.
● Drugs are Lignocaine (0.5-1%), Procaine (0.5-1%), Bupivacaine
(0.125-0.25%) and Ropivacaine.
● It can be used for drainage of an abscess, excision of small swelling,
suturing of cut wounds episiotomy, etc.
NOTE:
Infiltration anaesthesia is
contraindicated, if there is
local infection and clotting
disorders.
5. CONDUCTION BLOCK ANAESTHESIA
The LA is injected around the neve trunks so that the area distal to
injection is anaesthetised and paralysed.
■ FIELD BLOCK
● LA is injected subcutaneously in a manner that
all the nerves coming to a particular field are
blocked.
● This principle is used in case of minor
procedures of scalp, anterior abdominal wall,
upper and lower extremities in which a smaller
dose produces large area of anaesthesia.
● Bupivacaine may be used for longer lasting
anaesthesia.
6. ■ NERVE BLOCK
● LA is injected very close to or around the
peripheral nerve or nerve plexuses.
● It produces larger areas of anaesthesia than
field block.
● Frequently performed nerve blocks are
lingual, intercostal, ulnar, sciatic, femoral,
branchial plexus, trigeminal, facial, phrenic,
etc.-used for tooth extraction, operation on
eye, limbs, abdominal wall, fracture setting,
trauma to ribs, neuralgia, persistent hiccup,
etc.
● Lidocaine is used in this technique as it has
intermediate duration of action.
7. SPINAL ANAESTHESIA
● LA is injected into the subarachnoid space to
anaesthetize spinal roots.
● Spinal anaesthesia is injected into the space between
L2-3 or L3-4 below the lower end of the spinal cord.
● Commonly used spinal LAs are Lignocaine, Tetracaine,
Bupivacaine, etc.
● Addition of adrenaline to spinal anaesthetic increases the
duration or intensity of block.
● Spinal anaesthesia can be used for surgical procedures
below the level of umbilicus, i.e. Lower limb surgery,
caesarean section, obstetric procedures, prostatectomy,
surgery on perineum, appendicectomy, etc.
8. EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA
● LA is injected into epidural space where it acts
on spinal nerve roots.
● Lignocaine (2%) and Bupivacaine (0.5-0.75%)
are commonly used.
● Epidural anaesthesia is slower in onset than
spinal.
● It requires a much larger amount of drug.
● It is mainly used in Obstetric analgesic.
■ THORACIC
● Injection is made in the
midthoracic region.
● It is used generally for pain
relief following thoracic/
upper abdominal surgery.
9. ■ LUMBAR
● Relatively large volume of drug
is needed because epidural
space is wide.
● It produces anaesthesia of
lower abdomen.
■ CAUDAL
● Injection is given in the sacral
canal through the sacral hiatus.
● Produces anaesthesia of pelvic
and perineal region.
● Mostly used for vaginal
delivery, anorectal and
genitourinary operations.
● Lidocaine (1-2%) and
Bupivacaine (0.25-0.5%) are
popularly used.
10. BIER'S BLOCK
● LA is injected into the vein of
the limb whose blood flow is
occluded by a touniquet.
● It is mainly used in
anaesthetizing the upper limb.
● Lignocaine (0.5%) and
Prilocaine are commonly used.
NOTE:
● To anaesthetize
gastric mucosa-
Oxethazaine is used
in case of peptic
ulcer.
11. ADVANTAGES OF LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
● Safety (intraoperatively and postoperatively)
● Affordable.
● Ease of administration.
● Consciousness is not lost.
● The patient maintains his own airways.
● Aspiration of gastric contents unlikely.
● Reduction surgical stress.
● Recovery is smooth.
● Earlier discharge of outpatients.
● Postoperative analgesia.
12. CASE STUDY
A healthy full-term primigravida aged 26 years who has
gone into labour presents for delivery. There is no
c e p h a l o p e l v i c d i s p r o p o r t i o n o r a n y o t h e r
contraindication to normal delivery.
(a) Can some form of regional anaesthesia be used to
relieve her pain?
(b) If so, which type of regional anesthesia with which
drug would be most suitable for her?
13. CASE STUDY - Answer
(a) Labour pain as well as that due to stretching of the birth canal can
be largely relieved by spinal as well as epidural anaesthesia. It is
desirable, at the same time, not to produce motor block so that the
mother can actively participate in the process of labour. Since
motor fibres are less sensitive to local anaesthesia (LAs) than
sensory fibres, motor block of a lower level is usually produced
during spinal anaesthesia. Such separation is more pronounced
with epidural anaesthesia.
14. (b) Lidocaine and Bupivacaine are the two LAs commonly used for the
epidural anaesthesia. Out of these, bupivacaine is more suitable for this
purpose for the following reasons:
• It provides greater separation of sensory from motor block. Separation is
still larger when lower concentration (0.25% bupivacaine) is used.
• Because of higher lipid solubility, its tissue distribution is large and maternal
blood levels are lower. Less drugs likely to cross to the foetus, reducing
chances of neonatal depression.
It is longer acting.
Thus, epidural anaesthesia with 0.25% bupivacaine is most suitable for
this patient.