This document discusses premedication before anesthesia. It defines premedication as the administration of drugs before anesthesia induction. The goals of premedication are to provide anxiolysis, analgesia, amnesia and facilitate induction and recovery from anesthesia. Common drugs used for premedication include benzodiazepines for anxiolysis and sedation, opioids for analgesia, anticholinergics to reduce saliva production, antihistamines for their anticholinergic effects, and antiemetics to prevent nausea and vomiting. Factors like a patient's medical history, surgery type and timing must be considered when determining appropriate premedication.
The presentation deals with the basics of pre anesthetic checkups, its only for the educations purpose!
Any kind of replication, modifications and republication is strictly prohibited.
All Rights reserved to the Author. 2016
The presentation deals with the basics of pre anesthetic checkups, its only for the educations purpose!
Any kind of replication, modifications and republication is strictly prohibited.
All Rights reserved to the Author. 2016
A comprehensive guide to peri-operative pain management and sedation for the general surgeon. With a focus on drug availability in the state healthcare sector South Africa
Chemotherapy induced Nausea and Vomiting
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
7. Factor to be considered before
premedication
• Patient’s Physical status
• Age
• Level of anxiety and pain
• Type of Surgery
• Timing of surgery
• History of drug allergy , nausea ,
vomiting.
9. • To minimize physical
discomfort, and pain.
• To control behavior particularly
movements.
• To minimize psychological
disturbances and distress.
• To maximize the potential for
amnesia.
• To guard patient’s safety.
14. RISK FACTORS
FOR ASPIRATION
• Extremes of age
• Emergency cases
• Type of surgery
• Recent meal
• Trauma
• PREGNANCY
• Pain and stress
• Depressed level of
consciousness
• Morbid obesity
• Difficulty airway
• Poor motor control
• DM.
18. Antiemetics
Metoclopramide 10 mg used as antiemetic
and prokinetic agent prior to surgery
Domperidone 10 mg oral more preferred
Ondansetron 4-8 mg 1v found effective in
preventing post anesthetic nausea and
vomiting
19. Drugs reducing acid secretion
Ranitidine 150 -300 mg oral given
night and in the morning reduces
risk of gastric regurgitation and
aspiration pneumonia
Proton pump inhibitors like
omeprazole are preferred
nowadays
20. CONTINUATION AND
DISCONTINUATION OF DRUGS
CONTINUATION
•Beta blocker
•Bronchodilators
•Anti-epileptics
DISCONTINUATION
•MAO-inhibitors
•Anti-coagulants
•Oral hypoglycemic
•ACE inhibitors ??
• AT 2 antagonists.
21. Conclusion
• Reducing the morbidity of surgery.
• Increasing the quality and decreasing the
cost of peri operative care.
• To return the patient to desirable
functioning as quickly as possible.
• Pre operative medical optimisation
significantly reduces the complications.
To make perioperative period smooth.
Management of anesthesia begins with preoperative psychological preparation of the patient and administration of a drug or drugs selected to elicit specific pharmacologic responses
this initial psychological and pharmacologic component of anesthetic management is referred to as “Premedication
is provided by the anesthesiologist’s preoperative visit and interview with the patient and family members
Pic of tablet injection
Put stars to important one.
Selection of drugs …route of adm.. Dose , timing need to be according
What is ASA physical status ,
Age: peads vs adult
Sedation df:
Grade of sedation:
When it is called as GA.
Anxiolysis
Amnesia
Sedation
Anti-convulsant
All effects are dose-dependent
Phenergan antihistamine only more than 2 yr… 1mg/kg
Pre emptive analgesia
Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material (such as pharyngeal secretions, food or drink, or stomach contents) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract (the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea—i.e., windpipe—to the lungs). A person may either inhale the material, or it may be delivered into the tracheobronchial tree during positive pressure ventilation.
Consequences of pulmonary aspiration range from no injury at all, to chemical pneumonitis or pneumonia, to death within minutes from asphyxiation. These consequences depend in part on the volume, chemical composition, particle size,
Mendelson's syndrome is chemical pneumonitis caused by aspiration during anaesthesia, especially during pregnancy
Residual gastric volume of greater than 25ml, with
pH of less than 2.5
Any condition which dec gastric emptying or airway reflex
Metoclopramide (INN) /ˌmɛtəˈklɒprəmaɪd/ is a medication used mostly for stomach andesophageal problems.[1] It belongs to the group of medications known as dopamine-receptor antagonists
Ondansetron (INN), originally marketed under the brand name Zofran, is a serotonin 5-HT3receptor antagonist used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
Dexa: These results suggest that dexamethasone exerts its central antiemetic action through an activation of the glucocorticoid receptors in the bilateral nuclei tractus solitarii in the medulla.