This document provides guidelines for writing effective engineering reports. It discusses the key components of an engineering report, including the title, abstract, introduction, theory and analysis, experimental procedures, results and discussion, conclusions, acknowledgments, references, and appendix. It recommends organizing the report with these main sections and using headings to break up long reports. The document also provides tips for report style, mechanics, graphs, and conclusions.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective lab report, outlining the typical components and purpose of each section. It describes that a lab report should document findings, communicate their significance, and demonstrate comprehension of the underlying concepts. The key components typically include a title page, abstract, introduction, methods, procedures, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. The introduction states the objectives and provides background, while the discussion analyzes and interprets the results in relation to the objectives and expectations. The conclusion states what is now known as a result of the experiment.
Business Research Methods: Written report guidelinesviveksangwan007
The document provides guidelines for writing a formal scientific report, including recommended sections, formatting, and style guidelines. Key sections of the report include an abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. Figures and tables should be properly referenced in the text. Writing should be concise and precise, avoiding unnecessary details. The report should have a formal, objective tone without first person pronouns.
Guidelines for Writing a Scientific PaperSirwan Hasan
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific paper, including sections on the abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, tables and figures, discussion, citations, references, and general formatting. Key points include writing the abstract last, using the introduction to describe the question, approach, and conclusion, and succinctly describing experiments and results in the materials and methods and results sections. Tables and figures should summarize key results and be referenced in the text. The discussion section should interpret and explain the results, not just restate them. References and abbreviations should follow journal guidelines. Proofreading is important to catch errors and ensure clarity.
1 mime 1650 materials science & engineering spring 2abhi353063
This document provides guidelines for laboratory reports for a Materials Science and Engineering course. It outlines the required sections and content for the report, including an objective, abstract, introduction, methodology, procedure, data, results, discussion and conclusion, and references. The report should concisely document the experiment in a clear, well-organized manner so that readers understand what was done and the outcomes. Tables, graphs and other visuals must be professionally presented and labeled for clarity. The report allows engineers to communicate their work to others.
This document provides guidelines for writing formal technical reports for mechanical engineering courses. It discusses the typical sections of a lab report, including the title page, objective, background, experiment, results, and conclusions. It provides formatting requirements for reports, such as using a 12-point font, one-inch margins, and double spacing. Guidelines are provided for writing style, including using passive voice, present tense for certain sections, and avoiding first person pronouns. The document also discusses effectively formatting tables, figures, equations, and references in reports.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a thesis or dissertation, including:
- An introduction that provides background context and states the research questions/goals.
- A literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic.
- A methods section describing the materials, procedures, and analysis techniques used.
- A results section presenting observations and data without interpretation.
- A discussion section that interprets the results, relates them to previous work, and discusses implications.
- Conclusions that summarize the findings and state the significance of the research.
It provides guidance on what belongs in each section and finishing elements like proofreading and formatting.
2 research paper cpted best practicesresearch paper abhi353063
The document provides a template for a student to complete a descriptive statistics analysis assignment. It includes sections for an introduction describing the data set and variables, results reporting numerical summaries and graphs/tables for each variable, and a discussion/conclusion comparing the variables. The student is instructed to perform descriptive analysis on a provided data set, fill in the template with their results, and submit it for grading.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective lab report, outlining the typical components and purpose of each section. It describes that a lab report should document findings, communicate their significance, and demonstrate comprehension of the underlying concepts. The key components typically include a title page, abstract, introduction, methods, procedures, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. The introduction states the objectives and provides background, while the discussion analyzes and interprets the results in relation to the objectives and expectations. The conclusion states what is now known as a result of the experiment.
Business Research Methods: Written report guidelinesviveksangwan007
The document provides guidelines for writing a formal scientific report, including recommended sections, formatting, and style guidelines. Key sections of the report include an abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. Figures and tables should be properly referenced in the text. Writing should be concise and precise, avoiding unnecessary details. The report should have a formal, objective tone without first person pronouns.
Guidelines for Writing a Scientific PaperSirwan Hasan
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific paper, including sections on the abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, tables and figures, discussion, citations, references, and general formatting. Key points include writing the abstract last, using the introduction to describe the question, approach, and conclusion, and succinctly describing experiments and results in the materials and methods and results sections. Tables and figures should summarize key results and be referenced in the text. The discussion section should interpret and explain the results, not just restate them. References and abbreviations should follow journal guidelines. Proofreading is important to catch errors and ensure clarity.
1 mime 1650 materials science & engineering spring 2abhi353063
This document provides guidelines for laboratory reports for a Materials Science and Engineering course. It outlines the required sections and content for the report, including an objective, abstract, introduction, methodology, procedure, data, results, discussion and conclusion, and references. The report should concisely document the experiment in a clear, well-organized manner so that readers understand what was done and the outcomes. Tables, graphs and other visuals must be professionally presented and labeled for clarity. The report allows engineers to communicate their work to others.
This document provides guidelines for writing formal technical reports for mechanical engineering courses. It discusses the typical sections of a lab report, including the title page, objective, background, experiment, results, and conclusions. It provides formatting requirements for reports, such as using a 12-point font, one-inch margins, and double spacing. Guidelines are provided for writing style, including using passive voice, present tense for certain sections, and avoiding first person pronouns. The document also discusses effectively formatting tables, figures, equations, and references in reports.
This document outlines the typical sections and contents of a thesis or dissertation, including:
- An introduction that provides background context and states the research questions/goals.
- A literature review that summarizes previous work on the topic.
- A methods section describing the materials, procedures, and analysis techniques used.
- A results section presenting observations and data without interpretation.
- A discussion section that interprets the results, relates them to previous work, and discusses implications.
- Conclusions that summarize the findings and state the significance of the research.
It provides guidance on what belongs in each section and finishing elements like proofreading and formatting.
2 research paper cpted best practicesresearch paper abhi353063
The document provides a template for a student to complete a descriptive statistics analysis assignment. It includes sections for an introduction describing the data set and variables, results reporting numerical summaries and graphs/tables for each variable, and a discussion/conclusion comparing the variables. The student is instructed to perform descriptive analysis on a provided data set, fill in the template with their results, and submit it for grading.
How to Prepare a Manuscript for Scientific Journal PublicationAkshat Tanksale
This slideshow goes through basics of manuscript preparation for scientific journal publication. If you are a PhD student or early career researcher these hints may help you improve your first draft of the mansucript and reduce the time it takes to make a manuscript ready for submission.
There are five main types of reports: short, science, business, engineering, and research. The document outlines the typical structure for each type of report, including common sections like the title page, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. Short reports typically include the title page, introduction, discussion, recommendations, and references sections. Science reports commonly contain the title page, introduction, method and materials, results, discussion, conclusion, appendices, and references.
This document discusses scientific writing formats. It begins by explaining that scientific writings are an important way to share knowledge and findings, and that they come in different types depending on their content and nature. Some common examples of scientific writing formats are research papers, review papers, theses, presentations, books, reports, and articles. The document then divides scientific literature into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources based on their content, format, and purpose of publication. It provides a table comparing the components of various scientific writing formats such as research articles, reviews, conference papers, theses, books, posters, and synopses. Finally, it lists references used to collect facts and figures for the document.
In this presentation, aimed at students in engineering, science and technology, I present some personal thoughts on what is expected in a technical report. Aimed particularly at students about to write their first lab report, it also contains useful information for students who need to write a dissertation or a software design document. It relects what I like to see in a report when I am marking it, but some of the principles are general I think. Within the constraints of the medium, I have also tried to present this it in much the same way that I would expect a report to be presented. Comments welcome.
A report differs from an essay in that it presents information rather than an argument, is meant to be scanned quickly, uses numbered headings and graphics, and may include recommendations. A report should include sections like an introduction, body, conclusion, as well as optional sections like an executive summary, methodology, and appendices. Presentation is important, with use of whitespace, subheadings, and consistent formatting.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
The document provides guidance on writing effective abstracts. It explains that abstracts should be brief yet accurate representations of documents, and discusses the key parts of abstracts including introductions, methods, results, and conclusions. The document also offers tips on writing style, common problems to avoid, and how to organize and structure abstracts.
If you have referred to any interview or any material to prove your point, do mention it here. In this section, you can give credit to that person. Such an act will increase the credibility of your report...
This document provides an outline and objectives for a talk on methods and approaches for publishing in journals. It discusses motivations for publishing, choosing appropriate journals, the conventional structure of a journal paper including title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. It also covers the submission and resubmission process, dealing with peer reviews, impact factors, and databases for finding journals. The overall document serves as a guide for writing and publishing quality research in academic journals.
The document provides guidance on writing an engineering technical report, including sections on the purpose of technical reports, basic report structure, and guidelines for key sections like the introduction, body, and conclusion. The report structure typically includes a title page, summary, table of contents, introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should be logically organized and include relevant figures, tables, and justification of approaches. The conclusion summarizes key findings and recommendations.
The document provides a format for a technical report, outlining the typical sections and content. It begins with a title page, abstract, acknowledgments, table of contents, and introduction. The body includes background, problem statement, approach, results, and summary/conclusions sections. It ends with references, appendices, and formatting guidelines. Key requirements are that the report be bound with 3 hard copies submitted. An example abstract format is also provided. In under 150 words, the summary effectively captures the purpose, key sections, and requirements of the technical report format.
One of the crucial part of the thesis and research paper is to write Abstract. We can also write Executive Summary instead of Abstract in business context. The readers and business entities mostly read/check the Abstract of the research article and then decide whether to purchase or not? these few slide will help you to understand the written of Abstract for research articles.
This document outlines the steps and guidelines for writing an effective research report. It discusses analyzing the subject matter, creating an outline, drafting the report, and rewriting. It also covers formatting the bibliography, writing the final draft, and including preliminary pages, the main text with an introduction and findings, and end materials like appendices and bibliography. Finally, it provides precautions like maintaining reader interest, avoiding jargon, ensuring availability and understandability of findings, and including sources consulted.
This presentation covers the key aspects of writing engineering reports, including report purpose and planning, format and organization, headings and language, visual design, source documentation, and finishing touches. It discusses writing the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The presentation emphasizes that reports should inform readers precisely and concisely through clear organization, language, visuals, and citations. Readers should understand the research problem and findings without reading the entire report.
This document provides guidance on how to write an effective research paper. It discusses gathering data, structuring the paper, selecting a journal for submission, and the submission and revision process. The key sections of a research paper are outlined, including the introduction, methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. Tips are provided on writing titles, abstracts, and each section of the paper. The goal is to present findings in a clear, logical manner for readers in the chosen journal's field.
This document provides guidance on presenting data through tables and figures. It discusses the purposes of data displays, best practices for design and formatting, and tips for specific types of displays. Guidelines are provided for tables, including layout, formatting, and use of titles, headings, notes and rules. For figures, the document outlines principles of effective construction, common types, use of legends and captions, and standards. It also offers tips for presenting specific kinds of biological data visually, such as electrophysiological, radiological, genetic and photographic information.
This document discusses report writing and provides guidance on writing effective reports. It covers the need for documentation, the importance of report writing, common report structures, and guidelines for structuring a report. Documentation is important as it can help prove or defend claims and preserve a record of events when they are fresh. Reports should be written to be read by others and convey essential information through a clear structure, including sections like an introduction, background, methodology, results, and conclusion. The document provides examples of different types of reports and recommends following a top-down outline approach when writing a report.
Technical Report Writing (Format of Final year project's thesis)Bilal Nasir
The document provides guidelines for formatting a technical report for a final year project. It outlines the required sections which include a cover page, title page, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, body, references, and appendices. The body will present an introduction, sections on the topic, and a conclusion with cited sources and graphics. The guidelines provide examples and formatting instructions for each section.
This document outlines the process and requirements for submitting and publishing a manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal. It discusses the roles of the editor-in-chief, consulting editors, and peer reviewers in evaluating the manuscript. Requirements for the manuscript include structured abstracts, keywords, references, figures and tables. The manuscript must then go through rounds of review, revision, and approval before final publication. Indexing the published article in databases like Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed is considered an indication of journal quality.
This document provides information on how to write an effective abstract. It discusses the key components and purposes of abstracts, including providing an overview of the scope, purpose, methodology, results and conclusions of a document in a concise manner. The document outlines the different types of abstracts, including descriptive, informative, structured and presentation abstracts. It provides examples of parts and formatting for each type. Guidelines are given for writing with accuracy, brevity, clarity, uniqueness, authority and using appropriate language. The recommended length for different types of documents is also provided.
International Joke Day is celebrated annually on July 1st and Nacional USA Joke Day is observed on August 16th. The days aim to spread cheer and laughter through telling jokes. While the origins of designating a Joke Day are unknown, jokes have been traced back to ancient Greece. Celebrations involve sharing jokes in person, through email, or on websites to spread laughter among family, friends, and globally. Laughter is thought to offer health benefits like reducing pain and fighting illness.
This document provides an overview of a course on effective speech. It introduces various topics that will be covered, such as overcoming stereotypes, developing self-esteem and self-confidence, and techniques for speaking confidently. Resources like TED Talks and YouTube videos are referenced to provide additional information on these topics. The goal is to help students improve their public speaking and communication skills.
How to Prepare a Manuscript for Scientific Journal PublicationAkshat Tanksale
This slideshow goes through basics of manuscript preparation for scientific journal publication. If you are a PhD student or early career researcher these hints may help you improve your first draft of the mansucript and reduce the time it takes to make a manuscript ready for submission.
There are five main types of reports: short, science, business, engineering, and research. The document outlines the typical structure for each type of report, including common sections like the title page, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. Short reports typically include the title page, introduction, discussion, recommendations, and references sections. Science reports commonly contain the title page, introduction, method and materials, results, discussion, conclusion, appendices, and references.
This document discusses scientific writing formats. It begins by explaining that scientific writings are an important way to share knowledge and findings, and that they come in different types depending on their content and nature. Some common examples of scientific writing formats are research papers, review papers, theses, presentations, books, reports, and articles. The document then divides scientific literature into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources based on their content, format, and purpose of publication. It provides a table comparing the components of various scientific writing formats such as research articles, reviews, conference papers, theses, books, posters, and synopses. Finally, it lists references used to collect facts and figures for the document.
In this presentation, aimed at students in engineering, science and technology, I present some personal thoughts on what is expected in a technical report. Aimed particularly at students about to write their first lab report, it also contains useful information for students who need to write a dissertation or a software design document. It relects what I like to see in a report when I am marking it, but some of the principles are general I think. Within the constraints of the medium, I have also tried to present this it in much the same way that I would expect a report to be presented. Comments welcome.
A report differs from an essay in that it presents information rather than an argument, is meant to be scanned quickly, uses numbered headings and graphics, and may include recommendations. A report should include sections like an introduction, body, conclusion, as well as optional sections like an executive summary, methodology, and appendices. Presentation is important, with use of whitespace, subheadings, and consistent formatting.
1. The document discusses the importance and purpose of lab reports and scientific papers in communicating scientific research findings. These written reports allow information to be accessible over long periods of time.
2. Individual scientists perform experiments to test hypotheses, and present their findings in papers or reports to persuade others to accept or reject their hypotheses. If results stand up to criticism, they become accepted scientific knowledge.
3. A scientific report typically includes a title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, and literature cited sections. The document provides guidance on writing each section effectively.
The document provides guidance on writing effective abstracts. It explains that abstracts should be brief yet accurate representations of documents, and discusses the key parts of abstracts including introductions, methods, results, and conclusions. The document also offers tips on writing style, common problems to avoid, and how to organize and structure abstracts.
If you have referred to any interview or any material to prove your point, do mention it here. In this section, you can give credit to that person. Such an act will increase the credibility of your report...
This document provides an outline and objectives for a talk on methods and approaches for publishing in journals. It discusses motivations for publishing, choosing appropriate journals, the conventional structure of a journal paper including title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussion, and conclusion. It also covers the submission and resubmission process, dealing with peer reviews, impact factors, and databases for finding journals. The overall document serves as a guide for writing and publishing quality research in academic journals.
The document provides guidance on writing an engineering technical report, including sections on the purpose of technical reports, basic report structure, and guidelines for key sections like the introduction, body, and conclusion. The report structure typically includes a title page, summary, table of contents, introduction, body, and conclusion. The body should be logically organized and include relevant figures, tables, and justification of approaches. The conclusion summarizes key findings and recommendations.
The document provides a format for a technical report, outlining the typical sections and content. It begins with a title page, abstract, acknowledgments, table of contents, and introduction. The body includes background, problem statement, approach, results, and summary/conclusions sections. It ends with references, appendices, and formatting guidelines. Key requirements are that the report be bound with 3 hard copies submitted. An example abstract format is also provided. In under 150 words, the summary effectively captures the purpose, key sections, and requirements of the technical report format.
One of the crucial part of the thesis and research paper is to write Abstract. We can also write Executive Summary instead of Abstract in business context. The readers and business entities mostly read/check the Abstract of the research article and then decide whether to purchase or not? these few slide will help you to understand the written of Abstract for research articles.
This document outlines the steps and guidelines for writing an effective research report. It discusses analyzing the subject matter, creating an outline, drafting the report, and rewriting. It also covers formatting the bibliography, writing the final draft, and including preliminary pages, the main text with an introduction and findings, and end materials like appendices and bibliography. Finally, it provides precautions like maintaining reader interest, avoiding jargon, ensuring availability and understandability of findings, and including sources consulted.
This presentation covers the key aspects of writing engineering reports, including report purpose and planning, format and organization, headings and language, visual design, source documentation, and finishing touches. It discusses writing the abstract, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. The presentation emphasizes that reports should inform readers precisely and concisely through clear organization, language, visuals, and citations. Readers should understand the research problem and findings without reading the entire report.
This document provides guidance on how to write an effective research paper. It discusses gathering data, structuring the paper, selecting a journal for submission, and the submission and revision process. The key sections of a research paper are outlined, including the introduction, methods, results and discussion, and conclusions. Tips are provided on writing titles, abstracts, and each section of the paper. The goal is to present findings in a clear, logical manner for readers in the chosen journal's field.
This document provides guidance on presenting data through tables and figures. It discusses the purposes of data displays, best practices for design and formatting, and tips for specific types of displays. Guidelines are provided for tables, including layout, formatting, and use of titles, headings, notes and rules. For figures, the document outlines principles of effective construction, common types, use of legends and captions, and standards. It also offers tips for presenting specific kinds of biological data visually, such as electrophysiological, radiological, genetic and photographic information.
This document discusses report writing and provides guidance on writing effective reports. It covers the need for documentation, the importance of report writing, common report structures, and guidelines for structuring a report. Documentation is important as it can help prove or defend claims and preserve a record of events when they are fresh. Reports should be written to be read by others and convey essential information through a clear structure, including sections like an introduction, background, methodology, results, and conclusion. The document provides examples of different types of reports and recommends following a top-down outline approach when writing a report.
Technical Report Writing (Format of Final year project's thesis)Bilal Nasir
The document provides guidelines for formatting a technical report for a final year project. It outlines the required sections which include a cover page, title page, declaration, acknowledgements, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables, body, references, and appendices. The body will present an introduction, sections on the topic, and a conclusion with cited sources and graphics. The guidelines provide examples and formatting instructions for each section.
This document outlines the process and requirements for submitting and publishing a manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal. It discusses the roles of the editor-in-chief, consulting editors, and peer reviewers in evaluating the manuscript. Requirements for the manuscript include structured abstracts, keywords, references, figures and tables. The manuscript must then go through rounds of review, revision, and approval before final publication. Indexing the published article in databases like Scopus, MEDLINE, and PubMed is considered an indication of journal quality.
This document provides information on how to write an effective abstract. It discusses the key components and purposes of abstracts, including providing an overview of the scope, purpose, methodology, results and conclusions of a document in a concise manner. The document outlines the different types of abstracts, including descriptive, informative, structured and presentation abstracts. It provides examples of parts and formatting for each type. Guidelines are given for writing with accuracy, brevity, clarity, uniqueness, authority and using appropriate language. The recommended length for different types of documents is also provided.
International Joke Day is celebrated annually on July 1st and Nacional USA Joke Day is observed on August 16th. The days aim to spread cheer and laughter through telling jokes. While the origins of designating a Joke Day are unknown, jokes have been traced back to ancient Greece. Celebrations involve sharing jokes in person, through email, or on websites to spread laughter among family, friends, and globally. Laughter is thought to offer health benefits like reducing pain and fighting illness.
This document provides an overview of a course on effective speech. It introduces various topics that will be covered, such as overcoming stereotypes, developing self-esteem and self-confidence, and techniques for speaking confidently. Resources like TED Talks and YouTube videos are referenced to provide additional information on these topics. The goal is to help students improve their public speaking and communication skills.
The document contains questions from a table topic session for a Toastmasters meeting. The questions range from advice to give a 10-year-old self, to describing an unusual meal, recounting summer vacation activities, and using random words like "train", "hill", "girlfriend", and "dinner" to create a short story. The document prompts an advice columnist to counsel someone on their problems and provide input on taking an international work assignment with an unfamiliar culture.
This document provides guidance on effective meeting management. It discusses establishing clear objectives for meetings and writing effective agendas, including listing agenda items, prioritizing them, and putting them in a logical sequence. The document also covers facilitating meetings, including establishing norms, decision making techniques like the 6 Thinking Hats model, and assigning roles for note taking and tracking action items. It emphasizes focusing meetings on desired outcomes and planning to address potential obstacles.
This document summarizes the topics discussed at a BITP TMC table topic session led by Gaurav Raj Anand. The topics included where participants see themselves in 10 years, their thoughts on an engineering-focused quote, advice for coping with smoking addiction at home, selling an unknown product, creating a short story using four words, interpreting a picture, strangest meals, ideal career growth work environments, last new things tried, messages for large groups, work that brings richness and happiness, and what one would pack if allowed only a single backpack of possessions.
This presentation will cover:
Report purpose and planning
Report format and organization
Headings and language
Visual design
Source documentation
Finishing touches
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
This document provides guidance on developing an effective public speaking presentation in 3 sentences or less. It outlines the key elements of an introduction, body, and conclusion. It also discusses techniques for engaging an audience, using body language and vocal variety, and receiving feedback through peer evaluation. The document stresses the importance of planning, organization, and practicing delivery to feel confident speaking in front of others.
This document provides guidance on effective public speaking. It discusses the different aspects of public speaking including types of speeches, purposes, why audiences listen, and audience preparation. It outlines the typical parts of a speech including the introduction to grab attention and state the purpose, body to convey the main message, and conclusion to summarize key points. Finally, it covers speech delivery, emphasizing the importance of appearance, vocal variation and tone, maintaining good posture and eye contact, and using gestures to engage the audience. The overall document serves as a guide for speakers to understand different components of an effective public presentation.
The document discusses building mental flexibility through changing one's perception, mindset, habits, and point of view. It suggests getting free of rigid attitudes and snap reactions by putting yourself in others' shoes. Using flexible language like "it seems to me" rather than rigid terms like "always" can help evaluate ideas from different perspectives. Mental flexibility involves adapting to changing situations by questioning assumptions, considering options for action, and thinking on one's feet with conceptual fluency.
This document provides guidance on effective speech delivery. It discusses using voice, body language, and brain engagement strategically based on the objective of the speech. The goals are to inform, inspire, entertain or put the audience to sleep. Specific techniques are recommended for voice pitch, rate, strength, and pauses. Using the head, face, hands, and body can add emphasis and show structure or passage of time. Practicing in front of others and getting feedback helps improve delivery skills.
This document discusses effective speech delivery. It outlines qualities of effective delivery such as being natural, enthusiastic, confident and direct. It also discusses the functions of nonverbal communication in clarifying messages, establishing relationships and credibility. Specific aspects of delivery covered include the voice, facial expressions, gestures, body movement, dress and practice methods. The document emphasizes that delivery is important for influencing audience attitudes, comprehension and perceptions of the speaker.
This document contains a collection of jokes and riddles in the form of questions. Some examples include jokes about why 6 was afraid of 7, what a spider did on a computer, and why an elephant ate a candle. The jokes cover a wide range of topics from animals to food to occupations in a lighthearted and humorous way.
The document discusses different types of speeches categorized by delivery, purpose, and content. There are four types of delivery: impromptu, extemporaneous, memorized, and manuscript. The purposes covered are informative, persuasive, ceremonial, entertainment, and inspirational. Informative speeches can follow spatial, categorical, causation, or comparative designs. Persuasive speeches aim to convince, stimulate, or actuate. Ethos, pathos, and logos are three types of persuasion. Propositions can be of value, policy, or fact. Various specific speech types are also outlined such as valedictory, acceptance, toast, roast, and news casting speeches.
1. The document discusses elements of high-performance leadership in the 21st century. It provides tools and techniques for envisioning goals, engaging others, providing feedback, improving decision making, and executing plans.
2. Some of the tools presented include using strategic intent to focus goals, telling stories to show possibilities, using the Pixar model for storytelling, and installing "devil's advocate" positions to improve decision making.
3. Effective leadership requires engaging and enabling others while envisioning goals, inquiring for insights, and executing plans. Different styles are needed for different roles like "the visionary" or "the executor."
This document outlines a leadership training program that aims to help leaders change from controlling styles to empowering styles. The program objectives are to help leaders recognize themselves as leaders, understand empowering practices, commit to leading from a strategic viewpoint, find balance among leadership roles, improve productivity, understand team leadership, set clear expectations, and empower others. The program will cover principles of empowering leadership such as having a vision, building trust, inspiring commitment, acting as an architect, and having positive beliefs.
A how-to manual on technical report writing - why the art of Chocolate Cake ?
I was asked to "throw " a presentation together with minimal time to prepare - tech report writing could be a very dry subject - but then I decided to compare it with baking a chocolate cake - either very simple or extremely complex
The key issue is to deliver what the consumer wants - a relevant report or a delicious chocolate cake.
This document provides instructions for giving an informative speech. It explains that the purpose is to provide interesting, useful information to the audience. The speech should have an introduction, three main points in the body, and a conclusion. It also provides tips for selecting a topic, outlining the speech, practicing, using visual aids, and delivering the speech. Students are reminded that the speech must be 2-3 minutes, include a visual aid, and have a typed copy.
This document provides an overview of the after-dinner speech. It defines the after-dinner speech as a short speech meant to amuse an audience through humor, stories, or other illustrations. The goal is to catch and hold the audience's attention by entertaining them. Some key principles discussed include keeping the speech purposeful but lighthearted in tone, and having a structure with an introduction, body, and conclusion where the central point is explained and reinforced with anecdotes.
C125C126 FORMAL LAB REPORTFORMAL LAB REPORT, GeneralA f.docxclairbycraft
C125/C126 FORMAL LAB REPORT
FORMAL LAB REPORT, General
A formal lab report is required in conjunction with some of the experiments in each chemistry course. It is your chance to demonstrate to your professor or TA how well you understand the experiment and the chemical principles involved. A formal report is different than a term paper. It should be written in a scientific style, which is not the same style used for English or philosophy papers.
The keys to effective technical writing are organization, brevity, clarity, and an appreciation of the needs of the reader. You must write clearly and be thorough, but concise. Do not ramble. The best way to avoid rambling is to first prepare an outline of the report and stick to it. Always use complete sentences. Bulleted lists are okay in a lab notebook but are unacceptable in a formal report. Formal reports must be typed. Use 1.5 line spacing, 1-inch margins, 12 pt font and 8.5x11 inch paper. Only use third person, past tense. Also, proofread well.
The general structure of a formal lab report follows that of a scientific paper. It is:
Title and Author (s)
Introduction
Experimental Information
Data and Calculation
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Results and discussion sections are combined into one single section. Different instructors may have specific formats that they want you to follow. You should always defer to the instructions given to you by your course. Presented here are general guidelines for writing formal lab reports and scientific papers.
Before writing your first report, visit the library and examine several journal articles. Pay close attention to the style of the prose and the contents of each particular section. Several common journals to investigate are:
The Journal of the American Chemical Society
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Biochemistry
Initialed and dated laboratory notebook pages of the experiment must be submitted. While report sheets may be a joint effort, formal reports must be individually written. A schedule of reports and dates on which they are due is given in the course laboratory schedule. We highly recommend that reports be completed prior to the day of submission to allow time to proofread, and thus avoiding loss of points due to last minute problems. Lost data or the inability to print reports is not acceptable excuses for incomplete or missing reports. You will be informed when notebook pages will be collected before the report is due.
FORMAL LAB REPORT - Title and Author(s)
State the title of the experiment, your name, the date and your laboratory section number, if applicable. Also state the name of your lab partner(s). This information should be at the top of the first page.
FORMAL LAB REPORT – Introduction
The Introduction states the purpose of the study and introduces the reader with new ideas and topics. It also provides any background necessary to acquaint the read.
Writing a Scientific Report or PaperResults of careful laborsarantatersall
Writing a Scientific Report or Paper
Results of careful laboratory work are not useful unless they can be presented in a clear, concise manner to others for comment and evaluation. Such presentations are usually in the form of a scientific paper published in a reputable scientific journal. Scientific communications have many things in common, which leads to a rather standard style of writing that allow the results and meaning of experimentation to be quickly grasped by the reader. Scientists do not expect to read attractive, stimulating prose to obtain information from technical scientific papers. The experimental design, results and explanation of results are what are attractive and stimulating not the cleverness of the prose. The following discussion should be useful in helping you prepare your laboratory reports, which are scientific reports.
Read it carefully before beginning your reports. Your laboratory instructor may make additional comments. The specific format of a scientific paper varies among journals. However, the format presented below is the most commonly used. It is the format you must use in your scientific writing for this course.
Part I: Format of a Scientific Report
The scientific report will be composed of seven sections. Each section will have a heading immediately followed by the text, figures or graphs. The order of the sections is: title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and literature cited.
A) Format regulations:
· typed
· double spaced
· 10-12 font, Times New Roman
· 1 inch margins
· pages numbered
· titled sections
· untitled hypothesis
· Quotes are
NOT
allowed. Everything must be properly paraphrased.
· No website references are permitted as sources. No exceptions.
· Everything must be properly cited. It is considered plagiarism if it is not.
· Write in third person, past tense
The overall presentation/grammar/spelling will be evaluated. Although this is not an English class, these elements are important to the proper communication of science. Before you turn in your final version, use the spell check function and reread your report. You should also take the time to visit the Center for Academic Success to participate in the Read, Write, and Cite Workshop series for additional help on writing your reports.
Note: Never write statements like the following: “My lab report is about…”, “My hypothesis is…”,
or any version of this type of statement.
(1)
Title
Section
Create a title that briefly conveys to the reader the purpose of the paper. The title of your report must be informative. Many readers scan journal article titles and the decision whether or not to pursue an article is based on the information in the title. Generally, this information includes: primary factor(s) manipulated or studied; outcome of manipulation (the response or effects); and organism studied, if relevant. An example of an informative title would be: "The Effect of Varying Serotonin Conce ...
This document provides general guidelines for writing reports and dissertations. It discusses the importance of having a clear structure and organization, with informative titles and headings to guide the reader. It emphasizes that the reader should be the top priority. It then outlines specific guidelines, such as keeping the report concise, organizing it for the reader, including complete references, and thoroughly checking for errors. The document also discusses establishing clear aims and objectives, categorizing information, and providing a well-structured body with introduction, chapters, and conclusion.
The document provides tips for writing a paper that will be accepted by the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC). It emphasizes demonstrating innovation that advances the state-of-the-art, including quantitative results, comparisons to previous work, and highlighting what is technically novel. It warns against submissions without new hardware results or simulations without silicon implementation and testing. The review process is rigorous, with expert reviewers ensuring papers meet high technical standards.
This document provides information on what a report is and guidelines for writing an effective report. It defines a report as a statement of the results of an investigation that provides definite information. Reports are highly structured. Reasons for writing reports include presenting findings and results, keeping records, and reporting on failures and successes or project progress. There are different types of reports depending on the objective, such as information reports to present information and analytical reports to analyze a situation. The document provides guidelines for writing different sections and elements of an effective report such as the introduction, body, conclusions, and appendix. It emphasizes the importance of structure, clear writing style, and following standard report writing practices.
A Guide to Technical Report Writing Australian Col.docxaryan532920
A Guide to
Technical Report Writing
Australian College of Kuwait
School of Engineering
Engineering Skills (ENEG11001)
1. Introduction
Technical report writing is an essential part of engineering
communication - you are communicating the results of your
work to someone else.
Once ‘published’, your technical reports will become a long-
lasting record of your proficiency and ability as an Engineer.
The following topics will be discussed:
• General report layout and presentation
• Report sections
• Report formatting
• Tables, figures and graphs
2
2. General Report Layout and Presentation
The key points in effective written communication in
technical report writing are:
• Logical and neat presentation
• Clarity
• Concise expression
• Continuity between sections
When you write a report be mindful of the purpose of the
report. More is not necessarily better – give enough detail so
that you present a convincing case. Third person, past tense is
generally accepted.
3
2. General Report Layout and Presentation
Some important points to note:
• Only print on one face of each page
• Bind the report so that it is easy to read and ensure
that no part of the report is concealed by the binding
• Ensure that tables, figures etc. are not ‘fragmented’
over two pages
• Ensure that a section heading is not separated from
the section text due to end of page/start of new page
• Use a spellchecker but be aware that it will not pick up
incorrect usage of words eg. there/their.
4
3. Report Sections
• Title Page
• Executive Summary
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures/Tables
• Abbreviations
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Literature Review
• Methodology
• Results and/or Discussion
• Conclusion
• Reference List
• Appendices
5
3. Report Sections
• Please note, that while there is a basic standard layout for
technical report writing, you must accept the possibility of
variations in requirements for different ‘clients’.
• You must be flexible and adaptive in these circumstances.
• You need to be certain of the requirements for a specific
report.
6
3. Report Sections
3.1 Title Page
This should clearly show the name of the client, the report
title, report date, the author’s name and the author’s
organization.
The Title Page is the first page of the report to be viewed by
the reader and should show the above information clearly,
and be well presented.
7
3. Report Sections
3.2 Executive Summary
The Executive Summary is best left until the rest of the report
is written. A concise summary of the work contained in the
report should be given.
The Summary should be brief, but not omit any important
information. Abbreviations should only be used when they
are acceptable. The Summary should ‘stand alone’ without
reference to any other part of the report, and include the
main results of the work.
8
3. Rep ...
The document provides an overview of what constitutes a report and guidelines for writing effective reports. It defines a report as a statement of the results of an investigation that presents definite information. Reports are highly structured documents used to present findings, keep records, and communicate about projects and research. The document outlines the main sections of a report including the introduction, body, conclusions, and recommendations. It provides tips for effectively organizing content with headings, figures, tables, and references. The goal is to write a clear, concise report that meets readers' needs and answers the required questions.
reportDescription.docxETME 4143LThermodynamics and Heat Tran.docxdebishakespeare
reportDescription.docx
ETME 4143L
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory
Formal Report
Assignment Description
The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following sections.
The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn a grade of 50 with no further consideration.
Cover Page (5 points)
The formal report requires a specific cover page which is available on Moodle.
Table of Contents (5 points)
The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that specified in the Chicago Manual of Style.
Overall Report Quality (10 points)
A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist for more detail.
Summary (15 points)
The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is the only part of the report that will actually be read by your supervisor or client.
The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following questions:
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance?
· How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was used?
· What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing sampledata?
· What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include specific values with units of measure.
· Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory or research.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
· What conclusions or recommendations should be made based on experimental resultsand why?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report.
Introduction (10 points)
This section provides a comprehensive description of the engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates the purpose of the experiment and ...
The document discusses the benefits of updating an industrial equipment company's operator interface technology from a hardwired system to a new touchscreen graphical display system. Research found the company's sales declined as competitors adopted the new technology. Cost analysis showed the new system would have similar installation costs but reduce wiring and I/O. Interviews with past customers and research showed the new system would improve usability and customer satisfaction. The report recommends adopting the new operator interface technology.
ReportsFor many of your assignments, you will be asked to wr.docxsodhi3
Reports
For many of your assignments, you will be asked to write a report. However,
it is important to understand that the structure of a report depends on its
purpose. Therefore, any general advice about report writing needs to be
balanced with the specific requirements of your assignment, as presented in
the course outline, and any instructions given by your lecturer.
A sample report has been included in the Appendices.
The Purpose of a Report
The most common purpose of a report is to provide comprehensive
information and analysis about a situation. Quite often – but not always – you
will be asked to provide recommendations based on that analysis. In a real
world context, this information and analysis would provide management with a
foundation to making decisions, planning future strategies, evaluating current
strategies, or measuring the progress of existing plans. In writing for your
lecturer, keep this approach in mind.
The Difference between a Report and an Essay
There are some identifiable differences between a report and an essay, which
can give you a general idea about what a report should look like. The
differences are summarized in this table:
Report Essay
Purpose Presents information and analysis
about a problem, and often suggests
a solution.
Argues a position in
response to an issue or a
proposition, drawing
conclusions about it.
Structure &
Format
Has Preliminary pages, including an
executive summary & table of
contents (see below);
Has Clearly divided sections with
numbered headings (and often sub-
headings); cohesion (“flow”) of ideas
is often achieved by the logic of these
headings;
Brief paragraphs and dot points are
acceptable so the reader of a report
can extract information quickly;
Tables and figures are often included
as a way of showing information
quickly and easily;
Often makes recommendations
Has Introduction, body and
conclusion; sometimes you
may be asked to provide
headings for these;
Cohesion is achieved by the
flow between paragraphs,
and strong paragraph
structure;
Dot points are not
appropriate because an
essay aims to provide a
more reflective reading
experience.
Essay discussions may
sometimes include a table or
figure, but not usually.
Page 50
General Report Structure
The structure of a report is generally divided into sections.
Preliminary Pages
Check with your lecturer about whether
all of these items are necessary for your
assignment.
The convention is to use small case
Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv) for page
numbering in this section.
Letter of Transmittal (if required)
Assignment cover sheet
Executive summary (or abstract)
A contents page
A list of tables (if relevant)
A list of figures (if relevant)
Main Text
Use decimal outlining for numbering
sections in the main text.
Number the pages of your assignment
using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3…)
Introduction
Body sections
Conclusion
Recommendations (usually, but no ...
The document provides guidance on how to effectively write a research paper. It discusses getting ready with data collection and organization, writing a first draft that focuses on key findings, and following the standard structure of scientific papers with sections like introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions. It also offers tips for selecting an appropriate journal, submitting the paper, responding to reviewer feedback, and common mistakes to avoid. The overall aim is to produce a clear, well-organized paper that effectively communicates important results and insights to the target readership.
Technical report writing and research paper writing.KritiGhai3
The document provides an overview of technical report writing and research paper writing. It discusses the typical structure and sections of a technical report, including the title page, introduction, summary, experimental details, results and discussions, body, conclusions, recommendations, reference, and appendices. It also discusses the typical structure of a research paper, including the cover page, abstract, introduction, background, methodology, results, conclusion, and appendices. Finally, it discusses citation formats, in-text citations, and full citations.
This document provides guidelines for designing technical reports, including standard components such as a transmittal letter, cover page, abstract, executive summary, table of contents, and table of figures. It discusses the purpose and contents of each component, with examples. Key guidelines include using a spiral or comb binding for the cover, including the report title, recipient, author, and date on the label, writing the abstract as a single paragraph and the executive summary at 1/2 to 2 pages. The document stresses that components like the table of contents and headings should match the text. Overall, the document offers recommendations for laying out and organizing a technical report in a clear, standard format.
This document provides guidance on writing reports by outlining the key components and structure of a report. It explains that a report presents information on a specific problem or issue and is written for a particular audience and purpose. The document discusses the main sections of a report, including the title page, terms of reference, summary, contents, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and appendices. It emphasizes analyzing and structuring information logically, relating evidence to the problem or issue, and following instructions provided. Effective report writing involves understanding the task, gathering relevant information, analyzing materials, and allocating time to plan, write, and proofread the report.
The document provides information on the structure and components of a research report. It discusses the typical parts of a research report which include a cover page, title page, abstract/summary, introduction, literature review, methodology, results, analysis, conclusions, and references. It also describes the different sections within these parts such as the problem statement, objectives, variables, and data analysis within the methodology section. Furthermore, it outlines two main types of research reports - technical reports which focus on the research process and popular reports which simplify information for policy implications. Finally, it discusses guidelines for writing styles in research reports for scholarly journals versus business/government reports.
The document outlines a five-step process for technical writing called the waterfall method. The steps are: 1) Planning - determining the audience and goals, 2) Content - defining chapters and sources, 3) Writing - drafting and reviewing, 4) Internationalization/Localization - determining translations, and 5) Review - assessing effectiveness and maintenance. Following this linear process ensures each step informs the next, similar to water flowing down steps. The method can be applied to projects of any size, from books to wiki sections.
This document provides guidelines for writing an effective project report. It emphasizes that a good report is essential for communicating the results of a project. The summary should include an abstract, introduction, results and discussion, and conclusion sections. References should also be included to provide sources for information used. Following the provided formatting and assessment criteria guidelines can help students write a clear, concise report and achieve a high mark.
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratoryOve.docxhanneloremccaffery
Formal lab report instructions for the Biology 110 laboratory
Overall assignment:
For Biology 110 you will be submitting one formal lab report for grading this semester. This lab’s formal report must be written in the 3rd person and in the past tense. Their length will vary depending on how concise each writer is, but the paper should be approximately 5 to 9 pages in length, including graphs. The pages are to have 1 inch margins, be double spaced, typed in Ariel or Times Roman 12 pt. and include supporting data (e.g., data tables, graphs, pictures or any other supporting material you wish to include) Each of the section headings must be labeled in your lab report. Skip lines between each section.
Sections
Title:
The title should describe the experiment you are conducting in some detail. You are not allowed to use the title you find in your laboratory manual. The title will be placed on a separate page with your name and the names of your lab mates, date, and course and lab section.
Abstract
The report abstract is a short summary of the report. It should be no more than one paragraph (100-200 words) and should include about one or two sentences on each of the following main points:
· Purpose of the experiment
· Key results
· Major points of discussion
· Main conclusions
It helps to complete the other sections of the report before writing the abstract, as these four main points can be drawn from them.
Introduction
This section should provide sufficient background information to the lab that will allow the reader to understand some of the principles you are investigating. This material can come from what you developed in your pre-lab write-up. It should include a specific statement of the question or problem under investigation, and statements about other goals of the laboratory exercise.
Why is this question important? How does this question relate to the "real world"?
This statement should be two paragraphs in length so you need to do a literature search on the topic(s) and incorporate this information into your introduction. Be certain to cite your sources. Clearly state the purpose of the experiment at the end of the section.
HYPOTHESIS:
The hypothesis section should contain a series of statements of what is to be expected to be observed during the experiment based on the background information you provided in the introduction. These statements should predict the outcome of each experiment or test based on solid scientific principles that you read from your text, the internet or your lab manual. Again, if the prelab was written properly, this section will come from the pre-lab write-up that you worked on prior to the lab. Use the “if…then….because” format.
In other words the hypothesis should convey what you think will happen during the investigation. It differs from a guess in that it is based upon prior knowledge or evidence. It should be supported by previously developed evidence and/or concepts.
For ...
This document provides guidance on writing reports by outlining the key sections that should be included and examples of each section. It discusses the following main report sections:
1. Title page - Includes the title and relevant details about the report.
2. Abstract/Executive Summary - Summarizes the background, purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations in 100-200 words.
3. Table of Contents - Lists the headings and subheadings to help readers locate information.
4. Introduction - Provides background on the topic and outlines what the report will cover.
5. Body - Presents the findings, discusses them and relates them to relevant theories.
6. Conclusion - Sum
Writing research guide_8995775dbc994ec45457b00c526fe288Kæsy Chaudhari
This document provides guidelines for writing a scientific research paper for publication. It discusses the typical components of a research paper, including the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions, acknowledgements, references, tables, figures, and authorship. For each section, it provides brief descriptions and suggestions on how to construct that section in a clear, logical manner. The overall goal is to help authors present their scientific work in a way that effectively communicates their findings to the intended audience.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
1. ENGINEERING REPORT
WRITING
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department
University of Connecticut
Storrs, CT 06269-2157
September 2003 Edition
1
2. INTRODUCTION.
As a practicing engineer, you will need to write reports,
proposals, scientific papers, and electronic messages. Writing is
perhaps the most important way in which you will convey your ideas
to managers, other engineers, and customers. Your communication
skills will therefore determine how successful you are as an engineer,
perhaps even more so than your technical expertise!
This booklet describes briefly how to write an effective
engineering report. As you read this booklet, keep in mind that there
is always more than one way to convey the same idea. In many
situations, there is not necessarily a “right way” and a “wrong way.”
REPORT ORGANIZATION.
Good report organization should promote readability and reflect
the scientific method of attack, which proceeds with objective,
method, results, and conclusions. It is logical to report a project in
the sequence in which it is done, and many engineering reports are
organized on this basis. Two improvements to the logical sequence
are the addition of an abstract or executive summary and the
insertion of headlines. These two features facilitate “scanning” of the
report. Thus, a busy executive or engineer may quickly assess the
major findings and conclusions of the report, and then easily find
further details as required.
In writing a full-length engineering report, you should start with
a report outline, then proceed to a rough draft. The outline defines
the organization of the report, and the rough draft serves to avoid
omissions. Once the content is established, the rough draft is refined
for clarity and conciseness. After proofreading and correction of
minor mistakes, the finished product is produced. This entire writing
process is most easily done using a word processor. “Spell
checkers” are particularly useful in removing spelling or typographical
mistakes.
The outline for a general full-length engineering report contains
the following items:
1. Title
2. Summary orAbstract (Executive Summary)
3. Introduction
4. Theory and Analysis
2
3. 5. Experimental Procedures
6. Results and Discussion
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
8. Acknowledgments
9. Literature Cited
10. Appendix
The individual sections of the report will have headings, which are
made to stand out with underlined, bold, italic, or large size print. The
names of the sections may be more descriptive than the generic
names listed above. Headings may be numbered, especially in
longer reports, theses or books. Longer documents may also have
subheadings within sections.
A title page should be used with full identification including
names and dates. If the report is long, a table of contents should
follow the title page.
The abstract should summarize the major points in the report in
concise manner and should allow the reader to make a decision on
whether or not to read the full paper. The first sentence should state
what was accomplished. The abstract is not a condensation of the
entire paper, but rather a clear statement of the project scope, results
achieved, and the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the
results.
An introduction is desirable to indicate the background of the
project and the reasons for undertaking it. Some information on
previous work is usually included.
In the theory and analysis section, pertinent principles, laws,
and equations should be stated and unfamiliar terms should be
defined. Analytical diagrams such as theoretical cycles or flow and
field patterns should be shown here. Be sure to include all necessary
supporting theory without adding deadwood.
The experimental procedures section should describe
apparatus and materials. Instrument types, ranges, and identification
numbers should be indicated. A sketch of the test setup showing
relative positions, connections, and flows should be included.
Preliminary results, equalizing periods, duration of runs, and
frequency of readings should be indicated. Special precautions for
obtaining accuracy and for controlling conditions should be
described. Conformity with or divergence from standard test codes
or procedures should be clearly stated.
3
4. The results and discussion section should summarize the
important findings with supporting tables, graphs, and figures.
Original data or extensive data tables should be included in
appendices. Graphical representation is very important in conveying
quantitative results. The use of logarithmic or other special scales
should be considered. Deviations from smooth curves should be
carefully checked. Apparent discrepancies should be pointed out
and explained.
The discussion should describe the accuracy and importance of
the results. Sources of measurement error should be evaluated.
Results should be critically compared with theory, and differences
greater than the experimental errors should be explained. Limitations
of the theory and tolerances in engineering values should be
considered. Conclusions should be supported by specific references
to data and results, quoting numerical values, and guiding the reader
from facts to conclusions. Conclusions should follow directly from the
numerical results quoted, without the need for mental arithmetic by
the reader. Omit any part of the discussion which could be written
without performing the experiment.
The conclusions and recommendations section should
summarize the conclusions which have been drawn. These
conclusions may be supported by brief reference to data or results.
Recommendations are often more important than conclusions. Few
experimental projects are an end in themselves. Either the results
are to be used for a purpose, or the experimenter sees more work
that could be done. In student reports, recommendations on
improving the laboratory experiments, equipment or procedures are
accepted gratefully.
Acknowledgments are usually unnecessary in a student report.
They are very important in theses, journal articles, or company
reports. Always acknowledge all other contributors to the work,
people who have contributed ideas or materials, and sources of
financial support.
The bibliography must list sources to which direct reference
was made in the text. Other general references may also be given.
Numbered footnotes, or preferably endnotes, are used to list sources
in the order of reference.
REPORT STYLE.
4
5. For many years, it was customary to write scientific papers in
the third person, passive voice, past tense. Even today, this style is
preferred by many. More and more, however, the first person, active
voice, past tense is becoming the preferred style. Consider some
examples:
Not Recommended: Clean the gallium arsenide substrates by
boiling them in trichloroethylene.
Not Recommended: I clean the gallium arsenide substrates by
boiling them in trichloroethylene.
Acceptable: The gallium arsenide substrates were cleaned by
boiling in trichloroethylene.
Recommended: We cleaned the gallium arsenide substrates
by boiling them in trichloroethylene.
Simple technical English should be used. Engineering and
trade terms may be used, but the style should be dignified. Short
sentences are preferred. Acronyms may be used but only if they are
defined at the first appearance.
For further guidelines on style, see Appendix A, or refer to a
writing handbook such as The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. R.
Fowler (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980), The Elements of
Style, by William Strunk and E. B. White (New York: Macmillian,
1979), or Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace, by Joseph
Williams (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1981).
REPORT MECHANICS.
As a matter of general mechanics, you should use the
following: uniform page size (8.5” x 11”); prominent headings; well-
displayed tabulations with titles; well-displayed figures with titles;
ample margins; and numbered pages. Reports submitted in
University of Connecticut writing courses such as ECE 209W or ECE
262W must have letter-quality print produced by a laser printer or ink
jet printer.
Numerical results should be reported with due regard for the
experimental accuracy with which they were obtained. For instance,
0.75 + 0.01 Ampere is acceptable but 5.3275 + 0.01 Volt is not. In
the absence of explicitly stated errors, the error is assumed to be
plus or minus one in the least significant digit. Hence 5.33 V means
the same as 5.33 + 0.01 V.
5
6. Graphs should be numbered and completely labeled and titled.
The title should be brief and descriptive, such as “Motor Speed as a
function of Torque.” The independent variable should be shown on
the abscissa (horizontal axis) and the dependent variable should be
shown on the ordinate (vertical axis). Scales should be labeled with
the name, symbol, and units of the quantity involved. Each of the
curves on a sheet should be clearly identified, and all of the
experimental points shown.
Graph scales should be chosen for easy reading but with due
regard to the accuracy of observed and computed quantities, so that
variations are neither concealed nor exaggerated. For instance, if
temperatures can be read only to the nearest degree, the smallest
subdivision on the graph paper should be one degree or greater.
Major scale divisions should be chosen so that interpolation is easy.
The subdivisions should preferably represent 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100
etc. Most scales should start from zero; if they do not, a broken axis
must be used.
Smooth curves should be drawn with no extrapolation beyond
the experimental points. Any discontinuities or points of inflection
should be examined with suspicion. Methods of plotting that give
straight lines are preferred.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
Use this booklet as a guide, but remember that it can not take
the place of good judgment. Every report is different. The unique
content of a report may dictate the style or organization of the report.
REFERENCES.
H. R. Fowler, The Little, Brown Handbook (Boston: Little, Brown and
Company, 1980).
William Strunk and E. B. White, The Elements of Style (New York:
Macmillian, 1979).
G. L. Tuve and L. C. Domholdt, Engineering Experimentation (New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1966).
Craig Waddell, Basic Prose Style and Mechanics (Troy, NY:
Rensselaer Press, 1990).
6
7. Joseph Williams, Style: Ten Lessons in Clarity and Grace (Glenview,
IL: Scott, Foresman, 1981).
7
8. APPENDIX A: BASIC PROSE STYLE.
1. Write in the Active Voice.
Always choose the active, rather than the passive voice, unless you
have a good reason to do otherwise. With the active voice, the
subject is the same as the agent (the person or thing carrying out the
action).
NO: A Fluke 77 digital multimeter was used by us.
NO: A Fluke 77 digital multimeter was used.
YES: We used a Fluke 77 digital multimeter.
Notice that the verb to be usually flags the passive voice.
2. Avoid Nominalizations.
Avoid nominalizations unless you have a good reason to do
otherwise. A nominalization is a noun derived from a verb or
adjective.
NO: Our expectation was that the motor would run at 2400 rpm.
YES: We expected that the motor would run at 2400 rpm.
A noun string can act as a nominalization:
NO: Computer center laser printer maintenance is performed
monthly.
YES: The laser printers in the computer center are maintained
monthly.
3. Express Parallel Ideas in Parallel Grammatical Form.
Units of equal function should be expressed in equal form. Repetition
of the same structure allows the reader to recognize parallel ideas
more readily:
8
9. NO: This type of speed control can be used with synchronous
motors or motors of the induction type.
YES: This type of speed control can be used with synchronous or
induction motors.
4. Place the emphatic words at the end of the sentence.
Joseph Williams offers two rules:
1. Whenever possible, express at the beginning of a
sentence ideas already stated, referred to, implied, safely
assumed, familiar - whatever might be called old,
repeated, relatively predictable, less important, readily
accessible information.
2. Express at the end of a sentence the least predictable,
the newest, the most significant and striking information.
NO: One billion bits is the capacity of the newest memory chips.
YES: The newest memory chips hold one billion bits.
Following this rule not only creates proper emphasis within the
sentence, but also creates cohesion between sentences.
5. Express statements in positive form.
The positive form is usually more concise. As Joseph Williams points
out,
To understand the negative, we have to translate it into
an affirmative, because the negative only implies what we
should do by telling us what we shouldn’t do.
NO: Don’t write in the negative.
YES: Write in the affirmative.
9
10. NO: Measurements of electrical current are not possible without
first moving the red probe to the “mA” socket.
YES: To make measurements of electrical current, first move the
red probe to the “mA” socket.
6. Vary sentence patterns.
Craig Waddell writes
A series of sentences that follow the same general
pattern (e.g., a series of three or four simple sentences or
a series of three or four compound sentences) can be
tedious. Avoid monotony by varying sentence patterns.
One of the best ways to avoid a tedious series of simple
sentences is to use subordination (or embedding) to
combine the information presented in these sentences
into a single, complex sentence.
Compound and complex sentences can themselves,
however, become tedious. And sometimes, they’re just
plain awkward or confusing. Don’t overload your
sentences or your readers.
7. Choose your words carefully.
Some factors you should consider in choosing words are their
connotation, tone, and level of formality.
a. Connotation. While the dictionary meaning of a word is
its denotation, the suggestive implication of a word is its connotation.
For example, although pretty means “having conventionally accepted
elements of beauty,” the connotation is generally feminine. Most men
would prefer to be called “handsome.”
b. Tone. The tone of a word expresses something about
your attitude toward the person or thing being described.
c. Level of Formality. Most dictionaries will describe words
as formal, informal, vulgar, or obscene. However, your own judgment
may be sufficient to guide you in making the appropriate choice for a
given context. In engineering reports, slang, vulgar, or obscene
10
11. words or phrases are usually inappropriate and the style should be
dignified. Be aware, however, that it is a mistake to be too formal at
the expense of conciseness. As Joseph Williams writes,
When we pick the ordinary word over the one that sounds
more impressive, we rarely lose anything important, and
we gain the simplicity and directness that most effective
writing demands.
8. Avoid modifiers.
Avoid overusing adjectives and adverbs. Instead, select words that
don’t require adjectives or adverbs to supplement their meaning.
9. Clarify the logical relationships between your ideas.
In order to make your writing clear and the transitions between ideas
smooth, clearly express the logical relationships between ideas.
Here are some suggested words for expressing the eight logical
relationships.
a. Addition: moreover, further, furthermore, besides, and,
and then, likewise, also, nor, too, again, in addition, equally
important, next, first, second, third, in the first place, in the second
place, finally, last
b. Comparison: similarly, likewise, in like manner
c. Contrast: but, yet, and yet, however, still, nevertheless, on
the other hand, on the contrary, even so, notwithstanding, for all that,
in contrast to this, at the same time, although this may be true,
otherwise
d. Place: here, beyond, nearby, opposite to, adjacent to, on
the opposite side
e. Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, with this object
f. Result: hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, thus,
thereupon, as a result, then
g. Summary, repetition, exemplification, intensification: to
sum up, in brief, on the whole, in sum, in short, as I have said, in
other words, that is, to be sure, as has been noted, for example, for
instance, in fact, indeed, to tell the truth, in any event
h. Time: meanwhile, at length, soon, after a few days, in the
meantime, afterward, later, now, in the past
10. Prune deadwood.
11
12. Deadwood is material that adds no meaning to the sentence
or paragraph. Eliminate all deadwood to make your writing more
concise.
11. Avoid redundancy.
Redundancy is the unnecessary repetition of information.
12. Use metaphor to illustrate.
Metaphor is imaginative comparison, expressed or implied,
between two generally unlike things. Metaphors, though infrequently
used in engineering reports, can illustrate abstract ideas:
When two atoms approach each other at great speeds
they go through one another, while at moderate speeds
they bound off each other like two billiard balls.”
Sir William Bragg
However, you should avoid cliches.
12
13. APPENDIX B: BASIC PUNCTUATION AND MECHANICS
1. Commas
1.1.A Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or,
for, yet, nor, so) that joins two independent clauses.
The power supply was not damaged, but all of the integrated
circuits burned up.
1.1.B A comma is not required if the clauses are short and closely
related:
Jose typed and Philip watched.
1.1.C If the coordiante clauses are long or contain commas
themselves, semicolons may be used to separate them in order
to avoid confusion.
The teaching assistant provided the students with circuit
diagrams, and checked their wiring; but several components
were damaged when they applied power.
1.2 Use a comma to separate an introductory element (clause,
phrase, conjunctive adverb, or mild interjection) from the rest of
the sentence.
If you ground two points in the circuit, a fuse may blow.
(clause)
Nevertheless, the doping behavior of gallium nitride is still not
fully understood. (conjunctive adverb)
1.3 Use commas to set off parenthetical elements or interrupters
(including transitional adverbs):
The motor, which had been used for several years, suddenly
failed.
13
14. 1.4 Use commas to join items in a series. Except in journalism, this
includes a comma before the conjunction that links the last item
to the rest of the series:
Measurements were made using a Fluke digital multimeter, an
analog wattmeter, and a Hewlett Packard oscilloscope.
1.5 Sometimes commas are required to avoid the confusion of
mistaken junction:
She recognized the man who entered the room, and gasped.
2. Semicolons
2.1 Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses that are closely
related in meaning and are not joined by a coordinating
conjunction.
2.2 Use a semicolon to join two independent clauses when the
second one begins with or includes a conjunctive adverb
(nevertheless, therefore, however, otherwise, as a result).
2.3 To avoid confusion, use semicolons to separate items in a series
when one or more of the items includes commas.
3. Colons
3.1 Use a colon to introduce a list, an example, an amplification, or an
explanation directly related to something just mentioned.
3.2 Use a colon to introduce a formal statement or quotation.
4. Dashes
In typing, make a dash with two hyphens, leaving no space between
them. Common word processors will convert two hyphens into
a thin, continuous line. Dashes are somewhat informal—use
them sparingly.
4.1 Use a dash to introduce a summarizing word, phrase, or clause,
such as an appositive ( a noun set beside another noun and
identifying it):
14
15. Richard Stone’s book describes overhead cams, double
overhead cams, and overhead valves—all the important
valvetrain configurations.
4.2 Use dashes to mark off a parenthetical element that represents
an abrupt break in thought.
Reagan’s sweep of the south—he won every state but
Georgia—was the most humiliating defeat for Carter.
4.3 To avoid confusion, use dashes to mark off parenthetical
elements that contain internal commas:
Seven of our first twelve presidents—Washington, Jefferson,
Madison, Monroe, Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor—were from
Virginia.
5. Parentheses
5.1.A Use parentheses to enclose parenthetical elements.
5.1.B A parennthesized sentence that appears within another
sentence need not begin with a capital or end with a period.
5.1.C A comma may follow the closing parenthesis, but one should
not preceed the opening parenthesis.
6. Ellipsis Dots
6.1 Use three spaced dots to signal omission of a word or words in
the middel of a quoted sentence or to signal hesitation or
halting speech in dialogue.
6.2 Use four spaced dots to signal the omission of the end of a
quoted sentence, or to signal the omission of one or more
whole sentences.
7. Hyphens
15
16. 7.1 Use a hyphen to form a compound noun or a compound
modifier:
Rebecca Lobo was a scholar-athlete.
7.2 Use a hyphen between the components of any number (including
fractions) below one hundred that is written as two words:
one-half forty-three two-thirds
8. Apostrophes
8.1 Use apostrophe, s to indicate singular possessive:
Most of the machines use Intel’s Pentium chip.
8.2 Use s, apostrophe to indicate plural possessive:
The students’ lounge contains eight IBM workstations and a
laser printer.
8.3 Use apostrophe, s to form the plural of abbreviations with
periods, lowercase letters used as nouns, and capital letters
that would be confusing without the apostrophe:
M.S.’s and Ph.D.’s S’s and T’s x’s or y’s
8.4 When it can be done without confusion, use s alone to form the
plural of letters, figures, and words treated as words:
three Rs they come in twos the 1990s
9. Italics
Underlining may be used as a substitute for italics.
9.1 Use italics to emphasize a word or phrase.
9.2 Use italics to identify a letter treated as a letter or a word treated
as a word.
16
17. He used the word microchip fifty-four times in his speech.
9.3 Use italics to identify foreign words or phrases not yet absorbed
into English.
10. Titles
10.1 Italicize or underline the titles of books, magazines, journals,
newspapers, films, radio shows, and television shows.
10.2 Enclose in quotation marks the titles of journal articles,
newspaper columns, songs, short stories, and book chapters.
11. Numbers
11.1 Spell out a number when it begins a sentence.
11.2 Spell out a number that can be written in one or two words.
Twenty-three six four billion
11.3 If numbers that can be written as one or two words cluster
closely together in the sentence, use numerals instead:
We took measurements at 2, 5, 10, 12, and 15 GHz.
11.4 Use numerals if spelling out a number would require more than
two words:
301 7,012 7.38 2.1 x 10-4
11.5 Use numerals for addresses, dates, exact times, exact sums of
money, exact measurements, game scores, mathematical
ratios, and page numbers:
p. 6 75 mph a 2:1 ratio 12:50 am
12. Quotation Marks
17
18. 12.1 Use double quotation marks to create irony by setting off words
you do not take at face value.
His “lecture” pertained mostly to his visit to the Hawaiian
volcanoes.
12.2 Do not use quotation marks to create emphasis.
12.3 Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a
quotation.
12.4 If the quotation will take more than three or four lines on the
page, use indentation instead of quotation marks.
12.5 Do not use quotation marks with indirect discourse, or with
rhetorical, unspoken, or imaginary questions:
The professor said we could submit the homework on Friday.
Why am I studying business administration? she wondered.
13. Punctuating Quotations
13.1 Do not use a comma to mark the end of a quoted sentence that
is followed by an identifying tag if the quoted sentence ends in
a question mark or an exclamation point:
“Hit the kill switch!” he screamed.
13.2 Commas and periods go inside closing quotation marks;
semicolons and colons go outside the closing quotation marks.
14. Introducing Indented Quotations, Lists, and Formulas
The punctuation immediately following the introduction to an indented
quotation, list, or formula is determined by the grammatical structure.
14.1 If the introduction is a main clause, follow it with a colon:
Each student was asked to buy the following:
18
19. a protoboard
a digital multimeter
a laboratory manual
a component kit
14.2 If the introductory element is not a main clause, follow it with a
comma if one is required by 1.2:
In VLSI Fabrication Principles, S. K. Ghandhi points out that
The MOS transistor is the most promising active
component for silicon VLSI circuits at the present
time. There are a number of reasons for this
choice. First, it is self-isolating, so that devices can
be placed side by side on a chip without the need
for providing isolation tubs. As a result, it is
considerably smaller than its bipolar counterpart.
14.3 If the introductory element is not a main clause and a comma is
not required, follow it with no punctuation at all.
15. Punctuating Indented Lists
The items in a vertical list may be preceded by bullets or sequential
numbers, or they may stand alone.
The following devices can be modeled in PSPICE:
resistors
capacitors
inductors
diodes
BJTs
JFETs
MOSFETs
The advantages of BiCMOS are
1. the quiescent dissipation is very low;
2. the packing density is very high; and
3. high off-chip data rates are possible.
19
20. 16. Question Marks
Use a question mark at the end of an interrogative element within or
at the end of a sentence.
Why am I studying chemical engineering? she wondered.
17. Exclamation Points
Use exclamation points sparingly; too many of them will blunt your
effect.
20