reportDescription.docx ETME 4143L Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory Formal Report Assignment Description The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following sections. The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn a grade of 50 with no further consideration. Cover Page (5 points) The formal report requires a specific cover page which is available on Moodle. Table of Contents (5 points) The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that specified in the Chicago Manual of Style. Overall Report Quality (10 points) A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist for more detail. Summary (15 points) The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is the only part of the report that will actually be read by your supervisor or client. The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following questions: · What was the purpose of the experiment? · What is its scientific and/or practical relevance? · How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was used? · What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing sampledata? · What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include specific values with units of measure. · Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory or research. · What are some possible limitations or sources of error associated with the experiment and/or data analysis? · What conclusions or recommendations should be made based on experimental resultsand why? The order of these questions may change depending on how you structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report. Introduction (10 points) This section provides a comprehensive description of the engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates the purpose of the experiment and ...

1. reportDescription.docx
ETME 4143L
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer Laboratory
Formal Report
Assignment Description
The purpose of the formal report is to comprehensively
communicate results of your experiment using your pre-lab
report as a draft. Formal reports must include the following
sections.
The instructor will conduct a preliminary review of each report
to evaluate technical writing skills. Upon the discretion of the
instructor, reports that do not significantly satisfy the criteria
outlined in the Technical Writing Evaluation Checklist will earn
a grade of 50 with no further consideration.
Cover Page (5 points)
The formal report requires a specific cover page which is
available on Moodle.
Table of Contents (5 points)
The Table of Contents lists all section and sub-section titles and
the page numbers that correspond to the beginning of every
section and sub-section. Its format should conform to that
specified in the Chicago Manual of Style.
Overall Report Quality (10 points)

2. A technical report should be written with an emphasis placed on
format, presentation of tables and figures, and overall writing
skills. See document titled Technical Writing Evaluation
Checklist for more detail.
Summary (15 points)
The Summary is limited to 300 words and does not include nor
reference tables, graphs, or figures that may be included in the
body of your report. Its purpose is to communicate key
messages excerpted from other sections of your report, which is
why it is written last. It must explain why the experiment was
conducted, its scientific and/or practical relevance, results of
calculations, and a brief discussion and conclusion about the
results.This section must stand alone.You must assume that it is
the only part of the report that will actually be read by your
supervisor or client.
The Summary section must briefly answer each of the following
questions:
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance?
· How was the experimentconducted? What equipment was
used?
· What engineering assumptions were made when analyzing
sampledata?
· What are the key results based on experimentaldata? Include
specific values with units of measure.
· Do results fall within expected ranges? Justify based on theory
or research.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error
associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
· What conclusions or recommendations should be made based
on experimental resultsand why?

3. The order of these questions may change depending on how you
structure this section of the report. Be sure to change to past
tense verbs and report actual experimental data and results prior
to cutting and pasting from your pre-lab report.
Introduction (10 points)
This section provides a comprehensive description of the
engineering theory, practical applications, and contemporary
issues associated with the experiment. It first briefly reiterates
the purpose of the experiment and its relevance. The discussion
is then expanded from what was previously reported in the
Summary section by including: (1) Global, societal,
environmental, economic, and/or manufacturability issues
related to this experiment; (2) how data were[footnoteRef:2]
analyzed using thermodynamic/heat transfer principles,
engineering assumptions, and governing equations; and (3)
possible limitations or sources of error associated with the
experiment and/or data analysis based on good engineering
practice and judgment. This section must answer each of the
following questions: [2: “Data” is a plural noun and, therefore,
requires a plural verb tense. “Datum” is the singular form of the
noun.]
· What was the purpose of the experiment?
· What is its scientific and/or practical relevance? For example,
what are the global, societal, environmental, economic, or
manufacturability issues associated with this experiment?This
discussion should be greatly expanded from that reported in the
Summary section.
· What value or range of values was expected for each key
variable to be solved based on theory and/or research?
· What sources of credible information/data do you have to
support the claims made in the two bullets above? Have you

4. appropriately referenced them within the text and at the end of
the report based on the Chicago Manual of Style?
· What governing equations were used to analyze
data?Equations should be entered on a separate line, indented,
and numbered. You must use an equation editor.
· What engineering assumptions were used to analyze data and
why?
· How were data analyzed, i.e. using EXCEL and/or
EES?Submit EES files via Moodle as a separate document.
· What are some possible limitations or sources of error
associated with the experiment and/or data analysis?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you
structure this section of the report. Important facts from this
section should also be included the Summary. As appropriate,
figures and other illustrations should supplement your narrative
as a picture is worth 1000 words. If done correctly, this section
of the pre-lab report can be placed directly into the memo report
with little, if any, revision.
Procedure (10 points)
All equipment used in the experiment is listed in this section,
including the name or description of each piece equipment, the
manufacturer, model number and serial number. It is very
important to specifically identify each piece of equipment used,
since any discrepancies in the data may be due to faulty
equipment, which may not be discovered until the data analysis
is completed. Without being able to reconstruct the experiment,
it may not be possible to explain poor results. It is highly
recommended that schematics or photographs of the actual
equipment be included in this section.
The methods and operations followed in carrying out the
experiment should be described in sufficient detail so that
another person would be able to exactly repeat the experiment

5. from this section. The reader should be able to obtain a clear
understanding of what the experiment was and how it was done.
Differences in procedure from the laboratory manual or
equipment malfunctions should definitely be recorded.
Results (20 points)
Acomprehensive presentation of results requires (1) a
qualitative description or narrative, (2) a quantitative
description using tables, graphs, statistical significance tests,
and other numerical methods, and (3) important observations
regarding equipment operation and experimental procedures. In
this section, you must communicate all three aspects of results.
Only aggregated results are reported in this section. Original
records of data collected during the experiment must be
included in the Appendix. The discussion and interpretation of
results are presented in the next section. Key results including
values and units of measure should be reported in the Summary
section.
Calculations required for the generation of tables and graphs
should be explained prior to introducing the tables and graphs
in the narrative. Assumptions, units of measures, and unit
conversions for each key variable described in your lab manual
must also be included in this section. The use of an equation
editor is required.
Visual communications such as tables and graphs are effective
methods of reporting aggregated results. However, do not
assume that they are self-explanatory. Any visual must first be
introduced in the narrative by providing an explanation of its
contents. This does not mean a point-by-point description
should be given, but rather, general trends and key aspects
should be highlighted along with any other important details
you want elaborate on in the Discussion section.

6. All visual communications must be properly formatted per the
Chicago Manual of Style. This includes but is not limited to
placement of titles and captions, which differ for tables and
graphs. Always refer to the visual by type and by number, e.g.
Table 1, Graph 2, or Figure 3. When using an x-y graph, be sure
to plot the dependent (y) variable along the vertical axis and the
independent (x) variable along the horizontal axis. The title of
the graph should explicitly denote this relationship. A legend is
required when more than one data set is plotted on a graph. Do
not use a legend when only one set of data is graphed.
Discussion and Conclusions (15 points)
You should transition from the previous section by first
reiterating your key results and then expand into a more
comprehensive discussion by synthesizing results, research, and
personal observations into an integrated narrative. You should
point out specific relationships between your findings and those
expected based on theory and/or reported in the literature.
Apparent discrepancies within experimental data must be
reported and accounted for when possible. In general, results
must be interpreted within the context of general engineering
theory and practice. However, you must also relate your results
to global, societal, environmental, economic, or
manufacturability issues that you presented in the Introduction
section. Finally, you must also include an evaluation and
critique of the specific experimental procedure and/or
equipment used. Limitations and recommendations should also
be presented consistent with real-world practices.
This section of the final report must answer each of the
following questions:
· What were some key results based on experimental data?
· Did your value(s) fall within expected ranges? How do you
know?

7. · What engineering principles and/or other information from
your research support your results?
· What are some valid reasons that your results deviated from
what was expected?
· What are the implications of your results as they relate to
global, societal, environmental, economic, or manufacturability
issues presented in the Introduction section?
· What were some of the limitations associated with the design
of this experiment?
· What recommendations do you have based on your results,
research, and personal observations?
The order of these questions may change depending on how you
structure this section of the report. Key messages from this
section should also be included in the Summary. If using the
pre-lab report as a draft, be sure torevise it based on actual
experimental results.
References (5 points)
All reports rely on other publications, and documentation of
these sources is needed to avoid plagiarism. Any quotation or
general concept from a publication should be referenced using
an author/date citation and bibliography. If a concept is
considered general knowledge, such as the first law of thermo,
then a direct citation is not needed. However, the report should
include a full list of any sources used to generate the report, and
that list must appear in the Reference section. The Chicago
Manual of Style referencing format is required in this course.
Numerous examples of proper referencing formats can be found
on the Chicago Manual of Style website at
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html.
You must use at least two additional, credible technical
references beyond those provided by the instructor to justify
claims made in your report. Credible references include but are

8. not limited to technical journals, trade publications, government
reports, and *.gov and *.edu websites. The use of Wikipedia as
a technical reference is prohibited. In addition, many *.com
websites are not considered credible references. If in doubt,
please consult with your instructor. References must be properly
cited using the Chicago Manual of Style both within text and as
a separate Reference section attached to the report.
Appendix (5 points)
The appendix should include all ofthe raw experimental data;
rough calculations, including those presented as sample
calculations; course materials; and miscellaneous materials such
as published tables and charts, manufacturer’s instructions,
copies of calibration certificates, etc.
Original experimental data should be recorded in such a manner
that all items are complete and understood by all persons
conducting the experiment. The heading of the sheet should
indicate the date, title and number of the experiment, and the
name of the observer(s). Column headings must clearly identify
the variable recorded with units of measure. Instrument serial
numbers should also be recorded. When in doubt about the
amount of information to record, it is better to record more
information than is thought necessary. Especially record any
deviations from the recommended procedure, since these may be
important in accounting for deviations in results.
5
Experimentt.docx
Meeting 2: Temperature Measurements (Data Acquisition,
Thermocouples, IR Pyrometer, Gas Phase(Flame) Temperature
Measurements, Surface Temperature Measurements)

9. 1) General Description of Various Temperature Measurements
and Devices
a) Data Acquisition
i) Introduction
Data acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products
and/or processes used to collect information to document or
analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician
logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is
performing data acquisition.
More commonly, data acquisition is the process of sampling
signals that measure real world physical conditions and
converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that
can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems
(abbreviated with the acronym DAS or DAQ) typically convert
analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The
components of data acquisition systems include:
· Sensors that convert physical parameters to electrical signals.
· Signal conditioning circuitry to convert sensor signals into a
form that can be converted to digital values.
· Analog-to-digital converters, which convert conditioned
sensor signals to digital values.
Data acquisition applications are controlled by software
programs developed using various general purpose programming
languages such as BASIC, C, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Pascal.
There are also open-source software packages providing all the
necessary tools to acquire data from different hardware
equipment. These tools come from the scientific community
where complex experiment requires fast, flexible and adaptable
software. Those packages are usually custom fit but more
general DAQ package like the Maximum Integrated Data
Acquisition System can be easily tailored and is used in several
physics experiments worldwide.
ii) Methodology
Sources and systems
Data acquisition begins with the physical phenomenon or

10. physical property to be measured. Examples of this include
temperature, light intensity, gas pressure, fluid flow, and force.
Regardless of the type of physical property to be measured, the
physical state that is to be measured must first be transformed
into a unified form that can be sampled by a data acquisition
system. The task of performing such transformations falls on
devices called sensors. A data acquisition system is a collection
of software and hardware that lets you measure or control
physical characteristics of something in the real world. A
complete data acquisition system consists of DAQ hardware,
sensors and actuators, signal conditioning hardware, and a
computer running DAQ software.
A sensor, which is a type of transducer, is a device that converts
a physical property into a corresponding electrical signal (e.g.,
strain gauge, thermistor). An acquisition system to measure
different properties depends on the sensors that are suited to
detect those properties. Signal conditioning may be necessary if
the signal from the transducer is not suitable for the DAQ
hardware being used. The signal may need to be filtered or
amplified in most cases. Various other examples of signal
conditioning might be bridge completion, providing current or
voltage excitation to the sensor, isolation, linearization. For
transmission purposes, single endedanalog signals, which are
more susceptible to noise can be converted to differential
signals. Once digitized, the signal can be encoded to reduce and
correct transmission errors.
DAQ hardware
DAQ hardware is what usually interfaces between the signal and
a PC.[6] It could be in the form of modules that can be
connected to the computer's ports (parallel, serial, USB, etc.) or
cards connected to slots (S-100 bus, AppleBus, ISA, MCA, PCI,
PCI-E, etc.) in the motherboard. Usually the space on the back
of a PCI card is too small for all the connections needed, so an
external breakout box is required. The cable between this box
and the PC can be expensive due to the many wires, and the
required shielding.

11. DAQ cards often contain multiple components (multiplexer,
ADC, DAC, TTL-IO, high speed timers, RAM). These are
accessible via a bus by a microcontroller, which can run small
programs. A controller is more flexible than a hard wired logic,
yet cheaper than a CPU so that it is permissible to block it with
simple polling loops. For example: Waiting for a trigger,
starting the ADC, looking up the time, waiting for the ADC to
finish, move value to RAM, switch multiplexer, get TTL input,
let DAC proceed with voltage ramp.
DAQ device drivers
DAQ device drivers are needed in order for the DAQ hardware
to work with a PC. The device driver performs low-level
register writes and reads on the hardware, while allowing for
development user applications in a variety of programming
environments.
DAQ software
Specialized DAQ software may be delivered with the DAQ
hardware. Software tools used for building large-scale data
acquisition systems include EPICS. Other programming
environments that are used to build DAQ applications include
ladder logic, Visual C++, Visual Basic, and LabVIEW and
MATLAB.
FLUKE 2680 Series Data Acquisition System is used in the
UNCC Fire Research Laboratory. Visual Basic is the
programing environment used to build the DAQ application
used for the measurements in the Fire Research Laboratory.
FLUKE 2680 Series Data Acquisition System
Refrences
1. COMDEX FALL November 18, 1981 Las Vegas, NV,
"Tecmar shows 20 IBM PC option card..
LabMaster,LabTender,DADIO,DeviceTender,IEEE-488.."
2. PC Magazine Vol1 No.1, "Taking the Measure" by David
Bunnell, "Tecmar deployed 20 option cards for the IBM PC"
3. PC Magazine Vol1 No.5, "Tecmar Triumph" by David
Bunnell, Scientific

12. Solution
s releases 20 new products for the PC
4. BYTE Vol7 No.1 "Scientific