Teacher Notes MODULE 17.pptx

American History
The Roaring Twenties
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
The United States seeks postwar normality and isolation. The standard of living
soars amid labor unrest, immigration quotas, and the scandals of the Harding
administration.

American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The Roaring Twenties
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The Business of America
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 Postwar Issues
LESSON 3 Changing Ways of Life
LESSON 4 The Twenties Woman
LESSON 5 Education and Popular Culture
LESSON 6 The Harlem Renaissance
Why did political, economic, and social tensions characterize the 1920s?

American History
3
LESSON 1
Consumer goods fuel the business boom of the 1920s as America’s standard of living
soars.

American History
4
LESSON 1
Struggles for Peace
• Amid weak economy, strikes, and riots, Americans want peace and quiet
• President Warren G. Harding voices public desire for “normalcy”
Legislating Peace
• Hosts Washington Naval Conference; invites major powers, not Russia
• Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposes disarmament, others agree
• 1928, Kellog-Briand Pact nations renounce war as national policy
High Tariffs and Reparations
• Fordney-McCumber Tariff raises taxes on U.S. imports to 60%
– Britain, France cannot repay U.S.
• Germany defaults; Dawes Plan—U.S. investors lend reparations money
– Britain, France repay; resentment on all sides

American History
5
LESSON 1
Harding’s Domestic Policies and Problems
• Harding favors limited government role in business, social reform
Economic Policies
• Harding cut the federal budget and reduced taxes for the wealthy
• Harding hoped his actions would help buisnesses grow and strengthen the economy
• Set of Bureau of Budget to help government run more efficiently
Harding’s Cabinet
• Has capable men in cabinet—Hughes, Herbert Hoover, Andrew Mellon
• Also appoints Ohio gang—corrupt friends who cause embarrassment
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
6
Harding’s Domestic Policies and Problems (continued)
Scandal Plagues Harding
• Harding does not understand all issues facing nation
• Corrupt friends use their positions to become wealthy through graft
The Teapot Dome Scandal
• Teapot Dome scandal—naval oil reserves used for personal gain
• Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall leases land to private companies
• Fall takes bribes; is first person convicted of felony while in cabinet
• August 1923, Harding dies suddenly
• VP Calvin Coolidge assumes presidency, restores faith in government

American History
7
LESSON 1
American Industries Flourish
• Calvin Coolidge favors minimal government interference in business
– low taxes and available credit for businesses
– high tariffs on foreign goods
– reduced income tax, more money for consumers
The Auto Industry and Increased Productivity
• Henry Ford makes production efficient and effective; assembly-line, increased pay, and simple car
design
• 1920, productivity rises by 45%; workers producing more in less time
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
8
American Industries Flourish (continued)
The Impact of the Automobile
• Cars change life—paved roads, gas stations, motels, shopping centers
• Give mobility to rural families, women, young people
• Workers live far from jobs, leads to urban sprawl (spread of cities)
• Auto industry economic base for some cities, boosts oil industry
• By late 1920s, 1 car for every 5 Americans
The Young Airplane Industry
• Airplane industry starts as mail service for U.S. Post Office
• Weather forecasting begins; planes carry radios, navigation tools
• Lockheed Company produces popular transport plane of late 1920s
• 1927, Pan American Airways inaugurates transatlantic flights

American History
9
LESSON 1
America’s Standard of Living Soars
• Average annual income rises over 35%, from $522 to $705
• Consumerism takes hold in the American economy and culture
Electrical Conveniences
• Factories use electricity to run machines
• Development of alternating current gives electricity to suburbs
• By end of 1920s, more homes begin to have electrical appliances
• Appliances make housework easier, free women for other activities
• Appliances coincide with trend of women working outside home
The Dawn of Modern Advertising
• Advertising agencies hire psychologists to learn to appeal to public
• Make brand names familiar nationwide; push luxuries as necessities
• Businesspeople work with service groups
– promote selves as benefactors of society

American History
10
LESSON 1
A Superficial Prosperity
• Most Americans believe prosperity will last forever
Producing Great Quantities of Goods
• Productivity increasing, businesses expanding
• Mergers in auto industry, steel, electrical equipment, utilities
• Chain stores develop; national banks allowed to create branches
• Income gap between workers, managers grows
• Iron, railroad industries not prosperous; farms suffer losses
Buying Goods on Credit
• Installment plan—pay for goods over extended period with interest
• Banks provide money at low interest rates
• Some economists, business owners think installment buying excessive
• Think is sign of fundamental weakness behind superficial prosperity

American History
11
Postwar Issues
LESSON 2
A desire for normality after the war and a fear of communism and “foreigners” lead to
postwar isolationism.

American History
12
Postwar Issues
LESSON 2
Postwar Trends
• War leaves Americans exhausted; debate over League divides them
• Economy adjusting: cost of living doubles; farm, factory orders down
– soldiers take jobs from women, minorities
– farmers, factory workers suffer
Postwar Fears
• Americans become fearful of outsiders, leads to xenophobia
• Wave of nativism—prejudice against foreign-born people—sweeps nation
• Isolationism—pulling away from world affairs—becomes popular
A Global economy
• U.S. economy becoming more international
– loans to European countries
– factories export manufactured goods
• New farming techniques increase output
– Later, U.S. farmers suffer from overproduction

American History
13
Postwar Issues
LESSON 2
Fear of Communism
• Communism—economic, political system, single-party government
– ruled by dictator
– no private property
The Red Scare
• 1919 Vladimir I. Lenin, Bolsheviks, set up Communist state in Russia
• U.S. Communist Party forms; 70,000, including some IWW members
• Bombs mailed to government, businesses; people fear Red conspiracy
• Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer takes action
The Palmer Raids
• Palmer, J. Edgar Hoover hunt down Communists, socialists, anarchists
• Anarchists oppose any form of government
• Raids trample civil rights, foreign-born radicals deported without trial
• fail to find evidence of conspiracy
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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Fear of Communism (continued)
Sacco and Vanzetti
• Red Scare feeds fear of foreigners, ruins reputations, wrecks lives
• 1920, Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, anarchists, arrested
– charged with robbery, murder
– trial does not prove guilt
• Jury finds them guilty; widespread protests in U.S., abroad
– Sacco, Vanzetti executed 1927

American History
15
Postwar Issues
LESSON 2
Immigration and Citizenship Issues
• Nativists: fewer unskilled jobs available, fewer immigrants needed
• Think immigrant anarchists and socialists are Communist
The Klan Rises Again
• Bigots use anti-communism to harass groups unlike themselves
• KKK opposes blacks, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, unions, saloons
– 1924, 4.5 million members
• Klan controls many states’ politics; violence leads to less power
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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Immigration and Citizenship Issues (continued)
The Quota System
• 1919–1921, number of immigrants grows almost 600%
• Quota system sets maximum number can enter U.S. from each country
– sharply reduces European immigration
• 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890
• Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans
• Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S., Japan
• Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians, Mexicans enter
Changes for Native Americans
• Despite not being citizens, Native Americans register for military and serve in WWI
• 1924, President Coolidge signs Indian Citizenship Act
– 125,000 Native Americans become citizens
– did not ensure voting rights

American History
17
Postwar Issues
LESSON 2
A Time of Labor Unrest
• Government doesn’t allow strikes in wartime; 1919 over 3,000 strikes
• Employers against raises, unions; label strikers as Communists
The Boston Police Strike
• Boston police strike over raises, right to unionize
• Governor Calvin Coolidge ends strike, replaces strikers with new policemen
The Steel Mill Strike
• 1919, steel workers strike; companies use force, later negotiate
• Talks deadlock; Wilson appeals; strike ends
– 1923 report on conditions leads to 8-hour day
– steelworkers remain without a union
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
18
A Time of Labor Unrest (continued)
The Coal Miners’ Strike
• 1919, John L. Lewis becomes head of United Mine Workers of America
• Leads strike; defies court order to work; accepts arbitration
• Miners receive 27% wage increase; Lewis becomes national hero
Labor Movement Loses Appeal
• In 1920s, union membership drops from over 5 million to 3.5 million
• Less than 1% of African Americans, just over 3% whites in unions

American History
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Changing Ways of Life
LESSON 3
Americans experience cultural conflicts as customs and values change in the 1920s.

American History
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LESSON 3
Rural and Urban Differences
• 1920 census: 51.2% of Americans in communities of 2,500 or more
• 1922–1929, nearly 2 million people leave farms, towns each year
The New Urban Scene
• Largest cities are New York, Chicago, Philadelphia
– 65 other cities with 100,000 people or more
• In 1920s, people caught between rural, urban cultures
– close ties, hard work, strict morals of small towns
The Prohibition Experiment
• 18th Amendment launches Prohibition era
– supported by religious groups, rural South, West
• Prohibition—production, sale, transportation of alcohol illegal
• Government does not budget enough money to enforce the law
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
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Rural and Urban Differences (continued)
Speakeasies and Bootleggers
• Speakeasies (hidden saloons, nightclubs) become fashionable
• People distill liquor, buy prescription alcohol, sacramental wine
• Bootleggers smuggle alcohol from surrounding countries
Organized Crime
• Prohibition contributes to organized crime in major cities
• Al Capone controls Chicago liquor business by killing competitors
• By mid-1920s, only 19% support Prohibition
• 18th Amendment in force until 1933; repealed by 21st Amendment

American History
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LESSON 3
Science and Religion Clash
• Secular thinkers and fundamentalists battle over scientific discoveries
American Fundamentalism
• Fundamentalism—movement based on literal interpretation of Bible
• Fundamentalists skeptical of some scientific discoveries, theories
– reject theory of evolution
• Believe all important knowledge can be found in Bible
• Fundamentalist preachers lead religious revivals in South, West
• — Billy Sunday holds emotional meetings
• — Aimee Semple McPherson uses showmanship while preaching on radio
Continued…

American History
Lesson 3
23
Science and Religion Clash (continued)
The Scopes Trial
• 1925, Tennessee passes law making it a crime to teach evolution
• American Civil Liberties Union backs John T. Scopes challenge of law
• Clarence Darrow, most famous trial lawyer of day, defends Scopes
• Fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan is special prosecutor
• Scopes trial—debates evolution, role of science, religion in school
– national sensation; thousands attend
• Bryan admits Bible open to interpretation; Scopes found guilty

American History
24
The Twenties Woman
LESSON 4
American women pursue new lifestyles and assume new jobs and different roles in
society during the 1920s.

American History
25
The Twenties Woman
LESSON 4
Young Women Change the Rules
• Women begin to assert their independence, reject 19th Century values, and demand same
freedoms as men.
The Flapper
• Flapper—emancipated young woman, adopts new fashions, urban attitudes
• Many young women want equal status with men, become assertive
• Middle-class men, women begin to see marriage as equal partnership
– housework, child-rearing still woman’s job
The Double Standard
• Elders disapprove new behavior and its promotion by periodicals, ads
• Casual dating begins to replace formal courtship
• Women subject to double standard (less sexual freedom than men)
– must observe stricter standards of behavior
Continued…

American History
26
The Twenties Woman
LESSON 4
Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work
• New roles for women outside the home; work in offices, factories stores
• New trends in family life
New Opportunities
• After war, employers replace female workers with men
• Female college graduates become teachers, nurses, librarians
– more option for higher education
• Many women become clerical workers as demand rises
• Some become sales clerks, factory workers
• Few become managers; always paid less than men
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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Women Shed Old Roles at Home and at Work (continued)
The Changing Family
• Birthrate drops partly due to more birth-control information
• Manufactured products, public services give homemakers freedom
• Housewives can focus more on families, pastimes, not housework
• Marriages increasingly based on romantic love, companionship
• Children spend most of day at school, organized activities
– adolescents resist parental control; reflected in popular culture
• Working-class, college-educated women juggle family, work

American History
28
Education and Popular Culture
LESSON 5
The mass media, movies, and spectator sports play important roles in creating the
popular culture of the 1920s—a culture that many artists and writers criticize.

American History
29
LESSON 5
Schools and the Mass Media Shape Culture
• Mass media and education have a powerful influence on Americans
School Enrollments
• High school population increases dramatically in 1920s due to:
– prosperity
– higher standards for industry jobs
• Pre-1920s, high school for college-bound students
• In 1920s, high schools also offer vocational training
• Public schools prepare immigrant children who speak no English
• Taxes increase as school costs rise sharply
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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Schools and the Mass Media Shape Culture (continued)
Expanding News Coverage
• Mass media shapes mass culture; takes advantage of greater literacy
• By 1914, hundreds of local newspapers replaced by national chains
• 1920s, mass-market magazines thrive; Reader’s Digest, Time
Radio Comes of Age
• Radio is most powerful communications medium of 1920s
• Networks provide shared national experience
– can hear news as it happens

American History
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LESSON 5
America Chases New Heroes and Old Dreams
• In 1920s, many people have extra money, leisure time to enjoy it
• Crowds attend sports events; athletes glorified by mass media
Lindbergh’s Flight
• Charles A. Lindbergh makes first solo nonstop flight across Atlantic
• Small-town Minnesotan symbolizes honesty, bravery in age of excess
• Lindbergh paves the way for other pilots

American History
32
LESSON 5
Popular Culture Reflects New Attitudes
• 1920s, Americans sought fun and entertainment
• Youth culture sets the tine; Charleston, fads, new styles of clothing
Movies, Drama, Music and Art
• Silent movies already a national pastime
• Introduction of sound leads millions to attend every week
• Playwrights, composers break away from European traditions
– George Gershwin uses jazz to create American music
– Painters portray American realities, dreams
– Modernism rejects traditional art as outdated in an industrialized, urban world
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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Popular Culture Reflects New Attitudes (continued)
Writers of the 1920s
• Sinclair Lewis is first American to win Nobel Prize for literature
– criticizes conformity, materialism
• F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals negative side of era’s gaiety, freedom
• Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrates youth, independence in her poems
• Expatriate Ernest Hemingway introduces simple, tough, American style
• Writers soured by American culture, war settle in Europe
– called Lost Generation

American History
34
The Harlem Renaissance
LESSON 6
African-American ideas, politics, art, literature, and music flourish in Harlem and
elsewhere in the United States.

American History
Module 17
35
LESSON 6
African American Voices in the 1920s
• Black Americans look north for security, freedom, opportunities
• Begin to move to northern cities
The Move North
• 1910–1920, Great Migration of thousands of African Americans
– move from South to Northern cities
• By 1920, over 40% of African Americans live in cities
• Racial tensions escalate in North; about 25 urban race riots in 1919
African-American Goals
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
– protests racial violence
• NAACP leader James Weldon Johnson fights for civil rights legislation
• NAACP antilynching campaign leads to drop in number of lynchings
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
36
African American Voices in the 1920s (continued)
Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
• Marcus Garvey founds Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
– believes African Americans should build separate society
• Garvey promotes black pride, black businesses, return to Africa
– Forms the basis of Black Nationalism

American History
37
LESSON 6
The Harlem Renaissance Flowers in New York
• Many African American migrants settle in Harlem in New York City
• Harlem world’s largest black urban area; people from U.S., Caribbean
African American Writers
• Harlem Renaissance—African-American literary, artistic movement
– express pride in African-American experience
• Poems of Claude McKay urge blacks to resist prejudice, discrimination
• Poems of Langston Hughes describe difficult lives of working class
– many written in jazz, blues tempo
• Zora Neale Hurston shows folkways, values of poor, uneducated blacks
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
38
The Harlem Renaissance Flowers in New York (continued)
African-American Performers
• Influence, popularity of Harlem Renaissance go beyond black audience
• Musical comedy Shuffle Along launches movement
– is popular with white audiences
• African-American performers win large followings
• Paul Robeson—major dramatic actor in London, New York
African Americans and Jazz
• Jazz born in early 20th century New Orleans, spreads across U.S.
• Trumpeter Louis Armstrong makes personal expression key part of jazz
– most influential musician in jazz history
• Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington—jazz pianist, orchestra leader
– one of America’s greatest composers
• Cab Calloway, Armstrong popularize scat (improvised jazz singing)
• Bessie Smith—blues singer, perhaps best vocalist of decade
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
39
The Harlem Renaissance Flowers in New York (continued)
African American Artists
• African American artists also contributed to Harlem Renaissance
• Sculptor Richmond Barhé, painter Aaron Douglas, and photographer James Van Der Zee are
among the prominent artists of the era
Enduring Influence
• Harlem Renaissance puts important cultural contributions of African Americans on display
• New pride in cultural achievements and importance
• Economic prosperity of 1920s was short-lived, cultural achievements were lasting

American History
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