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Teacher Notes MODULE 24.pptx

Activism and new civil rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s advanced equal rights for African Americans. However, disagreements arose among civil rights groups about strategies and priorities, leading to a more violent period. Court decisions and laws banned segregation and expanded voting rights, but resistance remained strong in some areas.

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American History Civil Rights Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement.
American History ESSENTIAL QUESTION Civil Rights Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 LESSON 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 4 Hispanic and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 5 Women Fight for Equality Why should all Americans have equal rights and opportunities? LESSON 6 The Struggle Continues
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Segregation System • Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation • In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional Plessy v. Ferguson • 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional • Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races • Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites Segregation Continues into the 20th Century • After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism • North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition Continued…
American History Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 The Segregation System (continued) A Developing Civil Rights Movement • WWII creates job opportunities for African Americans • FDR ends government, war industries discrimination • Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies • Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home; Columbia Race Riots
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Challenging Segregation in Court • NAACP leads desegregation campaign • 1934–1938, Charles Hamilton Houston heads NAACP legal campaign The NAACP Legal Strategy • Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education • Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall • — win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education • Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Reaction to the Brown Decision • Some state officials vow to fight, obstruct segregation Resistance to School Desegregation • Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate • Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist • Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed” • Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible Crisis in Little Rock • Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups • Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students • Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school • Eisenhower has Nat. Guard, paratroopers supervise school attendance • African-American students harassed by whites at school all year • Gov. Faubus shuts down Central High to stop integration Continued…
American History Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 The Segregation System (continued) Civil Rights Act of 1957 • 1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting • Dixiecrats unite to oppose segregation in Congress; run Strom Thurmond for president
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Montgomery Bus Boycott • African American activists begin to take direct action to end segregation Boycotting Segregation • 1955, NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus • Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott • Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr., leader Walking for Justice • African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk • Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites • 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Movement Spreads • Montgomery Bus Boycott proves the power of nonviolent protest Changing the World with Soul Force • King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force” – civil disobedience, massive demonstrations • King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision From the Grassroots Up • 1957, King, others found Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow – Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Continued…
American History Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 The Movement Spreads (continued) Demonstrating for Freedom • SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy • Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins: – refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served • First sit-in at Greensboro, NC, Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV • In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North • Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Civil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark legislation.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Riding for Freedom • Freedom riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed New Volunteers • Bus companies refuse to continue carrying CORE freedom riders • SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are violently stopped • Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to continue transporting riders Arrival of Federal Marshals • Alabama officials promises protection; mob still attacks riders • Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings • JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders • Attorney general, Interstate Commerce Commission act to ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Standing Firm • Civil rights activists turn their attention to southern schools Integrating Ole Miss • 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at Ole Miss • Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register • JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office • Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white demonstrators riot • Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents Heading into Birmingham • April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham • King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” • TV news show police attacking child marchers—fire hoses, dogs, clubs • Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Standing Firm (continued) Kennedy Takes a Stand • June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate University of Alabama • NAACP’s Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer’s release
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Marching to Washington • President Kennedy sends a civil rights bill to Congress for approval • To help get the bill passed, civil rights leaders call on Americans to march on Washington, DC The Dream of Equality • August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington • Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill • King gives “I Have a Dream” speech More Violence • September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when bomb thrown into church • LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 – prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender – Creates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate workplace discrimination • Law tested by opponents, upheld by Supreme Court
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Fighting for Voting Rights • Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in Mississippi Freedom Summer • Project staffed mostly by white, college students • Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned A New Political Party • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to get seat in Mississippi Democratic Party • Fannie Lou Hamer—voice of MFDP at National Convention—wins support • LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures leaders to compromise • MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed Continued…
American History Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Fighting for Voting Rights (continued) The Selma Campaign • 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL • King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them • Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people Extending Voting Rights • Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters • Triples black voter enrollment in South The Twenty-Fourth Amendment • 1964, South Dakota becomes 38th state to ratify Twenty-fourth Amendment – makes poll tax unconstitutional
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 African Americans Seek Greater Equality • By 1965, civil rights groups begin to drift apart over direction of leadership Northern Segregation • De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North • De jure segregation is segregation required by law • WWII black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight” • 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances • Black unemployment twice as high as white • Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police forces Continued…
American History Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 African Americans Seek Greater Equality (continued) Urban Violence Erupts • Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians – many result in riots; people killed, property destroyed – 1967, riots in more than 100 cities • Many whites baffled by African-American rage • Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education – change happening too slowly – money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 New Leaders Voice Discontent • Malcolm X urges followers to take control of communities, livelihoods, culture African American Solidarity • Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites – believe whites cause of black problems • Malcolm X advocates armed self-defense – frightens whites, moderate blacks – attention resented by other Black Muslims Ballots or Bullets? • Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites • Malcolm X prefers to use political system for change; ballots first • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech Continued…
American History Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 New Leaders Voice Discontent (continued) Black Power • CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics • Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: – African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites Black Panthers • Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency • Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police • Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Hispanic Americans and Native Americans confront injustices in the 1960s.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 The Hispanic American Presence Grows • 1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million • Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in Southwest, California • 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in U.S., mostly in NYC • Cubans flee communism, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ • Central Americans, Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty • Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Hispanic Americans Fight for Change • 1960s, Hispanic Americans demand equal opportunity and respect for their cultural and heritage The Farm Worker Movement • César Chávez and Dolores Huerta help form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee • 1965, grape growers do not recognize union; Chávez sets up boycott • 1970, grape grows give in; Dolores Huerta negotiates contract Cultural Pride • Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools • 1968, Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural programs • Crusade for Justice founded by Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales – Promote Mexican American nationalism • Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools Continued…
American History Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Hispanic Americans Fight for Change (continued) Political Power • Latinos organize, help elect Latino candidates from major parties • 1970, La Raza Unida (RUP) works on independent, Latino political movement – runs Latino candidates, wins in local races – Changes Texas politics, gives Latinos more of a voice – Late 1970s, RUP falls apart as political party • Reies Tijerina raids government courthouse in NM over farmers’ rights Continued…
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Native Americans Struggle for Equality • Many Native Americans cling to their culture, refuse assimilation Native Americans Seek Greater Autonomy • Native Americans poorest group, most unemployment, health problems • Termination policy relocates, does not solve problems • 1961, Native Americans call for economic opportunities on reservations • 1968, LBJ establishes National Council on Indian Opportunity Voices of Protest • American Indian Movement (AIM)—Native American rights organization – 1968, AIM begins as self-defense group against police brutality – demand restoration of lands, burial grounds, fishing/timber rights Continued…
American History Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Native Americans Struggle for Equality (continued) Confronting the Government • 1972 AIM leads march in D.C.; protest treaty violations: – seek restoration of land – seek end of Bureau of Indian Affairs – occupy it BIA, destroy property • 1973 AIM, Sioux seize Wounded Knee; violent confrontation with FBI Native American Victories • 1947, Frank Harrison challenges voting restrictions; wins – state supreme court strikes provision in Arizona constitution • 1965, Voting Rights Act strengthens protections for all minorities, including Native Americans • 1970s laws give tribes more control over own affairs, education • 1970s–80s courts recognize tribal lands, give financial compensation
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 Through protests and marches, women confront social and economic barriers in American society.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 A New Women’s Movement Arises • The women’s movement reawakens in the 1960s • Feminism—the belief that women and men should have economic, political, social equality Women in the Workplace • 1960, birth control pill helps women postpone children, start careers – 1963, women are about 30% of workforce • Women shut out of jobs considered “men’s work” • Jobs available to women pay poorly • JFK’s Presidential Commission on the Status of Women finds: – women paid far less than men for doing same job – women seldom promoted to management positions • 1963, Equal Pay Act signed Continued…
American History Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 A New Women’s Movement Arises (continued) Women and Activism • In civil rights, antiwar movements men discriminate against women • Consciousness-raising groups show women pattern of sexism in society The Women’s Movement Emerges • Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique shows women’s dissatisfaction – bestseller, helps galvanize women across country
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses • Women made gains, but failed to ensure women’s equality in the Constitution The Creation of NOW • Civil rights laws, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) help women • 1966, National Organization for Women (NOW) founded – Presses for day-care centers, more vigorous enforcement by EEOC A Diverse Movement • Militant groups like New York Radical Women stage demonstrations • Gloria Steinem helps found National Women’s Political Caucus, Ms. Magazine Continued…
American History Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued) Legal and Social Gains • Gender-based distinctions questioned—like use of husband’s last name • Title IX, bans gender discrimination in any education program, activity that gets federal funding – 1979, women outnumber men at colleges – increases funding for women’s athletics • 1972, pilot training open to women in army, navy; first female cadets at West Point Roe v. Wade • Feminist support of woman’s right to an abortion is controversial; health issue • Roe v. Wade: women have right to an abortion in first 3 months The Equal Rights Amendment • 1972, Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Phyllis Schlafly with religious, political groups launch Stop-ERA – think will lead to drafting women, end of child support Continued…
American History Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 35 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued) The New Right Emerges • Conservatives build “pro-family” movement, later called New Right • Focus on social, cultural, moral problems; build grassroots support • Debate family-centered issues with feminists • 1982, ERA misses ratification deadline, defeated
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 In the decades that followed the civil rights and equal rights movements, groups and individuals continued to pursue equal rights for all Americans.
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 37 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 The Fight for Rights Continues • 1960s–1970s, Minority groups make tremendous progress towards equality African Americans • By mid-1980s, many cities have African American mayors • Numerous communities elect blacks to local, state office, Congress • L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia is first African American governor since Reconstruction • Reverend Jesse Jackson runs for Democratic presidential nomination • Middle-class blacks hold professional, managerial positions • Supreme Court limits affirmative action • 1980s–1990s, reversal school integration; negative trends educational, economic achievement Continued…
American History Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 38 The Fight for Rights Continues (continued) Changes in Poverty and Education • Lack of educational opportunity fuels economic inequality • Racial violence not as common, but still prevalent; LA riots, Ferguson, MO • National Urban League, leadership and education programs for African Americans • Social Media and Internet helping civil rights activists spread message of equality Gains for Hispanic Americans • Latinos fastest growing minority; some states elect Hispanic governors • Reagan appoints Lauro Cavazos as secretary of education • Bush names Dr. Antonia Coello Novello surgeon general • From 1968 bilingual education available; mid-1980s opposition to bilingualism rising • 2009, Sonia Sotomayor becomes first Hispanic Supreme Court justice • Alarmed by increase in illegal immigration, some Americans call for better border security – Congress continues to debate immigration reform Continued…
American History Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 39 The Fight for Rights Continues (continued) Native Americans Speak Out • Reagan cuts aid to Native Americans for health, education, services • Many tribes open casinos to bring in additional funds An Expanding Asian American Population • Asian Americans among fastest growing minorities • Cited as “model minority, “ but also have high unemployment, poverty
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 40 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 The Equal Rights Struggle • ERA failure was a setback but did not end the women’s rights movement Political Gains • By 1983, women hold 13.5% of elected state offices; 24 seats in Congress • 1984, Geraldine Ferraro, first female vice-presidential candidate • 1992, increased number in Congress to 47, 6 members of Senate • 1997, Madeleine Albright first female secretary of state • 2007, Nancy Pelosi first female Speaker of House Inequality • Women earn less than men; 31% female heads of household poor • Pay equity—pay reflects education, physical effort, responsibility • Women seek pay equity, family benefits; some employers comply – Reagan cuts budget for daycare, similar programs • 2009, Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, protection against pay discrimination • 2007, Women head only 10 Fortune 500 companies
American History Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 41 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 Civil Rights for All • Discrimination not limited to race, ethnicity, and gender • Other groups seek equal protection under the law LGBT Rights • Stonewall riots mark the beginning of LGBT movement – late 1980s new surge of activism, calls for end to discrimination • Some states, communities outlaw discrimination • “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) offers some protection to LGBT people in military – 2011, DADT repealed, military open to LGBT soldiers • 2015, Supreme Court makes it illegal for state to ban same-sex marriage Rights for Americans with Disabilities • Laws protect disabled children’s right to education, and protect against housing discrimination • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects right in employment, public services, public accommodations, telecommunications Continued…
American History Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 42 Civil Rights for All (continued) Students’ Civil Rights • 1960s, students win protection against school sponsored prayer, First Amendment protection • 1980s, 2007, Supreme Court limits students’ First Amendment protections • Supreme Court limits students’ privacy right on campus, school atheltics The Rights of New Immigrants • 1980, Refugee Act makes it easier for immigrants fleeing political turmoil to enter U.S. • 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act, immigrants must prove immigration status – increases patrols, U.S.-Mexico border • News laws further limit immigration, activists want reforms to immigration policy – path to citizenship; reunited with families Continued…
American History Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 43 Reagan and the End of the Cold War (continued) The Soviet Union Declines • 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign • Soviet Union dissolved, Commonwealth of Independent States forms • President Bush pledges aid to Russia; Bush and Yeltsin declare end of Cold War • 1993, START II signed; will cut U.S., Russian nuclear arsenals
American History This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 44
American History 1. On the File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 45 Print Slide Show

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Teacher Notes MODULE 24.pptx

  • 1.
    American History Civil Rights Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 Activism, new legislation, and the Supreme Court advance equal rights for African Americans. But disagreements among civil rights groups lead to a violent period for the civil rights movement.
  • 2.
    American History ESSENTIAL QUESTION CivilRights Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 LESSON 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 3 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 4 Hispanic and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 5 Women Fight for Equality Why should all Americans have equal rights and opportunities? LESSON 6 The Struggle Continues
  • 3.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advance equal rights for African Americans in the 1950s and 1960s.
  • 4.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Segregation System • Civil Rights Act of 1875 act outlawed segregation • In 1883, all-white Supreme Court declares Act unconstitutional Plessy v. Ferguson • 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson ruling: separate but equal constitutional • Many states pass Jim Crow laws separating the races • Facilities for blacks always inferior to those for whites Segregation Continues into the 20th Century • After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism • North: housing in all-black areas, whites resent job competition Continued…
  • 5.
    American History Lesson 1 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 The Segregation System (continued) A Developing Civil Rights Movement • WWII creates job opportunities for African Americans • FDR ends government, war industries discrimination • Need for fighting men makes armed forces end discriminatory policies • Returning black veterans fight for civil rights at home; Columbia Race Riots
  • 6.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Challenging Segregation in Court • NAACP leads desegregation campaign • 1934–1938, Charles Hamilton Houston heads NAACP legal campaign The NAACP Legal Strategy • Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education • Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall • — win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education • Marshall’s greatest victory is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka • In 1954 case, Court unanimously strikes down school segregation
  • 7.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 Reaction to the Brown Decision • Some state officials vow to fight, obstruct segregation Resistance to School Desegregation • Within 1 year, over 500 school districts desegregate • Some districts, state officials, pro-white groups actively resist • Court hands Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed” • Eisenhower refuses to enforce compliance; considers it impossible Crisis in Little Rock • Since 1948, Arkansas integrating state university, private groups • Gov. Orval Faubus has National Guard turn away black students • Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school • Eisenhower has Nat. Guard, paratroopers supervise school attendance • African-American students harassed by whites at school all year • Gov. Faubus shuts down Central High to stop integration Continued…
  • 8.
    American History Lesson 1 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 The Segregation System (continued) Civil Rights Act of 1957 • 1957 Civil Rights Act—federal government power over schools, voting • Dixiecrats unite to oppose segregation in Congress; run Strom Thurmond for president
  • 9.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Montgomery Bus Boycott • African American activists begin to take direct action to end segregation Boycotting Segregation • 1955, NAACP officer Rosa Parks arrested for not giving up seat on bus • Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus boycott • Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr., leader Walking for Justice • African Americans file lawsuit, boycott buses, use carpools, walk • Get support from black community, outside groups, sympathetic whites • 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation
  • 10.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Taking on Segregation LESSON 1 The Movement Spreads • Montgomery Bus Boycott proves the power of nonviolent protest Changing the World with Soul Force • King calls his brand of nonviolent resistance “soul force” – civil disobedience, massive demonstrations • King remains nonviolent in face of violence after Brown decision From the Grassroots Up • 1957, King, others found Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • By 1960, African-American students think pace of change too slow – Join Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Continued…
  • 11.
    American History Lesson 1 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 The Movement Spreads (continued) Demonstrating for Freedom • SNCC adopts nonviolence, but calls for more confrontational strategy • Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins: – refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served • First sit-in at Greensboro, NC, Woolworth’s shown nationwide on TV • In spite of abuse, arrests, movement grows, spreads to North • Late 1960, lunch counters desegregated in 48 cities in 11 states
  • 12.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Civil rights activists break through racial barriers. Their activism prompts landmark legislation.
  • 13.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Riding for Freedom • Freedom riders brutally beaten by Alabama mobs; one bus firebombed New Volunteers • Bus companies refuse to continue carrying CORE freedom riders • SNCC volunteers replace CORE riders; are violently stopped • Robert Kennedy pressures bus company to continue transporting riders Arrival of Federal Marshals • Alabama officials promises protection; mob still attacks riders • Newspapers throughout nation denounce beatings • JFK sends 400 U.S. marshals to protect riders • Attorney general, Interstate Commerce Commission act to ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities
  • 14.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Standing Firm • Civil rights activists turn their attention to southern schools Integrating Ole Miss • 1962, federal court rules James Meredith may enroll at Ole Miss • Governor Ross Barnett refuses to let Meredith register • JFK orders federal marshals to escort Meredith to registrar’s office • Barnett makes radio appeal; thousands of white demonstrators riot • Federal officials accompany Meredith to classes, protect his parents Heading into Birmingham • April 1963, SCLC demonstrate to desegregate Birmingham • King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” • TV news show police attacking child marchers—fire hoses, dogs, clubs • Continued protests, economic boycott, bad press end segregation Continued…
  • 15.
    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Standing Firm (continued) Kennedy Takes a Stand • June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate University of Alabama • NAACP’s Medgar Evers murdered; hung juries lead to killer’s release
  • 16.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Marching to Washington • President Kennedy sends a civil rights bill to Congress for approval • To help get the bill passed, civil rights leaders call on Americans to march on Washington, DC The Dream of Equality • August 1963, over 250,000 people converge on Washington • Speakers demand immediate passage of civil rights bill • King gives “I Have a Dream” speech More Violence • September, 4 Birmingham girls killed when bomb thrown into church • LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964 – prohibits discrimination because of race, religion, gender – Creates the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate workplace discrimination • Law tested by opponents, upheld by Supreme Court
  • 17.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 The Triumphs of a Crusade LESSON 2 Fighting for Voting Rights • Freedom Summer—CORE, SNCC project to register blacks to vote in Mississippi Freedom Summer • Project staffed mostly by white, college students • Volunteers beaten, killed; businesses, homes, churches burned A New Political Party • Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party formed to get seat in Mississippi Democratic Party • Fannie Lou Hamer—voice of MFDP at National Convention—wins support • LBJ fears losing Southern white vote, pressures leaders to compromise • MFDP and SNCC supporters feel betrayed Continued…
  • 18.
    American History Lesson 2 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Fighting for Voting Rights (continued) The Selma Campaign • 1965, voting rights demonstrator killed in Selma, AL • King leads 600 protest marchers; TV shows police violently stop them • Second march, with federal protection, swells to 25,000 people Extending Voting Rights • Congress finally passes Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Stops literacy tests, allows federal officials to enroll voters • Triples black voter enrollment in South The Twenty-Fourth Amendment • 1964, South Dakota becomes 38th state to ratify Twenty-fourth Amendment – makes poll tax unconstitutional
  • 19.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism create a violent period in the fight for civil rights.
  • 20.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 African Americans Seek Greater Equality • By 1965, civil rights groups begin to drift apart over direction of leadership Northern Segregation • De facto segregation exists by practice, custom; problem in North • De jure segregation is segregation required by law • WWII black migration to Northern cities results in “white flight” • 1960s, most urban blacks live in slums; landlords ignore ordinances • Black unemployment twice as high as white • Many blacks angry at treatment received from white police forces Continued…
  • 21.
    American History Lesson 3 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 African Americans Seek Greater Equality (continued) Urban Violence Erupts • Mid-1960s, numerous clashes between white authority, black civilians – many result in riots; people killed, property destroyed – 1967, riots in more than 100 cities • Many whites baffled by African-American rage • Blacks want, need equal opportunity in jobs, housing, education – change happening too slowly – money for War on Poverty, Great Society redirected to Vietnam War
  • 22.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Challenges and Changes in the Movement LESSON 3 New Leaders Voice Discontent • Malcolm X urges followers to take control of communities, livelihoods, culture African American Solidarity • Nation of Islam, Black Muslims, advocate blacks separate from whites – believe whites cause of black problems • Malcolm X advocates armed self-defense – frightens whites, moderate blacks – attention resented by other Black Muslims Ballots or Bullets? • Pilgrimage to Mecca changes Malcolm X’s attitude toward whites • Malcolm X prefers to use political system for change; ballots first • Splits with Black Muslims; is killed in 1965 while giving speech Continued…
  • 23.
    American History Lesson 3 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 New Leaders Voice Discontent (continued) Black Power • CORE, SNCC become more militant; SCLC pursues traditional tactics • Stokely Carmichael, head of SNCC, calls for Black Power: – African Americans control own lives, communities, without whites Black Panthers • Black Panthers fight police brutality, want black self-sufficiency • Preach ideas of Mao Zedong; have violent confrontations with police • Provide social services in ghettos, win popular support
  • 24.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Hispanic Americans and Native Americans confront injustices in the 1960s.
  • 25.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 The Hispanic American Presence Grows • 1960s Latino population grows from 3 million to 9 million • Mexican Americans largest group, mostly in Southwest, California • 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans settle in U.S., mostly in NYC • Cubans flee communism, form communities in NYC, Miami, NJ • Central Americans, Colombians come to escape civil war, poverty • Many Latinos encounter prejudice, discrimination in jobs, housing
  • 26.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Hispanic Americans Fight for Change • 1960s, Hispanic Americans demand equal opportunity and respect for their cultural and heritage The Farm Worker Movement • César Chávez and Dolores Huerta help form United Farm Workers Organizing Committee • 1965, grape growers do not recognize union; Chávez sets up boycott • 1970, grape grows give in; Dolores Huerta negotiates contract Cultural Pride • Puerto Ricans, Chicanos demand cultural recognition, better schools • 1968, Bilingual Education Act funds bilingual, cultural programs • Crusade for Justice founded by Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales – Promote Mexican American nationalism • Brown Berets organize walkouts in East LA high schools Continued…
  • 27.
    American History Lesson 4 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Hispanic Americans Fight for Change (continued) Political Power • Latinos organize, help elect Latino candidates from major parties • 1970, La Raza Unida (RUP) works on independent, Latino political movement – runs Latino candidates, wins in local races – Changes Texas politics, gives Latinos more of a voice – Late 1970s, RUP falls apart as political party • Reies Tijerina raids government courthouse in NM over farmers’ rights Continued…
  • 28.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Hispanics and Native Americans Seek Equality LESSON 4 Native Americans Struggle for Equality • Many Native Americans cling to their culture, refuse assimilation Native Americans Seek Greater Autonomy • Native Americans poorest group, most unemployment, health problems • Termination policy relocates, does not solve problems • 1961, Native Americans call for economic opportunities on reservations • 1968, LBJ establishes National Council on Indian Opportunity Voices of Protest • American Indian Movement (AIM)—Native American rights organization – 1968, AIM begins as self-defense group against police brutality – demand restoration of lands, burial grounds, fishing/timber rights Continued…
  • 29.
    American History Lesson 4 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Native Americans Struggle for Equality (continued) Confronting the Government • 1972 AIM leads march in D.C.; protest treaty violations: – seek restoration of land – seek end of Bureau of Indian Affairs – occupy it BIA, destroy property • 1973 AIM, Sioux seize Wounded Knee; violent confrontation with FBI Native American Victories • 1947, Frank Harrison challenges voting restrictions; wins – state supreme court strikes provision in Arizona constitution • 1965, Voting Rights Act strengthens protections for all minorities, including Native Americans • 1970s laws give tribes more control over own affairs, education • 1970s–80s courts recognize tribal lands, give financial compensation
  • 30.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 Through protests and marches, women confront social and economic barriers in American society.
  • 31.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 A New Women’s Movement Arises • The women’s movement reawakens in the 1960s • Feminism—the belief that women and men should have economic, political, social equality Women in the Workplace • 1960, birth control pill helps women postpone children, start careers – 1963, women are about 30% of workforce • Women shut out of jobs considered “men’s work” • Jobs available to women pay poorly • JFK’s Presidential Commission on the Status of Women finds: – women paid far less than men for doing same job – women seldom promoted to management positions • 1963, Equal Pay Act signed Continued…
  • 32.
    American History Lesson 5 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 A New Women’s Movement Arises (continued) Women and Activism • In civil rights, antiwar movements men discriminate against women • Consciousness-raising groups show women pattern of sexism in society The Women’s Movement Emerges • Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique shows women’s dissatisfaction – bestseller, helps galvanize women across country
  • 33.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Women Fight for Equality LESSON 5 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses • Women made gains, but failed to ensure women’s equality in the Constitution The Creation of NOW • Civil rights laws, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) help women • 1966, National Organization for Women (NOW) founded – Presses for day-care centers, more vigorous enforcement by EEOC A Diverse Movement • Militant groups like New York Radical Women stage demonstrations • Gloria Steinem helps found National Women’s Political Caucus, Ms. Magazine Continued…
  • 34.
    American History Lesson 5 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued) Legal and Social Gains • Gender-based distinctions questioned—like use of husband’s last name • Title IX, bans gender discrimination in any education program, activity that gets federal funding – 1979, women outnumber men at colleges – increases funding for women’s athletics • 1972, pilot training open to women in army, navy; first female cadets at West Point Roe v. Wade • Feminist support of woman’s right to an abortion is controversial; health issue • Roe v. Wade: women have right to an abortion in first 3 months The Equal Rights Amendment • 1972, Congress passes Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) • Phyllis Schlafly with religious, political groups launch Stop-ERA – think will lead to drafting women, end of child support Continued…
  • 35.
    American History Lesson 5 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 35 The Movement Experiences Gains and Losses (continued) The New Right Emerges • Conservatives build “pro-family” movement, later called New Right • Focus on social, cultural, moral problems; build grassroots support • Debate family-centered issues with feminists • 1982, ERA misses ratification deadline, defeated
  • 36.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 In the decades that followed the civil rights and equal rights movements, groups and individuals continued to pursue equal rights for all Americans.
  • 37.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 37 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 The Fight for Rights Continues • 1960s–1970s, Minority groups make tremendous progress towards equality African Americans • By mid-1980s, many cities have African American mayors • Numerous communities elect blacks to local, state office, Congress • L. Douglas Wilder of Virginia is first African American governor since Reconstruction • Reverend Jesse Jackson runs for Democratic presidential nomination • Middle-class blacks hold professional, managerial positions • Supreme Court limits affirmative action • 1980s–1990s, reversal school integration; negative trends educational, economic achievement Continued…
  • 38.
    American History Lesson 6 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 38 The Fight for Rights Continues (continued) Changes in Poverty and Education • Lack of educational opportunity fuels economic inequality • Racial violence not as common, but still prevalent; LA riots, Ferguson, MO • National Urban League, leadership and education programs for African Americans • Social Media and Internet helping civil rights activists spread message of equality Gains for Hispanic Americans • Latinos fastest growing minority; some states elect Hispanic governors • Reagan appoints Lauro Cavazos as secretary of education • Bush names Dr. Antonia Coello Novello surgeon general • From 1968 bilingual education available; mid-1980s opposition to bilingualism rising • 2009, Sonia Sotomayor becomes first Hispanic Supreme Court justice • Alarmed by increase in illegal immigration, some Americans call for better border security – Congress continues to debate immigration reform Continued…
  • 39.
    American History Lesson 6 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 39 The Fight for Rights Continues (continued) Native Americans Speak Out • Reagan cuts aid to Native Americans for health, education, services • Many tribes open casinos to bring in additional funds An Expanding Asian American Population • Asian Americans among fastest growing minorities • Cited as “model minority, “ but also have high unemployment, poverty
  • 40.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 40 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 The Equal Rights Struggle • ERA failure was a setback but did not end the women’s rights movement Political Gains • By 1983, women hold 13.5% of elected state offices; 24 seats in Congress • 1984, Geraldine Ferraro, first female vice-presidential candidate • 1992, increased number in Congress to 47, 6 members of Senate • 1997, Madeleine Albright first female secretary of state • 2007, Nancy Pelosi first female Speaker of House Inequality • Women earn less than men; 31% female heads of household poor • Pay equity—pay reflects education, physical effort, responsibility • Women seek pay equity, family benefits; some employers comply – Reagan cuts budget for daycare, similar programs • 2009, Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, protection against pay discrimination • 2007, Women head only 10 Fortune 500 companies
  • 41.
    American History Copyright ©by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 41 The Struggle Continues LESSON 6 Civil Rights for All • Discrimination not limited to race, ethnicity, and gender • Other groups seek equal protection under the law LGBT Rights • Stonewall riots mark the beginning of LGBT movement – late 1980s new surge of activism, calls for end to discrimination • Some states, communities outlaw discrimination • “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” (DADT) offers some protection to LGBT people in military – 2011, DADT repealed, military open to LGBT soldiers • 2015, Supreme Court makes it illegal for state to ban same-sex marriage Rights for Americans with Disabilities • Laws protect disabled children’s right to education, and protect against housing discrimination • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects right in employment, public services, public accommodations, telecommunications Continued…
  • 42.
    American History Lesson 6 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 42 Civil Rights for All (continued) Students’ Civil Rights • 1960s, students win protection against school sponsored prayer, First Amendment protection • 1980s, 2007, Supreme Court limits students’ First Amendment protections • Supreme Court limits students’ privacy right on campus, school atheltics The Rights of New Immigrants • 1980, Refugee Act makes it easier for immigrants fleeing political turmoil to enter U.S. • 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act, immigrants must prove immigration status – increases patrols, U.S.-Mexico border • News laws further limit immigration, activists want reforms to immigration policy – path to citizenship; reunited with families Continued…
  • 43.
    American History Lesson 6 Copyright© by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 43 Reagan and the End of the Cold War (continued) The Soviet Union Declines • 1991, 14 republics declare independence; Gorbachev forced to resign • Soviet Union dissolved, Commonwealth of Independent States forms • President Bush pledges aid to Russia; Bush and Yeltsin declare end of Cold War • 1993, START II signed; will cut U.S., Russian nuclear arsenals
  • 44.
    American History This isthe end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 44
  • 45.
    American History 1. Onthe File menu, select Print 2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4 3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline 4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 45 Print Slide Show