This document provides an overview of tea improvement through plant selection and hybridization. It discusses the history and botany of tea, as well as the process of selecting high-yielding tea clones with desirable qualities like drought tolerance. Five biclonal seed stocks have been developed through hybridization between selected clones. The goal is to develop improved planting materials that offer higher and more consistent yields while maintaining good quality.
Tea is made from steeping the leaves of Camellia sinensis in hot water. It was discovered in 2737 BCE in China and is the second most consumed beverage worldwide. Tea contains substances like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline that have stimulatory effects. Tea processing involves withering, rolling, oxidation/fermentation, fixation, drying, cleaning, grading, and packaging. The key steps are withering to remove moisture, rolling to promote oxidation, oxidation to develop flavor, and drying to stop oxidation. Tea has a variety of health benefits like antioxidant effects and reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, and memory loss.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
Tea is made from steeping the leaves of Camellia sinensis in hot water. It was discovered in 2737 BCE in China and is the second most consumed beverage worldwide. Tea contains substances like caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline that have stimulatory effects. Tea processing involves withering, rolling, oxidation/fermentation, fixation, drying, cleaning, grading, and packaging. The key steps are withering to remove moisture, rolling to promote oxidation, oxidation to develop flavor, and drying to stop oxidation. Tea has a variety of health benefits like antioxidant effects and reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, and memory loss.
This document summarizes information about banana cultivation in Maharashtra, India. It discusses the leading banana varieties grown in the state like Basrai, key cultivation practices including soil and climate requirements, planting methods, irrigation, fertilization and intercultural operations. It also outlines some of the major banana diseases found in the region such as Panama wilt, sigatoka leaf spot and bunchy top virus, and their management strategies. Maharashtra is one of the top banana producing states in India with an average yield of 28.7 tons/ha, significantly higher than the national average of 13.8 tons/ha.
The document summarizes information about tea plants and the process of manufacturing tea. It discusses that tea comes from the Camellia sinensis plant and describes the two main varieties, China and Assam. It then outlines the steps involved in manufacturing tea, including withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and grading. Key steps are withering to reduce moisture, rolling to break plant cells and allow enzymatic reactions, and fermentation to produce the colors and flavors characteristic of tea.
Carrot cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
This document provides information on the history, breeding methods, and genetic resources of banana. It discusses how banana breeding was started in Trinidad and Jamaica in the 1920s to develop Fusarium wilt resistant varieties. Important breeding programs and achievements are highlighted from India, including the development of hybrid varieties BRS-1 and BRS-2 at Kerala Agricultural University. Mutation breeding has also led to new varieties. The objectives of banana breeding include developing dwarf, disease resistant varieties with good quality fruit suited for different agro-ecological zones.
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
This document provides information on the botany, cultivation practices, varieties, and uses of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It discusses the jackfruit's origin in India, describes several varieties and cultivars grown in different countries, and outlines considerations for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. The key points are that jackfruit is an important crop in South and Southeast Asia, known for its large size and nutritional and medicinal properties, and it can be propagated through seed germination or vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop and source of sugar production in India. It is grown between 35 degrees north and south latitude. The top three sugarcane producing countries are India, Brazil, and Cuba. Sugarcane requires tropical or subtropical conditions with temperatures between 26-32 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 75-120 cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management are needed to optimize yields. Diseases like red rot and smut and insect pests like early shoot borer require control. Harvesting is done when lower leaves wither and sugar content peaks in March. Ratooning of the stubble can provide additional yields.
Training, Pruning and Ratooning in veg.cropsLav Kumar
This document discusses training, pruning, and ratooning practices for various vegetable crops. It defines each term and outlines objectives and principles. It provides details on specific techniques for crops like tomato, capsicum, cucumber, bittergourd, bottlegourd, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, brinjal, pointed gourd, ivy gourd, and moringa. Training methods like staking, trellising, and caging are compared for tomato. Pruning aims to control growth and remove diseased parts. Ratooning allows regrowth from plant remains for additional harvests.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Manjeet Singh presented information on sugarcane, including its botanical classification as Saccharum officinarum, and importance as a major cash crop and source of sugar in Asia. Sugarcane is grown in over 110 countries and its main production areas include Brazil, India, and China. In India, Uttar Pradesh has the highest area and production of sugarcane. The presentation covered sugarcane varieties, growth stages, production practices like planting methods and intercropping, and discussed pests, diseases and management strategies. Key products from sugarcane include sugar, jaggery, molasses, bagasse and ethanol.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
its a improved presentation about kiwi fruit along with available info in slide share by other authors.
interested to have a copy mail panchaal94@gmail.com
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of various cultivars and sub-varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant, processed and cured using various methods. The growth cycle is from 240 to 365 days, fruits takes from 270 to 360 days to mature and seeds are normally produced after 3 years.
In Asia: India, China and Sri Lanka are the main tea producing countries in the world.
In this presentation detailed elaboration of Tea Varieties, Propagation and Planting are presented.
This document provides information on the package of practices for growing phalsa (B. N: Grewia subineqaeualis D.C). It includes the scientific classification, origin, nutritional value, uses, floral biology, soil and climate requirements, varieties, propagation methods, planting, manuring, irrigation, intercropping, pruning, use of growth regulators, and flowering and fruiting details. The key points are that phalsa is a hardy, drought tolerant fruit crop suitable for intercropping; it has high nutritional value and medicinal properties; and propagation can be by seed or vegetative methods like cuttings and grafting.
Phalsa is a bush or small tree native to India and Southeast Asia that produces small, round fruits. It grows up to 15 feet tall and has long, slender branches with heart-shaped leaves. Its small, yellow flowers bloom in spring and early summer, producing fruits from April to June that start green and turn purple as they ripen. Phalsa grows in tropical and subtropical climates with warm temperatures and requires adequate sunlight for good fruit production. It can grow in various soil types as long as the soil is fertile. Phalsa has medicinal and nutritional value due to its vitamin C, antioxidants, and other compounds.
This document provides information about breeding in litchi fruit. It discusses the botanical details of litchi, desirable characteristics for litchi cultivar selection including large fruit size, small seeds, good color and shelf life. Breeding objectives are to develop dwarf varieties that are regular bearers. Methods discussed include emasculation, hybridization between varieties like Purabi and Bedana that resulted in new cultivars. Future areas could include developing parthenocarpic seedless varieties and using biotechnology tools like tissue culture.
Indian spinach (Basella alba) is a popular leafy vegetable grown in tropical areas for its nutrient-rich leaves and shoots. It is high in vitamins A, C, calcium, and iron. The plant has fleshy red or green stems and leaves and is cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is used medicinally to treat constipation, headaches, and skin irritation. The crop grows best in loose, organic-rich soil and requires moderate temperatures and moisture to produce succulent leaves and stems within 8-10 weeks.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a native fruit tree of India commonly found in temple gardens. It has wide adaptability and can grow in subtropical climates with hot, dry summers and mild winters up to 1200m elevation. Popular varieties include Narendra bael-5, Pant Shivani, and Goma Yashi. Bael trees are planted at 8-10m spacing and produce 30-45 fruits at 6-7 years old, yielding 500-800 fruits at 30-40 years. Pests include termites and caterpillars while diseases include fruit rot. Fruits are used to make toffee, squash, powder, jam and more.
Floriculture is important from an economic, aesthetic, and social point of view in India. Economically, flower crops provide high returns and short gestation periods. The sale of loose flowers is a thriving business in South India. Aesthetically, flowers are used in Japanese flower arranging and horticultural therapy. Socially, flowers are used to express feelings and are integral to social functions and celebrations like weddings. India has a favorable climate, skilled labor, proximity to markets, and tissue culture facilities that provide scope for the floriculture industry to grow.
The document provides information on the cashew tree. It describes the cashew tree's origin in northeastern Brazil and introduction to India in the 16th century. It discusses the tree's morphology, cultivation requirements, common varieties, pests and diseases, processing methods, and uses of cashew apples, nuts, and other parts of the tree. The document is an overview of cashew production that is less than 3 sentences.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
This document discusses different canopy types and structures for fruit trees, with an emphasis on geometry of planting. It describes several common tree shapes including columnar, pyramidal/conical, vase-shaped, round/oval, spreading/open, and weeping. It then discusses how pruning and training can be used to establish different tree forms to increase yield, enhance fruit quality, and optimize planting density. Several specific fruit tree forms are defined such as bush, standard, pyramidal, spindlebush, cordon, espalier, and fan. Yield and spacing recommendations are provided for different forms of apples, pears, and stone fruits. The document concludes with a discussion of tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
This document provides information on the botany, cultivation practices, varieties, and uses of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). It discusses the jackfruit's origin in India, describes several varieties and cultivars grown in different countries, and outlines considerations for its propagation, cultivation, and harvesting. The key points are that jackfruit is an important crop in South and Southeast Asia, known for its large size and nutritional and medicinal properties, and it can be propagated through seed germination or vegetative methods like grafting, layering, and micropropagation.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop and source of sugar production in India. It is grown between 35 degrees north and south latitude. The top three sugarcane producing countries are India, Brazil, and Cuba. Sugarcane requires tropical or subtropical conditions with temperatures between 26-32 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 75-120 cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management are needed to optimize yields. Diseases like red rot and smut and insect pests like early shoot borer require control. Harvesting is done when lower leaves wither and sugar content peaks in March. Ratooning of the stubble can provide additional yields.
Training, Pruning and Ratooning in veg.cropsLav Kumar
This document discusses training, pruning, and ratooning practices for various vegetable crops. It defines each term and outlines objectives and principles. It provides details on specific techniques for crops like tomato, capsicum, cucumber, bittergourd, bottlegourd, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, brinjal, pointed gourd, ivy gourd, and moringa. Training methods like staking, trellising, and caging are compared for tomato. Pruning aims to control growth and remove diseased parts. Ratooning allows regrowth from plant remains for additional harvests.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Manjeet Singh presented information on sugarcane, including its botanical classification as Saccharum officinarum, and importance as a major cash crop and source of sugar in Asia. Sugarcane is grown in over 110 countries and its main production areas include Brazil, India, and China. In India, Uttar Pradesh has the highest area and production of sugarcane. The presentation covered sugarcane varieties, growth stages, production practices like planting methods and intercropping, and discussed pests, diseases and management strategies. Key products from sugarcane include sugar, jaggery, molasses, bagasse and ethanol.
Dioscorea species, commonly known as yams, are an important food crop grown in tropical regions for their starchy tubers. The three major species cultivated are D. alata, D. rotundata, and D. esculenta. Africa is the largest producer, with Nigeria, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, and Benin being major producers. Yams are vegetatively propagated and grown in warm, humid climates with adequate rainfall. Pests and diseases that affect yams include anthracnose, dry rot caused by nematodes, and mosaic virus. Tubers are manually harvested after 9-10 months, dried, and stored in well-ventilated structures for several months
its a improved presentation about kiwi fruit along with available info in slide share by other authors.
interested to have a copy mail panchaal94@gmail.com
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for its flowers, which are used to produce garlands, perfume oils, and tea flavoring. Three main species are grown: Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish jasmine), J. sambac (Arabian jasmine), and J. auriculatum. They are propagated from cuttings and grown at specific spacing. Pests include budworms and mites. Diseases include leaf blight and wilt. Flowers are harvested in the morning when buds are unopened. Spanish jasmine flowers are used to produce a fragrant concrete by soaking in hexane to absorb the perfume, then evaporating the solvent.
Tea is the agricultural product of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of various cultivars and sub-varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant, processed and cured using various methods. The growth cycle is from 240 to 365 days, fruits takes from 270 to 360 days to mature and seeds are normally produced after 3 years.
In Asia: India, China and Sri Lanka are the main tea producing countries in the world.
In this presentation detailed elaboration of Tea Varieties, Propagation and Planting are presented.
This document provides information on the package of practices for growing phalsa (B. N: Grewia subineqaeualis D.C). It includes the scientific classification, origin, nutritional value, uses, floral biology, soil and climate requirements, varieties, propagation methods, planting, manuring, irrigation, intercropping, pruning, use of growth regulators, and flowering and fruiting details. The key points are that phalsa is a hardy, drought tolerant fruit crop suitable for intercropping; it has high nutritional value and medicinal properties; and propagation can be by seed or vegetative methods like cuttings and grafting.
Phalsa is a bush or small tree native to India and Southeast Asia that produces small, round fruits. It grows up to 15 feet tall and has long, slender branches with heart-shaped leaves. Its small, yellow flowers bloom in spring and early summer, producing fruits from April to June that start green and turn purple as they ripen. Phalsa grows in tropical and subtropical climates with warm temperatures and requires adequate sunlight for good fruit production. It can grow in various soil types as long as the soil is fertile. Phalsa has medicinal and nutritional value due to its vitamin C, antioxidants, and other compounds.
This document provides information about breeding in litchi fruit. It discusses the botanical details of litchi, desirable characteristics for litchi cultivar selection including large fruit size, small seeds, good color and shelf life. Breeding objectives are to develop dwarf varieties that are regular bearers. Methods discussed include emasculation, hybridization between varieties like Purabi and Bedana that resulted in new cultivars. Future areas could include developing parthenocarpic seedless varieties and using biotechnology tools like tissue culture.
Indian spinach (Basella alba) is a popular leafy vegetable grown in tropical areas for its nutrient-rich leaves and shoots. It is high in vitamins A, C, calcium, and iron. The plant has fleshy red or green stems and leaves and is cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is used medicinally to treat constipation, headaches, and skin irritation. The crop grows best in loose, organic-rich soil and requires moderate temperatures and moisture to produce succulent leaves and stems within 8-10 weeks.
Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) is a herbaceous plant native to Madagascar that is cultivated for its medicinal properties. It contains over 100 alkaloids, notably vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves which are important in cancer therapy. It is grown in tropical and subtropical regions with adequate rainfall. Propagation is through seeds sown directly or in a nursery, and through cuttings. Leaves are harvested twice and roots after one year. Yields of 4 tons/ha of leaves and 1.5 tons/ha each of stems and roots can be obtained under irrigation.
Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a native fruit tree of India commonly found in temple gardens. It has wide adaptability and can grow in subtropical climates with hot, dry summers and mild winters up to 1200m elevation. Popular varieties include Narendra bael-5, Pant Shivani, and Goma Yashi. Bael trees are planted at 8-10m spacing and produce 30-45 fruits at 6-7 years old, yielding 500-800 fruits at 30-40 years. Pests include termites and caterpillars while diseases include fruit rot. Fruits are used to make toffee, squash, powder, jam and more.
Floriculture is important from an economic, aesthetic, and social point of view in India. Economically, flower crops provide high returns and short gestation periods. The sale of loose flowers is a thriving business in South India. Aesthetically, flowers are used in Japanese flower arranging and horticultural therapy. Socially, flowers are used to express feelings and are integral to social functions and celebrations like weddings. India has a favorable climate, skilled labor, proximity to markets, and tissue culture facilities that provide scope for the floriculture industry to grow.
The document provides information on the cashew tree. It describes the cashew tree's origin in northeastern Brazil and introduction to India in the 16th century. It discusses the tree's morphology, cultivation requirements, common varieties, pests and diseases, processing methods, and uses of cashew apples, nuts, and other parts of the tree. The document is an overview of cashew production that is less than 3 sentences.
importance of production of cashew. it includes about botany, all varities. cotains all cimatic and soil requirement of the crop. also contais different methods of propogation, cultivation ascpects and processig aspects.
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
Tea Industry has seen a lot of changes in the past few years.
India, lost its first position as tea producer to China for the first time, in the last 110 years. www.unitedworld.edu.in
Coorg, also known as Kodagu, is a region located in southern Karnataka between Mysore and Mangalore. It is inhabited by a proud and martial people known for their hospitality. Coorg is famous for its coffee estates, forests, and spices. The region can be reached by rail, road, and air, with the main cities being Mysore, Mangalore, and Bangalore. The people of Coorg are said to possibly be of Greek or Arab descent. Coorg is also known for its beautiful scenery and abundant water sports on the Kavery River, such as rafting, canoeing, and more.
Tata Global Beverages Limited was formerly known as Tata Tea Limited and has a long history dating back to 1963. It is now one of the largest tea companies in the world with a presence in over 35 countries. The company owns 51 tea estates in India and has diversified into coffee and other beverages over the years through acquisitions and joint ventures. It sells a variety of branded teas around the world including Tata Tea, Tetley, Kanan Devan, and others.
Gobin Hazarika produces organic tea on a small scale in Madhupar Village, Lakhimpur, Assam. He hand-processes the tea leaves himself without machinery. The document provides brief information about an organic tea grower in Assam, India who hand-processes tea leaves on a small scale.
A look at several innovative techniques being used at organic tea gardens in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
This presentation by garden owner Binod Saharia explains how Vrikshayurveda - India's traditional approach to plant health - is bringing about changes in the way organic tea is grown in the northeast.
Describes the process of making tea, the history of tea, the health benefits in a cup of tea, different types of tea and different ways of drinking tea in different cultures. It is an informal presentation I gave to my local rotary club
This document provides an overview of Assam, India. Some key points:
- Assam has a GDP of $30.5 billion in 2014-15 and GDP grew at 9% CAGR from 2004-05 to 2015-16.
- The state is the largest tea growing region in the world and accounts for over 50% of India's tea production.
- Tourism is an attractive industry as Assam has pleasant climate and scenic landscape, and is a popular tourist destination among northeastern states.
- The state has adopted various investor-friendly policies to attract investment and accelerate industrial development.
This document discusses the Assam tea industry in India. It provides statistics on India's production and export of tea over time, showing that Assam accounts for about 50% of India's tea production. It analyzes the industry using Porter's 5 forces, PESTLE, SWOT and identifies major concerns like climate change, small tea growers, infrastructure and policies. The document recommends ways forward like export competitiveness, focus on plantations, culture/empowerment, R&D, and rationalizing taxes and support for small tea growers to improve the industry.
Rajvir and Pranjol are traveling to Assam so Rajvir can visit Pranjol's family's tea garden. The document discusses the origins of tea cultivation in Assam, including legends about how tea was discovered in China and India. It also describes the tea production process, with women plucking fresh tea leaves and collecting them into bamboo baskets.
This document provides information about sorghum crops including its origins in central Africa, taxonomy, uses as a food crop, production areas globally and in Mexico, and key stages of growth and management. Sorghum was domesticated in Africa and is now a major food crop grown for human and livestock consumption. The document outlines key stages of sorghum growth from emergence to half bloom and describes morphological and physiological characteristics at each stage.
The tea industry is very important to Assam, India, where tea cultivation began over 170 years ago. Assam produces over 50% of India's tea and about 1/6th of the world's tea. The unique climate of Assam contributes to the distinctive malty taste of Assam tea. However, the industry has been facing problems in recent years like falling prices, rising costs, and declining productivity and exports. Steps are being taken to address issues and improve the position of Assam tea in the global market.
The document provides information about the Indian state of Assam. It summarizes that Assam was established in 1947, has a population of over 31 million according to the 2011 census, and its capital and largest city is Dispur and Guwahati respectively. The key industries in Assam include tea production, for which it is well known, as well as oil, gas, and cement. The state has significant infrastructure for transportation including airports, roads, and inland waterways on major rivers.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
The document discusses various breeding methods used in cross-pollinated crops. It describes population improvement methods like mass selection and modified mass selection that aim to increase the frequency of desirable alleles within a population. It also discusses hybrid varieties which are produced by crossing homozygous lines to create heterozygous populations. Additionally, it covers synthetic varieties which are created by either mixing equal amounts of seed from selected parental lines or allowing intercrosses between parental lines. Recurrent selection methods like recurrent selection for specific and general combining ability are also summarized that aim to improve the chances of developing superior inbred lines.
This document provides an overview of tea and the tea production process. It defines tea as coming from the Camellia sinensis plant and being prepared by pouring hot water over cured leaves. Herbal infusions made the same way from other plants are called tisanes. The document describes the different varieties of tea plants used, the grading of tea leaves, common tea brands, and the orthodox manufacturing process for black tea which involves plucking, withering, rolling, fermentation, and firing of the leaves. It also briefly outlines the green tea production method in China.
This document provides information on various plant breeding methods. It discusses the production of new crop varieties through selection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, and tissue culture. Popular plant breeders like M.S. Swaminathan and Venkataramanan are mentioned. Introduction of plants from their native places to new locations for crop improvement is described. Breeding methods like inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis are explained. The theories of heterosis like dominance hypothesis and overdominance hypothesis are presented. The document highlights the effects and advantages of hybrid vigor in crops.
The document provides information about tea processing at Rathnayaka Tea (Pvt) Ltd in Sri Lanka. It discusses the history of the company and details each step of tea processing, including plucking, withering, rolling, and fermentation. The summary concludes with key facts about the company's current operations and export of black tea to Russia.
This document provides information on tea (Camellia sinensis), including its origins, cultivation practices, processing, and classification. Key points:
- Tea originated in Southeast Asia and has been cultivated for thousands of years. The main tea-growing regions include China, India, Sri Lanka, and parts of Africa.
- Tea plants grow best in tropical and subtropical climates with abundant rainfall. The two main varieties are Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and Camellia sinensis var. assamica.
- Tea is processed into four main types - white, green, oolong, and black tea - depending on how the leaves are oxidized after harvesting. Proper processing is important
Phenological studies of two varieties of hibiscus cannabinus linn in ile ife,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the phenological differences between two varieties (A and B) of Hibiscus cannabinus. The study tracked leaf production, flowering, fruiting, and stem girth changes over the growth period. Variety A showed purple pigmentation at leaf nodes, while Variety B did not. Leaf number increased over time in both varieties, but faster in Variety B. Variety B also flowered almost daily, making it suitable for flower/fruit production, while Variety A's purple color made it useful for face dye. The varieties thus have different morphological traits and cultivation uses.
The document discusses several leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, and Malabar spinach. It provides details on the botanical classification and origin of each crop. For amaranth and spinach beet, it describes breeding objectives such as disease resistance and yield improvement. It also lists improved varieties that have been developed for some of the crops.
Tea (Camellia sinensis) was first discovered in China around 2700 BC. There are two main varieties - Camellia sinensis var. sinensis from China and Camellia sinensis var. assamica from India. Tea is processed into either black tea through fermentation or green tea without fermentation. Successful tea cultivation requires specific climate and soil conditions, including rainfall between 1500-4000 mm annually, temperatures between 18-20°C, and acidic soils between pH 4.5-5.5. Tea is propagated through vegetative cuttings and established as a plantation with nursery preparation, planting, mulching, windbreaks, and management to bring the tea plants into bearing and yield.
This document provides information on various leafy vegetable crops grown in India, including their botanical classification and origins. It discusses amaranth, spinach beet, spinach, New Zealand spinach, poi/Basella, and fenugreek. For each crop, it outlines key details such as the genus and species, origin, cytology/chromosome number, breeding systems and objectives. It also provides information on improved varieties that have been developed for many of these crops. The document emphasizes the importance of these leafy vegetables in Indian agriculture and cuisine.
This document summarizes key characteristics of the plant division Gnetophyta. It describes three main genera within this division: Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum. Welwitschia is a bizarre desert plant found in Africa with only two strap-like leaves. Ephedra is a genus of small shrubs or vines found in dry areas worldwide. Gnetum includes about 30 tropical vine-like species. All three genera share some characteristics with flowering plants like vessel elements in xylem and double fertilization, distinguishing them from other gymnosperms.
The document describes a proposed landscape design for a 10m x 10m site located at Taylor's University Block E Level 2. The design aims to create a quiet, relaxing recreational area for students with good views of the nearby lake. Key elements of the design include gazebos near the lake view, grass planting, trees for shade and noise reduction, lights along the walkway for night use, a central fountain, recycling bins, and benches for resting. The existing site is currently unused with cracks on the floor and only a cement surface. The proposal seeks to take advantage of the lake views and provide an outdoor space for students to destress with surrounding herb plants.
The document provides details about a proposed green space design project located at Taylor's University Block E Level 2. It discusses the site opportunities and challenges, including excellent views but need for a quiet space. The design criteria are outlined, focusing on elements like resting areas, trees for noise reduction, and green initiatives like planting to provide shade. Planting plans and descriptions of specific plants to be used, like Bougainvillea trees, are also included.
This document provides information about sugarcane, including its origins in Southeast Asia, major producing countries, and species. It discusses the cytogenetics of sugarcane, describing that it is a complex polyploid with high chromosome numbers. The document also covers the floral morphology of sugarcane, detailing characteristics of the stalk, leaves, roots, inflorescence and flowering process.
This document discusses Camellia sinensis, commonly known as tea. It provides background on the history and types of Camellia plants, describes how tea is propagated through various methods like seed planting, air layering, grafting and rooting cuttings. The document also details the cultivation requirements for tea, the harvesting process, common pests and diseases. Finally, it outlines the main chemical constituents of tea like polyphenols and catechins, and the potential medicinal benefits of compounds in tea.
This document provides information on tea production technology, including details about:
- Tea's botanical classification as an evergreen shrub native to Southeast Asia.
- Important tea growing regions like India, China, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia.
- Tea varieties, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices.
- Shade management using trees like silver oak and methods for weed control.
Tea contains caffeine, which improves taste and fragrance, improves focus, and takes some time to enter the bloodstream. Contrarily, a cup of coffee contains 125–185 mg of caffeine. It has been noted that those who drink coffee feel better right away. Both coffee and tea have a long history, as well as a rich and varied body of folklore surrounding their precise origins. In the present day, coffee and tea are still quite popular, with the majority of individuals regularly consuming one of the two beverages.
Coffee drinking has been linked to both positive and negative health effects. In general, moderate use, or three to four cups per day, is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease, liver cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. A longer lifespan has also been related in research to moderate coffee drinking.
Heartburn, anxiety, jitteriness, and sleep difficulties can all result from drinking too much coffee. A causal relationship between coffee and cancer was hypothesized by studies done in the 20th century. The World Health Organization (WHO), however, withdrew coffee from its list of potential carcinogens in 2016 since several studies have refuted any causal link between coffee drinking and cancer.
@Wood apple,Bael,Aegle marmelos and its cultivation intro and its medicinal v...Saimon Pankaj
@Medicinal values of wood apple,,Introduction,habitat,varietal selection,planting pattern,flowering and fruiting,production,harvesting and other research article proofs on medicinal values of wood apple in several diseases like cancer,stomach disorder ,blood purifier,Antimicrobial,anti pyre tic property and many more.....
This document introduces three Bangladeshi plants: jute, tea, and water lily. Jute is a vegetable fiber used to make rope, twine and other items. It was once Bangladesh's most important cash crop. Tea is a popular beverage made from camellia sinensis leaves, and is Bangladesh's second largest export crop. Water lily is Bangladesh's national flower and grows in ponds, lakes and wetlands across the country. The document provides scientific classifications and botanical descriptions of each plant, and describes their uses.
This document provides information about bananas, including:
1. Bananas are an important tropical fruit crop that originated in Southeast Asia. India is the second largest producer of bananas globally.
2. There are several banana varieties grown worldwide, with the most important being Dwarf Cavendish, Red Banana, and Rasthali. New hybrid varieties have also been developed with disease resistance.
3. Bananas are vegetatively propagated through sword suckers or tissue culture. Proper selection of healthy, vigorous suckers is important for high yields.
1. Tea is produced from the plant Camellia sinensis. The two main varieties are China bush and Assam tea.
2. Tea is grown primarily in Asia, with India, China, and Sri Lanka being the top producers. India produces about 30% of the world's tea.
3. Tea plants require specific climate and soil conditions to thrive, including subtropical temperatures between 13-29°C, well distributed rainfall between 125-750 cm, and acidic soils.
This document provides information on the botany and taxonomy of various leafy and salad vegetables. It discusses the scientific classification, description, and important varieties of vegetables like asparagus, leek, spinach, amaranth, lettuce, and artichoke. It notes their countries of origin and nutritional benefits. The document is intended as a submission for a horticulture course on leafy and salad vegetables.
Jack bean, with the scientific name Canavalia ensiformis, is commonly grown for its young pods and immature seeds which are used as human and animal food. It is native to Central America and the West Indies. The document discusses the botanical details of jack bean, differences between jack bean and sword bean, uses, cultivation practices, and health benefits. Heat treatments and germination are effective in reducing trypsin inhibitor activity and polyphenols in jack bean. Studies also show that ureases from jack bean and other sources have antifungal properties.
From East Asian origin, A. viridis widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and in the upland rice. It is found in well drained soils, in open waste places and cultivated land, especially in volcanic soils. The plant grows best in soils with no standing water and has good development in soils rich in organic matter and nitrogen.
(e.g. in Europe, North America, Asia and Australia).
Similar to Tea improvement By- Shivanand M. R (20)
This document discusses the medicinal plant Ruta graveolens (garden rue). It notes that rue has various medicinal uses and contains compounds like rutin and coumarins that are valued in pharmaceutical industries. It provides information on the plant's history of use, morphological features, cultivation methods including soil and climate requirements, propagation, and effects of sowing dates and micronutrients on its growth and chemical composition. Tables show results of experiments on the impacts of different treatments on rue's vegetative growth, essential oil content, and rutin and coumarin percentages.
Sensory evaluation is a scientific discipline that measures how humans perceive characteristics of foods and materials using their senses. It provides valid and reliable information to help companies make business decisions regarding a product's sensory properties. There are various types of sensory tests, including discrimination tests to determine differences between products, preference tests to assess consumer acceptance, and descriptive analysis using trained experts. Proper controls, standardized methods, and statistical analysis of results are important to obtain meaningful sensory evaluation data.
The document discusses the effects of various bioagents on the growth of Coleus forskohlii. Key findings include:
1) Inoculation with Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and neem cake improved growth characteristics like plant height and root weight of Coleus cuttings.
2) In field conditions, inoculation with Glomus fasciculatum and Pseudomonas fluorescens led to higher yields, nutrient uptake, and forskohlin content compared to the uninoculated control.
3) Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi like Glomus bagyaragii and Scutellosp
Pruning and training are important operations in tea management. Pruning removes old wood and stimulates new lateral growth, while training establishes the plant structure. Common pruning methods include decentering, bending, pegging, and frame forming prunes. Pruning is done periodically based on factors like growth rate, starch reserves, and pest/disease risk. The timing, severity, and cycle of pruning varies depending on conditions like shade, soil, elevation, and desired crop levels. Pruning rejuvenates tea bushes and regulates crop production.
This document discusses the production of synthetic seeds or artificial seeds through somatic embryogenesis and encapsulation. Synthetic seeds are somatic embryos encapsulated in a hydrogel to mimic seeds. They allow for direct delivery of tissue cultured plants, genetic uniformity, and large-scale production. The document outlines the procedure for synthetic seed production, including encapsulating somatic embryos, auxillary buds, or shoot tips in sodium alginate or other gels then germinating. Examples are provided for synthetic seed production in crops like papaya, banana, and carrot.
This document provides an overview of Safed Musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum), including its origin, distribution, uses, chemical constituents, botany, varieties, propagation, production technology, and micropropagation. Key points include that it is a valuable medicinal plant native to India with high demand due to its aphrodisiac properties. It is propagated through seeds and vegetative means, with vegetative being preferred. Production requires sandy loam soil, warm humid climate, and raised beds for cultivation.
This document discusses organic cultivation practices for several herbal spices. It provides details on:
1) What constitutes organic farming and its principles. 2) Common herbal spices used for seasoning like basil, mint, rosemary and thyme. 3) Organic cultivation of sacred basil/tulsi including uses, varieties, soil and climate needs, nursery preparation and management practices. 4) Similar details are provided for other mints and their main oil constituents.
This document discusses arecanut-based intercropping and mixed cropping systems. It describes how intercropping involves growing short-term annual or biennial crops in the spaces between young arecanut palms. As the palms mature, mixed cropping with perennial crops better utilizes the partial shade. Popular intercrops include banana, black pepper, cardamom, cocoa, and vegetables. Intercropping increases land productivity and farmer income while the crop is establishing. Benefits include utilizing resources and controlling pests and soil erosion. Constraints can include drought, funds, technical knowledge, and pest/disease issues.
This document provides information on several insect pests that affect coffee plants, including the green coffee scale, red stem borer, white stem borer, coffee berry borer, mealybugs, leaf miner, termites, and snails. It describes the identification, life cycle, damage symptoms, and management strategies for each pest. Common management approaches include removal of infested plant parts, maintaining shade, applying insecticides, and utilizing biological control agents like parasitic wasps and fungi.
This document provides information on crop improvement of patchouli and basil. It discusses the botanical details, distribution, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, cultivation practices like manure and fertilizer application, irrigation, harvesting, and pest and disease management of these crops. It describes various species and varieties of basil and their key characteristics. Patchouli's commercial importance as an essential oil and its use in perfumery is also summarized.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
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Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
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Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
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We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
2. Introduction
Tea is the most favorite beverage of the people world over.
The history of tea dates back to 2737 BC.
It is believed that the tea originated in China.
According to a Chinese legend, Shen Nung, the second
emperor of China, who is considered as the father of
agriculture and the inventor of Chinese herbal
medicine, invented tea accidentally.
The story goes like this. One day while he was sitting in
the garden some leaves fell in to his cup of water, the
emperor happened to taste that water which had a nice
aroma and flavor, thus the tea leaves was discovered.
3. Tea is an important plantation crop and native of South
East Asia.
India is the largest producer, consumer and exporter in
Tea industry, India has 4,36,057 ha area under tea, of
which 87,993 ha is in the south.
As on today, 38 countries grow Tea and among which
India, China, Sri Lanka and Indonesia have major share in
area and production.
Major states producing Tea in India
are, Assam(53%), West Bengal(24%), Tamil
Nadu(13%),Kerala(8%),Karnataka(0.7).
Tea was first planted on a large scale in North India in
1834, while in South India commercial tea planting was
started at various tea growing regions like Nilgiris
(1859), Central Travancore (1875), Kannan Devan Hills
(1878), Wynad (1859) and Anamalais (1897).
4. Tea research was started in North India during 1960 and 'in
South India during 1926.
"Tea" refers to the aromatic beverage prepared from the
cured leaves by combination with hot or boiling water, and
is the common name for the Camellia sinensis plant itself.
After water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in
the world.
It has a cooling, slightly bitter, astringent flavour which
many enjoy.
5. Botany
Tea belongs to the genus Camellia and family
Camelliaceae or Theaceae, Tea is a diploid i.e (2n=30).
This genus accommodates as many as 82 species
(Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et a l., 1988).
But only two species viz., C. assamica (Assam jats) and C.
sinensis (China jats) are the original species for tea. As
they were highly crossable with each other, the present day
tea seedlings are hybrids of these two species and are often
referred as C. assamica sub sp. Lasiocalyx (Indo-China or
Cambod type)
The commercially cultivated tea consists natural hybrids of
all these three types and there is reason to believe that
complex hybrids of these three types of tea and one or
more of the wild species of Camellia occur in the
cultivated populations.
6. Tea is essentially an out breeding crop and its races are
highly infertile. As a -result of enormous natural
hybridization not only between the tea species but also
with Camellias and large,-scale dispersal of tea seeds in
south-east Asia over the centuries, resulted in extreme
heterogeneity in the existing seedling population.
Tea taxonomy is very complicated, and hybridization early
in its commercial history has left an almost total absence
of pure plants (Willson, 1999).
7. Botanical Composition of Jats
The term 'jat' in tea nomenclature is considered close to
'variety'.
The multi-stemmed China type has two jats - 'Low-jat' and
'High jat'.
The former 'jat' has narrow leaves, profusely indented
margin and flat, rather dull-coloured laminae, whereas
later has comparatively larger leaves, wider in proportion
with blunter tips, fewer serrations and a crinkled surface
(Subramanium, 1995).
The single-stemmed Assam type has
Burma, Lushai, Manipuri, light-leaved Assam and the
dark-leaved Assam jats.
Burma jat comes from Myanmar hills and has
spiny, crinkled and slightly erect leaves ,and has dark-
green, older leaves having a bluish tinge.
8. Lushai is form of Lushai hills and has pendent flabby
leaves.
Manipuri is a hardy, and high yielder of quality tea.
The leaves are dark-green, shiny, rather narrow and
have a semi-upright leaf pose. It is softer than Burma
jat.
The light-leaved Assam is found in the Naga hills and
has a semi-upright, glossy, crinkled, light green
leaves.
The Lushai and the light-leaved Assam are generally
not planted in Assam because the former is very
delicate and the later is poor yielder and has a
balsam-like odour.
Dark-leaved Assam has soft, glossy, crinkled and
slightly pendent leaves (Subramanium, 1995).
9.
10.
11. Biology of the Plant
Vegetative Structure
Under natural conditions, the tea plant is an evergreen tree
and wildly grows into a medium size tree.
Under cultivation it is pruned down and trained as low
spreading bush to ensure that a maximum crop of young
shoots can be obtained and maintained.
Leaves are simple, alternate and serrated.
The root system of a tea bush can be divided into main
roots, subsidiary roots and feeder roots. The lateral roots
give rise to a surface mat of feeding roots which lack root
hairs when mature.
Root system varies in tea bushes depending on genetic
makeup and soil environment. Starch is stored in roots.
12.
13. Reproductive Structure
Tea flowers appear in the axils of scale leaves, either
solitary or in clusters, with short pedicels, fragrant; calyx
persistent with 5-7 sepals; petals 5-
7, white, waxy, obovate, concave; stamens numerous with
2-celled yellow anthers; petal and outer stamens united for
a short distance at base ovary superior, hairy, with 4-6
ovules per carpel; styles short, free to almost completely
fused, stigmatic lobs 3-5.
Fruits are capsule thick walled, brownish green, 3-lobed
and usually 3-celled, becoming slightly rough at
maturity, dehiscing during the dry period by splitting from
apex into 3 valves.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Plant Improvement
Introduction
The tea plant is predominantly cross pollinator and highly
heterogenous.
It was observed that tea sets better with pollen from another
bush, the average set of the plant with its own pollen being
about one quarter of that obtained by cross pollination (Wight
and Barua, 1939).
Further, selfing results in smaller seeds with reduced
germinability or no seeds at all (Mamedov, 1961;
Sebastiampillai, 1963).
Breeding in the strict sense and evolution of pure line races in
the polymorphic species Camellia sinensis are time consuming
and be set with practical difficulties. Fortunately, a large
variation in several important and desirable characters occurs
from bush to bush in the existing tea populations.
20. Exploitation of such plant variability by careful selection
for high yield, excellence of cup characters of made
tea, fair resistance to drought and some important pests
and diseases and adaptations for different environment
appear to offer a ready means of developing improved
planting material in this perennial crop.
Other objectives of breeding vary according to the
requirements of different regions. The achievements of all
desirable objectives simultaneously will not be practicable
but some of these can be realized at a time through the
selection of novel plants and their multiplication as
vegetative clones or by breeding improved strains of
seeds.
21. Selection Procedure
Selection of mother bush from the existing population is
most important for production of improved seed and clonal
varieties or hybrids. The fact that a tea bush in a field
appears vigorous and apparently healthy does not mean
much because it may produce huge crop of inferior tea, or
a less amount of crop of superior tea. The bush population
even in a small field of tea shows great variation in regard
to growth habit, inherent quality and yield.
Wight (1939) observed that about 10 percent of the bushes
in a commercial plantation in north eastern region produce
only 2 percent of the total crop and about 0.5 percent
bushes produce as much as or more than 300 percent of
the yield of an average bush.
22. Development of Clonal Varieties
In seed-grown tea, existence of wide variation are well known
to the tea breeders and this probably made them aware of the
advantages of clonal propagation for establishing large and
uniform population.
Clones are plants genetically identical to the parent originating
by vegetative propagation such as by leaf cuttings or grafts
taken from tea bush.
Possibilities of propagation by single leaf and internode
cuttings was explored in India (Tunstall, 1931), Sri Lanka
(Tubbs, 1932) and Indonesia (Wellensick, 1938a, 1938b). The
technique streamlined subsequently, assisted in the rapid
multiplication of selected mother bushes leading to the
development of clones (Kehl, 1963; Venkataramani, 1970;
Wight, 1960).
This encouraged tea breeders to develop clonal varieties.
Clonal selection also involves considerable time and is a
laborious process but widely adopted method of plant
improvement in tea.
23. It usually takes 7-10 years before a clone could be released
for commercial planting (Barua, 1963b; Bezbaruah, 1968).
The initial selections were done on the basis of colour and
size of shoot, pubescence, branching habit, bush
area, recovery rate following pruning etc.
In clones, rooting character to a great extent is inherent
and three types of root systems viz. shallow or
horizontal, vertical and intermediate are commonly
known. In the shallow and horizontal root system, all roots
develop at the surface and run almost parallel to the
ground which is obviously undesirable in a perennial rain-
fed crop like tea. In the vertical system, one of the roots
tend to go down almost vertically, gradually thickening
and functioning as tap root.
24. This type is rarely found. The intermediate root system is
most commonly come across and in this type at least one
of the root grows at an angle of 30 to 45 from the
horizontal and penetrates deep into the soil
(Venkataramani, 1970).
The development of superior clones with high yield and
better quality has been one of the major achievements of
the Tocklai breeding programme. UPASI Tea Scientific
Department and R & D Department, Tata Tea Ltd as
recombinant genetic variability has been fixed.
25. UPASI scientific Department stated that the initial clonal
selection may be eye judgment by examining the bushes
for such features as recovery from pruning, wood
formation, branching habit, flushing behaviours, colour
and size of leaves. In brief, the eye judgment could be
based on the following features.
1) The number of stems per unit area of the bush should be
high and their distribution should be uniform over the
entire area of the bush.
2) The individual stem should not be thin and whippy and it
is also important that variation in thickness of the stems
should not be high.
26. 3) The size of the bush need not necessarily be large but
consistent with factors detailed above: a bush, showing a
tendency to fill in quick with an early lateral spreading
habit is desirable. These characters can be determined just
before or at the time of pruning or in the first year from
pruned.
4) The density of plucking points per unit area should be
high.
5) Uneven growth of the shoots is not desirable and it is
therefore necessary to select for evenness of bud break and
growth of shoots.
6) The main branch and the primaries developing from them
after pruning should have straight or erect growth and not
oblique or horizontally spreading habit.
7) The bigger the leaf, the larger the weight of the shoot and
hence greater the yield.
27. 8) There seems to be a relationship between the colour of the
leaf and cup quality, light coloured leaves generally
produce better tea than dark coloured ones.
9) Selection may also be made for pubescence of buds and
leaves, a selection with pubescence flush generally
produces tea with better quality than with glabrous flush.
10) Resistance to blister and other diseases and pests and
drought are some of the factors to be considered in
selection for yield, it would be useful to compare the yield
per unit area of plucking surface of the selection bush with
the yield per unit area of the field during the period of
experimentation (at least three continuous months). The
ratio is termed yield potential. The greater the ratio the
greater is the potentiality for yield.
Yield potential= Bush yield per unit area
Field yield per unit area
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38. Among these, clones such as UPASI-3, UPASI-8, UPASI-
17, UPASI-25, UPASI-27, UPASI-28 and TRF-1 are high
yielders.
Clones such as UPASI-2, UPASI-6, UPASI-9, UPASI-20
and UPASI-26 and the TRF 3 are moderate yielders but are
tolerant to drought.
Certain Sri Lankan clones such as TRI-2024, TRI-2025
and TRI 2026 and a few estate clones such as CR-
6017, C-1, ATK-1 and SA-6 are also widely used for
planting in southern India.
Certain clones such as CR 6017, UPASI 3, TRF 2, are
known for their quality.
Current clonal selection work in the
Anamallais, Nelliampathy and Nilgiris resulted in the
selection of 140 bushes based on visual examination.
Studies are in progress to monitor their nursery and field
performance .
39. BICLONAL SEED STOCKS
Besides the clones, five biclonal seed stocks have also
been released for commercial planting.
The biclonal seed stocks are UPASI: BSS-1 to BSS-5.
These seed stocks germinate early in the nursery and
establish well in the field. They are good for
infilling, replanting and extension planting. The stocks are
moderate yielders but are tolerant to drought.
Seed bari blocks for all the five seed stocks have been
established in the Research Institute and in other planting
districts for supplying seeds to the tea growers.
In the current hybridization programme crosses were made
between UPASI -9 and the drought tolerant clone C-
1, blister resistant clone SMP-1 and the quality clone CR-
6017. Progenies derived out of all these crosses were
planted in the field for studying their field performance.
40. Hybridization
In tea, due to self-sterility, pure lines breeding by
conventional techniques is not possible . Tea can be
genetically upgraded through hybridization.
This can be done by transferring desirable characters from
the parents by hybridizing them to develop seed cultivars.
The seed obtained from crosses between two clones is
known as biclonal seed which show considerable variation
in genotypic characters while retaining a certain amount of
phenotypic uniformity.
Such inherent variation is important for the development
of clones, which in turn could be used in evolving seed
stocks.
41. After evaluation of germinability and growth performance
of biclonal progenies in the nursery on the basis of
height, stem diameter, root and shoot ratio; the field
performance of the' progenies are evaluated in the same
manner as that described under clonal selection.
Hybridization between genetically diverse parents
introduces improved hybrid vigour which often reflected
higher yield in the progenies.
Therefore, a clone-seed cycle is important for continued
plant improvement and its appropriate commercial
exploitation (Banerjee, 1992; Satyanarayana and
Sharma, 1993).
42. Hybridization also helps in broadening the genetic base as
genes from plants with different genetic linkages could be
brought together. However, only a limited success has
been achieved in developing cultivars through sexual gene
transfer because of certain limitations such as large size of
the plant and long-duration, generative cycles ranging
from 5 to 10 years (Subramaniam, 1995).
Production of synthetic seed varieties was one of the early
breeding efforts at Tocklai, Assam. A group of selected
clones were planted in isolated seed orchards to produce
the seed under natural conditions. Such seed are
commonly known as polyclonal seed. These seeds were
found to be of unpredictable performance and more
unstable than biclonal seeds (Singh, 1982).
43. Interspecific Hybridization
In tea natural interspecific hybridization between different
Camellia species are not common and limited attempts
have been made for artificial induction of interspecific
hybrids.
Wight and Barua (1957) attempted interspecific
hybridization between Wilson's Camellia (c.
irrawadiensis) and C. sinensis var. assamica.
Experimental F1 hybrids resembled the later in many
morphological characters but were inferior in quality
which was not accepted commercially.
44. A successful hybridization between C. sinensis and C.
japonica has been reported by Bezbaruah and Gogoi
(1972).
F1 hybrids showed close morphological similarity with
parents but yield and quality were low.
Generally, hybridization with species of Camellia from
which acceptable quality of tea can be manufactured have
been encouraging. But there are exceptions. For
example, a high yielding clone TV 24 in Assam produced
from the crossing between F1 hybrids from C.
irrawadiensis x C. assamica Shen and TV 2, an Assam-
China hybrid (Bezbaruah, 1987).
45. There may be scope for introducing non-conventional
approaches to tea improvement. But the potential of non-
conventional methods is limited by lack of knowledge of
some aspects of tea genetics.
Mutation
Attempts at inducing mutation in tea
seeds, cuttings, pollen grains with physical (X-rays and G-
rays) and chemical mutagens (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate)
have not yielded desired success to produce superior
mutants. Mutants produced by these treatments have
stunted growth, reduced vigour, and a lesser number of
foliage and branches (Singh, 1982).
46. The use of irradiated pollen also caused fruit drop
(Satyanarayana and Sharma, 1993).
The difference of responses to G-rays was also observed in
tea clones.
Cambod origin are comparatively less tolerant to G-rays
than China and Assam origin (Singh, 1980).
The apparent genetic variation in the response of mutagens
suggests that the technique has potentiality in tea breeding.
47. Most of the cultivated tea all over the world is diploid (2n =
30). Natural triploids (2n = 45) resulting from open pollination
are reported from Japan (Simura and Inabe, 1953), north-east
India (Anonymous, 1970), south India (Venkataramani and
Sharma, 1975), Georgia (Kapanadze and Eliseev, 1975); and
tetraploids (2n = 60), pentaploids (2n = 75), Aneuploids (2n +-
1 to 29) from north-east India (Bezbaruah, 1968).
These are commonly found in tea populations but in low
frequency (Singh, 1982). Triploids and tetraploids had bigger
leaf and havier shoots but poor in cup quality than diploids
(Sarmah ahd Bezbaruah, 1984), and pentaploids and
aneuploids were week bushes and poor rooters
(Bezbaruah, 1968).
48. Density and morphology of sclereids and stomata proved
to be useful indices in determining ploidy level, tetraploids
shows highest density and size of sclereids and having the
largest stomata.
In south India, a natural triploid (clone UPASI- 3) is found
to be vigorous, high yielder with overall quality and the
clone UPASI- 20 which is another triploid reported to be
moderate yielder having drought tolerant capacity
(Satyanarayana and Sharma, 1993).
Polyploid plants (16 triploids and 2 tetraploids) have also
been identified among the east African tea clones
(Wachira, 1994).
49. However, polyploids are in general vigorous and hardier
than diploids but they do not always contribute high yield
(Banerjee, 1992).
Polyploids can be produced by treating with colchicine
(Visser, 1969) and crosses between triploid and diploid
clones.
Polyploids with favourable characters could be cloned and
used in the improvement of the genetic stock.
In Sri Lanka, triploid clone HS-10A did well in very high
altitudes compared to the diploid clones.
Sundaram and TV-29 are triploid clones gaining popularity
in India, Sri Lanka and Kenya.
50. The potential of tissue culture in various aspects of plant
improvement have already been recognised and attracted
the attention of scientists.
Rapid multiplication of propagation materials through
tissue culture, particularly in the initial selection, assumes
importance in plant improvement programmes.
Tissue culture offer opportunity to utilize
genetic, physiological and biochemical procedures in
developing ideotypes (Banerjee, 1986).
It also holds promise in the development of pure lines
through haploid technology, production of triploids
through endosperm culture, culture of embryos of
incompatible crosses and isolation of somaclonal variants
(Singh, 1978).
51. Banerjee (1992) suggested further possibilities of genetic
manipulation for production of pure line of tea for
inbreeding, breeding and propagation of interspecific
hybrids derived from the various combination of crosses
by cotyledon and embryo culture, fusion of protoplast
from different species to produce hybrid synkaryons which
then could be regenerated into organised plants by using
techniques of cell and tissue culture.
Once the plants are regenerated through in vitro
techniques, it is necessary to establish the genetic
variability using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs
in somaclonal plants. Since they are directly linked with
DNA, these markers are more stable and are not
influenced by the environmental conditions. (RajKumar et
al., 1997).
52. Possibility of transferring low caffeine genes from other
camellia sp. should be explored both through conventional
hybridization and transgenic approaches to the
modification of the biosynthetic pathway for caffeine
synthesis, using antisense RNA technology to selectively
switch off individual genes and block biochemical
pathways.
The other approach is through accelerated particle gene
delivery (using 'gene gun') which has brought many
recalcitrant crops within range for genetic manipulation
(Lyer, 1995).
Somatic cell hybridization using protoplast fusion has
been tried to transfer the Darjeeling tea flavour of 'China'
clones to the Assam cultivars possessing strong and brisk
liquors (Banerjee, 1986).
53. For early identification of blister bight resistance or
susceptibility, SCAR (Sequence Characterized
Amplified Regions) marker has been developed.
This DNA marker will enable us in selecting
blister blight resistant/ susceptible plants.
Development of drought specific microsatellite
markers (SSR) are in progress.
54. The collection of tea germplasm in India in fact began with the
discovery of Assam tea in 1823. The collections were also made
from Burma, Cambodia, China, Japan and Vietnam.
At present over 1200 genetic stocks of tea including its wild species
and weedy relatives are maintained at Tocklai Experimental Station
(Bezbaruah and Dutta, 1977). This collection has undoubtedly
helped India as well as other tea growing countries in evolving
superior plant materials (Singh, 1979).
The same have also been extensively used in hybridization
(crossing) programmes for the development of clonal varieties
(Bezbaruah, 1974) and its exploitation thus helped in broadening the
genetic base of certain clones.
55. In south India, a majority of the selections available in the
germplasm at present have been selected from some of the
commercial tea estates of that region (Satyanallayana and
Sharma, 1986).
The preservation of tea germplasm has great importance
primarily because of the seed-grown sections of tea are
being massively uprooted and the seed sources of which
no longer exist and lost forever.
There is a vast genetic variability of plantations of
Darjeeling hills as still over 95% of the tea area is seed'
originated and old.
56. The wide variability in the commercial tea populations
offers scope for the selection of elite mother bushes with
desirable attributes in practical plant improvement
programme (Richards, 1966; Bezbaruah, 1975).
Therefore, it needs to be preserved and utilized
judiciously.
Tea areas although at a slow rate are replanted with limited
vegetative clones and jungles are also being cleared for
extension of agricultural activities resulted narrowing the
genetic base of Indian tea.
Conservation of tea germplasm is done mainly
by, establishing field gene banks comprising a wide array
of indigenous and exotic cultivars will offer the necessary
genetic diversity for the improvement of tea plant at a
future date.