This document discusses the medicinal plant Ruta graveolens (garden rue). It notes that rue has various medicinal uses and contains compounds like rutin and coumarins that are valued in pharmaceutical industries. It provides information on the plant's history of use, morphological features, cultivation methods including soil and climate requirements, propagation, and effects of sowing dates and micronutrients on its growth and chemical composition. Tables show results of experiments on the impacts of different treatments on rue's vegetative growth, essential oil content, and rutin and coumarin percentages.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Liquorice or licorice is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Western Asia and southern Europe.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
The present paper deals with the quantitative production and pattern of variation in various primary metabolites of Blepharis sindica T. Anders (Acanthaceae) during different months of evaluation in response to prevailing environmental conditions. The metabolites, viz. leaf pigments (chl. a, chl. b and carotenoids), proline, sugars (soluble, insoluble and total), crude protein and phosphorus contents varied significantly according to different growth phases of the plants. The amount of water in and out of the plant body strongly influenced the biosynthesis rate of these metabolites primarily, whereas the growth stage and temperature affects were found secondarily. Higher values for accumulated proline, carotenoids and phosphorus contents were observed during the end of growing season, i.e. December; while chlorophylls (chl. a, b and total) during middle of season, i.e. August to October. Total sugars and crude protein values were highest during July with a clear negative correlation having proline accumulation.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Liquorice or licorice is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Western Asia and southern Europe.
Dioscorea is a genus of over 600 species of flowering plants in the family Dioscoreaceae, native throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The vast majority of the species are tropical, with only a few species extending into temperate climates.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids: Lignans, Tea, Ruta
For video lecture join to youtube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy of Atropa belladona, biological source, geographical source, chemical constituents, uses, morphology of leaves, flower, fruits of belladona, deadly night shade leaves, chemical test, microscopy, T.S of leaves
Synonyms;- Salai Gogil
Regional Name;- Hindi- Guggal , Guggulu, Marathi – Mahishaksh
Source ;- Gum resin obtained by the incision of the bark of ‘’COMMIPHORA MUKUL’’
Family ;- Burseraceae
G.S;- Distributed throughout India
The present paper deals with the quantitative production and pattern of variation in various primary metabolites of Blepharis sindica T. Anders (Acanthaceae) during different months of evaluation in response to prevailing environmental conditions. The metabolites, viz. leaf pigments (chl. a, chl. b and carotenoids), proline, sugars (soluble, insoluble and total), crude protein and phosphorus contents varied significantly according to different growth phases of the plants. The amount of water in and out of the plant body strongly influenced the biosynthesis rate of these metabolites primarily, whereas the growth stage and temperature affects were found secondarily. Higher values for accumulated proline, carotenoids and phosphorus contents were observed during the end of growing season, i.e. December; while chlorophylls (chl. a, b and total) during middle of season, i.e. August to October. Total sugars and crude protein values were highest during July with a clear negative correlation having proline accumulation.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on May 24, 2016 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Comparative Analysis of Phytochemical compounds in Normal and root gall of Ok...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Induced mutagenesis was carried out in an important protein rich pulse crop (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The seeds of green gram variety Co-6 were treated with different concentrations of sodium azide. The mutagen treated seeds were sown in the field to observe M1 characteristics. The sodium azide treated seeds were subjected to amino acid analysis. Totally 19 amino acids were recorded in control and sodium azide treated samples. In the process of sodium azide treatments a few amino acids were increased and some amino acids were decreased than control. The M1 parameters such as germination and survival percentage, plant height, days taken for flowering, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of seeds/pod and hundred seeds weight were decreased with increasing concentrations sodium azide and all the growth parameters showed negative trend when compared to control. The M1 seeds were collected separately based on concentrations of sodium azide and stored for raising next generation after the harvest. The M1 seeds were sown in the field to raise M2 generation, and in M2 population, the different types of chlorophyll and viable mutants were noticed, such as chlorina, xantha, viridis, and viable mutants such as tall, dwarf, leaf, pod and early flowering mutants were noticed in various treatments of sodium azide. In addition with chlorophyll and viable mutants several initial leaflet modifications like trifoliate, tetrafoliate and pentafoliate leaflets had been observed in mutagenic treatment with sodium azide. The present study is a basis for evolving mutant varieties in green gram with altered agronomic traits.
Callus Induction and Plantlet Regeneration in Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) M...IOSR Journals
An efficient protocol was devised for rapid callus induction and plantlet regeneration from the leaves of Orthosiphon aristatus. For callus induction, auxins such as 2, 4-D, IAA, NAA alone and in combination with cytokinin BAP were used. The most effective medium for callus induction and shoot regeneration was M S medium fortified with 8mg/l BAP and 2mg/l NAA, on which multiple shoots were obtained after 15 days of callus induction. All the in vitro raised shoots with length of 3-5 cm were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA. The best rooting response was observed on half strength M S liquid medium supplemented with 3mg/l IBA. The established plantlets obtained were subjected to hardening and acclimatisation by transferring to polycups containing sterile soil for 3-4 weeks and then to the field, where
85% survived to maturity
In vitro callus induction of Melothria purpusilla, a traditional medicinal pl...IJERA Editor
Melothria purpusilla, a member of Cucurbitaceae, is an endemic species found in North-Eastern part of India.
The plant is used traditionally by the people of Manipur in the treatment of jaundice and its roots in fever and
diarrhoea. Tissue culture of medicinal plants was performed as a measure for the conservation of endangered
medicinal plants, Melothria perpusilla. Morphogenetic changes were observed in Melothria perpusilla
explants in the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of PGRs. Different colours of callus
formation were observed in MS supplemented with BAP, kinetin and IBA. The best callus induction was
observed with MS media supplemented with combination of 1BAP mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l and combination of
1Kinetin mg/l + 1 IBA mg/l.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
Similar to Production & utilization of Garden Rue (Ruta graveolens. L)- Shivanand M.R (II-Seminar) (20)
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
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Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
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In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
Reimagining Classics - What Makes a Remake a Success
Production & utilization of Garden Rue (Ruta graveolens. L)- Shivanand M.R (II-Seminar)
1.
2. Nature >80,000 plants- medicinal value-only 2,000 plants known for curative
value- 40 medicinal plants- commercial cultivation…..
90 % collection of medicinal plants from wild source
Many useful species getting endangered…..
India- richest in genetic resources of medicinal plants in world, stands 10th
PGR rich countries, one among top 12 mega diversity nations and 2 out of
18 hot spots
WHO- 80% population in developing countries relay on traditional
medicines for their primary health care
Synthetic drugs – more side effects …….
Demand for plant based drugs is increasing… due to little side effects….
Rue is one such plant with various medicinal values getting importance now a
days in drug & pharmaceutical industries ……
(Peter, 2007)
3. 3
Production and Utilization of Garden Rue (Ruta
graveolens L.)
Shivanand .M. R.
UHS11PGM143
Dept. of PMA
KITTUR RANI CHANNAMMA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, ARABHAVI -591 218
4. History of Rue
Rue is first mentioned by Turner, 1562, in his Herbal
Hippocrates specially commended it, and it constituted a
chief ingredient of the famous antidote to poison
The Greeks regarded it as an antimagical herb, because it
serves as remedy for indigestion
In the Middle Ages and later, it was considered - in many
parts of Europe - a powerful defence against witches
Pliny- reported Rue to be effective for the preservation of
eye sight (Heidi, 2010)
5. “Here in this place
I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace;
Rue, even for ruth, shall shortly here be seen,
In the remembrance of a weeping queen.”
William Shakespeare-
Mentioned about Rue in Richard III:
6. Garden Rue (Ruta graveolens L.)
Rutaceae , genus –Ruta in Latin, means “Bitter” and species
graveolens –means “strong smelling”
Indigenous to Mediterranean region and distributed in South
America, China, India, Middle East and South Africa
(Miguel,2003)
Different authors accept between 8-40 species in the genus but
most common one are- R. graveolens, R. chelapensis…
It is commonly known as - Rue/Common Rue/Garden Rue/
Herb of Grace
Aerial parts of the herb are used as economic part
7. Herbaceous perennial evergreen medicinal shrub with blue-green
foliage and grows up to 75 cm heigh
Leaves are compound, shortly petiolate with ultimate segments
obovate-oblong
Flowers are yellow in colour with 4-5 petals
Fruits are capsules and shortly pedicelled contains numerous seeds
Rue contains about 0.5% of volatile oil, flavonoids, coumarins, and
furoquinoline alkaloids which are valued in pharmaceutical industry
Responsible for the bitter taste is Rutin (7 to 8% in the dried leaves)
(Warrier et al., 1996)
9. Internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual
problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative
Anthelmintic, antidote, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue,
expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic, strongly stimulant, mildly
stomachic and uterotonic
An essential oil is used in food flavouring industry (Anon, 1972)
Cures several skin diseases like Psoriasis and Vitiligo (Massot,
2000)
Extracts of Rue used as an antidote for toxins of snakes and
scorpion venoms (Sallal, 1996)
Medicinal Uses
10. The plant is useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata,
fever, flatulence etc.
The oil acts as a stimulant for uterine and nervous systems
The fresh leaves are used for rheumatalgia
The juice obtained from the leaves is given to children for helminthic
infections and is good for odontalgia and otalgia
The dried leaves, powdered and combined with aromatics, are given as
a remedy for dyspepsia and with the fresh leaves a tincture is made
which is used as an external remedy in the first stages of paralysis
(Nadkarni, 1998)
12. Soil
Grows well in sandy-loam soils with medium fertility
Soils with well decomposed FYM found best for
germination and better survival of seedlings & productivity
Soil pH : 6.0 to 8.0
(Rajat, 2002)
13. Climate
It requires mild cold and tropical climates
It tolerates hot and dry conditions and prefers open
spaces under bright sunlight
Optimum temperature : 15-28 C
Relative humidity : 60-75 % (Rajat, 2002)
15. Table:1 Effect of PGRs alone and in combination on indirect shoot morphogenesis in
leaf callus of R. graveolens, after 8 weeks of culture Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P
16. Table:2 Effect of auxins on in vitro root induction in tissue culture raised shoots
obtained from indirect regeneration of R. graveolens on MS medium, after
4 weeks of culture Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P
Values represent mean standard error of 10 replicates per treatment in three repeated
experiments. Means sharing by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) using
Duncan's multiple range test.
17. Fig:1 (A) Culture showing shoot bud emergence from leaf derived callus on MS+BA (7.5
μM), after 4 weeks;
(B) Multiple shoot buds induced on MS + BA (7.5 μM)+NAA (1.0 μM), after 8 weeks of
culture;
(C) Transverse section showing organisation of meristematic zone (Bar=100 μm);
(D) In vitro rooting in regenerated shoot on MS+IBA (0.5 μM), after 4 weeks.
-Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P
18. Bed preparation:
Bed height : 10-15 cm
Width of bed: Raised nursery bed of 1 m width
and convenient length
Season:- April- May
Sowing: Bold and healthy seeds, depth of 1.5-2.0 cm, covered
with soil, water - rose can , seeds germinates – 20-30 days
Transplanting: Seedlings of 20-25 cm height & 50- 55 days
old , Spacing – 40X40 cm
Nursery Management
(Rajat, 2002)
20. Table:4 Effect of sowing date and micronutrients fertilization on weight of flowers and essential oil content
in herb and flowers of Ruta graveolens plants Naguib et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatment -ppm Sowing date
Essential oil/herb Flowers fresh
weight( g/plant)
Essential oil /flowers
Oil % ml/plant oil % ml/plant
control
1 st date
(1st Oct)
0.07 0.032 3.0 0.108 0.003
Fe 50 0.056 0.025 3.3 0.111 0.006
Fe 100 0.079 0.040 7.5 0.117 0.009
Mn 50 0.066 0.020 4.6 0.136 0.006
Mn 100 0.054 0.012 2.2 0.113 0.002
Zn 50 0.074 0.023 3.3 0.037 0.001
Zn 100 0.074 0.035 5.1 0.060 0.003
Mean of 1st date 0.068 0.027 4.2 0.097 0.004
control
2nddate
(1st Nov)
0.107 0.022 3.4 0.110 0.004
Fe 50 0.198 0.050 3.7 0.136 0.005
Fe 100 0.136 0.040 2.8 0.143 0.004
Mn 50 0.128 0.033 3.2 0.065 0.005
Mn 100 0.167 0.02 2.6 0.156 0.002
Zn 50 0.134 0.019 1.9 0.850 0.002
Zn 100 0.219 0.020 1.8 0.075 0.002
Mean of 2st date 0.156 0.029 2.9 0.110 0.003
control
Mean value of
micronutrient
fertilization
0.089 0.027 3.2 0.109 0.004
Fe 50 0.127 0.038 3.5 0.124 0.006
Fe 100 0.128 0.040 5.7 0.138 0.007
Mn 50 0.097 0.027 3.9 0.146 0.006
Mn 100 0.111 0.016 2.4 0.089 0.002
Zn 50 0.104 0.021 2.6 0.061 0.002
Zn 100 0.147 0.027 3.6 0.068 0.003
LSD sowing dates 0.003 N.S. 1.1 N.S. 0.001
LSD minerals 0.006 0.005 1.3 N.S. 0.001
LSD sowing dates mineral fertilizer 0.008 0.008 2.4 N.S. 0.002
21. Table:5 Effect of sowing date and micronutrients fertilization on rutin and coumarin
percentage of Ruta graveolens L. plants
Naguib et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatment-
ppm
Rutin % Coumarin %
1 st date
(1st Oct)
2nd date
(1st Nov)
Mean
1 st date
(1st Oct)
2nd date
(1st Nov)
Mean
Control 0.895 0.945 0.920 0.018 0.200 0.019
Fe 50 0.01 0.190 1.190 0.020 0.250 0.023
Fe 100 1.016 1.080 1.048 0.020 0.026 0.023
Mn 50 0.965 1.170 1.068 0.024 0.027 0.026
Mn 100 0.945 0.020 0.983 0.022 0.020 0.021
Zn 50 1.015 1.100 1.058 0.023 0.022 0.023
Zn 100 0.940 1.070 1.005 0.025 0.024 0.025
Means of
sowing dates
0.964 1.082 - 0.022 0.023 -
22. Irrigation
In lighter soils, more frequent irrigation is needed than that in
heavy soils
After establishment of plants irrigated as and when required
weekly or fortnightly intervals
Field should be kept free from weeds by manual hand weedings
(Rajat, 2002)
23. Manures and Fertilizers
FYM: 10 tonnes /ha
NPK: 150:50:50 Kg/ha
(50 % of N and full dose of P and K applied as basal
dose before planting, another 50 % N is top dressed 45 days
after transplanting) (Basavaraju et al., 2010)
24. Table:6 Influence of VAM fungi on growth of Ruta graveolens L. after 120 days of
inoculation (DAI)
Prakash et al., 2011, Assam
Sl.
No.
Treatment
Increase in
Ht. (cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Fresh
weight of
shoot (gm)
Fresh
weight of
root (gm)
Dry
weight of
shoot (gm)
Dry
weight of
root (gm)
%
Mycorrhizal
colonization
Total VAM
spore
number
(25
gm/soil)
1
Glomus
mosseae
(Gm)
13.5 4.13 12.5 1.0 70.0 4.1 25.0 0.8 30.3 0.8 12.3 2.6 85 8.9 713 9.2
2
Acaulospora
laevis (Al)
10.0 4.03 8.5 2.9 69.1 3.9 23.5 4.2 30.1 1.3 12.1 2.8 80 9.4 678 11.3
3
Gigaspora
gigantea
(Gg)
8.5 2.14 8.5 3.2 60.0 1.4 22.5 1.8 30.0 2.1 11.1 3.4 60 7.6 611 8.9
4
Gm + Al
+ Gg
14.0 1.14 12.8 3.0 70.5 2.1 25.5 3.2 30.5 3.0 12.5 2.9 98 6.4 735 10.8
5 Control 4.3 3.01 4.0 0.8 12.5 0.6 4.5 0.2 7.5 0.5 2.6 0.01 98 2.2 211 5.0
SEm (Standard error of mean); data are Average of five replication each.
25. Table:7 Influence of VAM fungi on shoot and root biomass and P content of Ruta
graveolens L. after 120 days of inoculation (DAI)
Prakash et al., 2011, Assam
Sl.
No.
Treatment
Biomass/plant % P content
Bi Qi
Shoot Root Shoot Root
1
Glomus
mosseae (Gm)
56.71 4.8b 50.80 1.2b 0.48 0.6b 0.61 0.08b 6.5 0.74
2
Acaulospora
laevis (Al)
56.43 4.3b 48.51 1.4b 0.48 0.4b 0.63 0.001b 4.0 0.74
3
Gigaspora
gigantea (Gg)
50.00 2.8a 50.66 2.1a 0.46 0.9a 0.52 0.02a 2.55 0.63
4 Gm + Al + Gg 56.74 1.9b 50.80 2.3b 0.51 3.6b 0.63 0.007b 7.98 0.75
5 Control 40.00 0.8a 42.22 1.0a 0.32 0.9a 0.38 0.001a 0.84 0.62
6 LSD 8.28 8.45 0.14 0.15
-SEm (Standard error of mean); LSD- Least standard deviation; Bi - Biovolume index; Qi
- Quality index
26. Treatment details:
Compost levels (4):
Compost 0- 0 kg N/ha
Compost 1- 78.54 kg N/ha
Compost 2- 159.46 kg N/ha
Compost 3- 238.6 kg N/ha
Sowing distance (3):
30 cm distance between plants
40 cm distance between plants
50 cm distance between plants
(row to row distance- 60cm fixed)
Table: Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on vegetative
characters of Ruta graveolens L.
Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
27. Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
branc
hes
/plant
Fresh weight (g/plant) Dry weight (g/plant)
Leaves Stem Root Total Leaves Stem Root Total
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 34.3 13.8 17.4 28.9 5.1 51.4 7.4 11.4 2.9 21.7
Comp 1 38.5 13.6 14.0 25.5 5.4 44.9 8.7 12.5 3.3 24.3
Comp 2 37.6 13.9 18.6 35.8 6.4 60.8 8.4 13.7 3.7 27.8
Comp 3 41.1 13.2 25.9 46.9 6.5 79.2 9.0 18.5 3.5 31.4
LSD 5% 1.4 NS 1.26 1.64 0.56 0.69 0.60 0.8 0.34 1.17
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 37.4 13.6 17.5 29.9 5.2 52.6 9.0 12.1 3.1 11.1
40 cm 40.5 13.2 20.4 31.4 5.9 57.7 8.1 14.9 4.3 27.3
50 cm 39.5 14.2 19.1 40.8 6.5 66.2 8.0 15.2 4.4 27.7
LSD 5% 1.21 0.48 1.09 1.42 0.49 0.60 0.54 0.69 0.29 1.01
Table:8 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on vegetative characters of
Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha
28. Treatments
plant
height
(cm)
No. Of
branches
/plant
Fresh weight (g/plant) Dry weight (g/plant)
Leaves Stem Root Total Leaves Stem Root Total
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0
30 cm 39.9 14.1 20.4 35.3 5.0 60.7 8.9 14.6 3.0 26.5
40 cm 40.1 12.5 16.6 25 4.9 46.5 6.7 9.6 2.9 19.2
50 cm 37.8 14.9 15.2 23.3 5.3 43.8 6.5 10.0 2.7 19.2
Comp 1
30 cm 36.6 13.8 10.9 15.7 4.2 30.8 8.8 9.2 3.5 23.6
40 cm 39.9 14.5 15.7 31.5 6.2 53.4 8.2 14.9 3.4 26.5
50 cm 39.1 13.0 15.4 29.2 5.9 50.5 7.1 13.5 3.0 23.6
Comp 2
30cm 34.1 13.9 17.4 28.9 6.4 52.7 8.3 11.4 3.5 23.2
40 cm 38.9 11.8 20.9 37.2 6.3 64.4 8.8 17.6 3.7 33.1
50 cm 39.8 14.9 17.6 41.2 6.4 65.2 8.0 12.2 3.9 27.1
Comp3
30 cm 39.1 12.0 21.4 39.6 5.0 66 7.8 13.2 2.5 23.5
40 cm 43 13.8 28.2 31.8 6.3 66.3 10.9 17.4 4.3 30.5
50 cm 41.3 15.1 28.0 69.4 8.4 105.4 10.5 25.0 4.8 40.3
LSD 5% 2.42 0.96 2.19 2.84 0.97 1.2 1.09 1.39 0.58 2.02
Continued……
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha
29. Treatments
Flower
yield/
plant(g)
Essential oil(%) Essential oil ml/ ha
Leaves Flower Leaves Flowers
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 39.2 0.119 0.131 517.22 1288.34
Comp 1 36.2 0.112 0.109 425.00 1511.73
Comp 2 44.6 0.103 0.135 510.46 1491.21
Comp 3 64.8 0.121 0.164 712.93 1535.00
LSD 5% 2.18 0.006 0.003 14.95 158.32
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 43.4 0.131 0.144 726.69 1711.98
40 cm 45.6 0.110 0.133 538.63 1623.37
50 cm 49.6 0.100 0.128 363.66 1034.35
LSD 5% 1.89 0.005 0.004 12.95 137.09
Table:9 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on flowers yield and
essential oil of Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha
30. Treatments
Flower yield/
plant(g)
Essential oil(%) Essential oil ml/ ha
Leaves Flower Leaves Flowers
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0
30 cm 40.0 0.099 0.123 637.82 1561.23
40 cm 38.3 0.125 0.127 525.46 1233.72
50 cm 39.3 0.134 0.143 388.42 1070.04
Comp 1
30 cm 32.7 0.113 0.085 590.22 1707.22
40 cm 39.1 0.116 0.163 462.01 1617.02
50 cm 36.7 0.076 0.150 222.77 1049.10
Comp 2
30cm 37.7 0.140 0.143 590.22 1710.39
40 cm 42.1 0.100 0.172 530.55 1837.88
50 cm 54.0 0.068 0.090 226.58 925.344
Comp3
30 cm 63.3 0.171 0.180 767.93 1869.04
40 cm 62.9 0.100 0.113 715.86 1804.87
50 cm 68.3 0.123 0.128 654.98 1092.90
LSD 5% 3.77 0.012 0.009 21.300 208.980
Continued……
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha
31. Table:10 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on rutin and
coumarin (%) of Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatments Total Rutin(%) Total Coumarin(%)
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 1.31 0.0127
Comp 1 1.43 0.0143
Comp 2 1.51 0.0150
Comp 3 1.52 0.0153
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 1.46 0.0145
40 cm 1.40 0.0140
50 cm 1.45 0.0145
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0 (0 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.20 0.0120
40 cm 1.21 0.0120
50 cm 1.42 0.0140
Comp 1 (78.54 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.50 0.0150
40 cm 1.51 0.0150
50 cm 1.31 0.0130
Comp 2 (159.46 kg N/ha)
30cm 1.51 0.0150
40 cm 1.42 0.0140
50 cm 1.52 0.0150
Comp3 (238.6 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.61 0.0160
40 cm 1.51 0.0150
50 cm 1.60 0.0160
32. Table:11 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil content in Ruta
graveolens L. Kumar et al., 2006, Solan
Fertilizer
doses
Plant
height (cm)
No. of
branches
Longest
branch
length
(cm)
Fresh
herbage
yield (q/ha)
Root yield
(q/ha)
Essential
oil content
(%)
Essential
oil yield
(l/ha)
N 0 Kg/ha 46.77 5.89 21.22 54.62 2.68 0.08 4.37
N 20 Kg/ha 50.80 7.34 22.55 61.95 3.38 0.08 4.96
N 40 Kg/ha 64.39 11.89 27.33 73.11 4.25 0.09 6.58
N 60 Kg/ha 70.12 12.22 48.89 91.00 6.89 0.10 9.10
N 80 Kg/ha 70.81 16.67 57.22 99.73 9.25 0.11 10.97
N100 Kg/ha 71.52 17.00 62.60 114.7 11.29 0.12 13.76
N120 Kg/ha 80.42 18.45 68.22 117.3 14.62 0.12 14.08
CD at 5% 3.10 3.11 6.44 9.11 1.67 0.03 1.89
33. Table:12 Green and dry herb yield of garden rue as influenced by integrated nutrient
management practices in coconut garden Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Green herb yield (kg/ha) Dry herb yield (kg/ha)
I Harvest II Harvest III Harvest Total I Harvest II Harvest III Harvest Total
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
3121 6872 9925 19918 933 1824 2102 4859
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
2963 6358 8642 17963 871 1646 1852 4369
3 100 % N through FYM 2990 4376 7329 14695 898 1173 1424 3495
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
3035 4479 6416 13930 919 1166 1336 3421
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
2329 3323 4681 10333 693 878 988 2558
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2973 6626 9794 19393 892 1804 1972 4667
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through fertilizers
2719 6375 8052 17147 837 1756 1678 4271
8
0 % N through CCP + 50
% NPK through fertilizers
2675 6128 8100 16903 809 1660 1613 4083
S. Em 198 455 649 1142 56 106 106 240
CD at 5 % NS 1380 1968 3465 NS 322 322 728
34. Table:13 Alkaloid content in dry herb and alkaloid yield per hectare of Garden rue as influenced by
integrated nutrient management practices Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Alkaloid content % Alkaloid yield (Kg/ha)
I
Harvest
II
Harvest
III
Harvest
Mean
I
Harvest
II
Harvest
III
Harvest
Total
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
2.60 2.29 1.57 2.16 24.21 41.81 33.00 99.02
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
2.42 2.18 1.55 2.05 21.22 35.81 28.65 85.68
3 100 % N through FYM 1.95 2.08 1.52 1.85 17.6 24.35 21.74 63.69
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
1.91 2.05 1.51 1.82 17.56 23.85 20.09 61.5
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
1.71 1.94 1.53 1.73 11.86 17.00 15.12 43.98
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2.44 2.22 1.60 2.08 21.7 40.04 31.56 93.30
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through
fertilizers
2.65 2.30 1.55 2.15 22.19 40.70 25.94 88.83
8
50 % N through CCP +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2.59 2.28 1.56 2.14 20.61 37.90 25.14 83.65
S. Em 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.08 1.7 3.11 1.83 5.44
CD at 5 % 0.46 0.26 NS 0.24 5.16 9.44 5.56 16.5
35. Table:14 Economics of intercropping system of Garden rue in coconut garden as influenced by
integrated nutrient management practices
Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Economics of intrecrop Economics of intercropping system
Gross
income
(Rs./ha)
Cost of
production
(Rs./ha)
Net
income
(Rs./ha)
B:C
ratio
Gross
income
(Rs./ha)
Cost of
production
(Rs./ha)
Net
income
(Rs./ha)
B:C
ratio
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
106892 31960 74932 3.34 151267 50850 100417 2.97
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
96118 26960 69158 3.57 140493 45850 94643 3.06
3 100 % N through FYM 76894 37420 39474 2.05 121269 56310 64959 2.15
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
75265 36230 39035 2.08 119640 55120 64520 2.17
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
56283 37160 19123 1.51 100658 56050 44608 1.8
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
102682 33520 69162 3.06 147057 52410 94647 2.81
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through
fertilizers
93960 32930 61030 2.85 138335 51820 86515 2.67
8
50 % N through CCP +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
89826 33390 56436 2.69 134201 52280 81921 2.57
9 Coconut alone 38125 18890 19235 2.02
36. Root Rot : Pythium and Phytophtora sp.
Symptoms:
The base of stems discolor and shrink, and leaves further up
the stalk wilt and die
Leaves near base are affected first. The roots will turn
black and rot or break
Management :
Remove affected plants and their roots
Only use fresh, sterilized soil mix
Avoid over watering to plants and make sure that soil is well drained prior
to planting
Drenching Dithane M-45 (0.2%)
Diseases
(Rajat, 2002)
37. Citrus butter fly: Papilio demoleus
Management : Spraying of pongamia oil or neem oil 2%
Spray with Methyl parathion @ 1ml/ L & Monocrotophos @ 2ml/ L
Aphid : Myzus persicae
Management : Spraying of neem oil 2%
Spray with Permethrin or Malathion @ 1 ml/ L
Pests
(Rajat, 2002)
38. Five to six months old plant can be harvested during full
flowering stage
At this stage it contains maximum percentage of active
ingredients (Essential oil, Rutin, Coumarin)
The cut plant should be dried in shade and stored
Average yield: 2.5-3.0 tonne / ha of dry herb
Harvesting
(Rajat, 2002)
42. Table: 15 Diameter of halo in various amounts of the Ruta graveolens
extract in Disk method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
-Numbers are millimeter-based. the Mean (SD) diameter of halo was
determined after three times repeats
-Diameter of each disk was 6 mm
43. Fig:2 Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens on Saprolegnia in
disk method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
44. Table:16 Diameter of halo in various amounts of the Ruta
graveolens extract in wells method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
-Numbers are millimeter-based. the Mean (SD) diameter of halo was
determined after three times repeats
-Diameter of each disk was 6 mm
45. Fig:3 Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens on Saprolegnia in
wells method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
47. Fig:4 Metaphases from control and Ruta 6-treated MGR1 human brain cancer
cells showing mitotic catastrophe Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal
A- normal metaphase spread from a
control culture;
B- endoreduplicated partial metaphase
spread showing dicentrics, chromatid
breaks, and tri-radial configurations;
C- an endoreduplicated metaphase
with extensive chromosome
fragmentations from Ruta-treated
cultures.
48. Fig:5 Histograms showing percentages of mitotic index (MI) and normal and abnormal metaphases
of human brain cancer and B-lymphoid cells treated for 24 h with Ruta 6-high dose only, H2O2 only
and in combination: Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal
A, human MGR1 brain
cancer cells showing
higher percentages
of abnormal metaphases
in H2O2- and Ruta 6-
treated cells;
B, normal human B-
lymphoid cells showing
more normal metaphases
in Ruta-treated cultures
and protection by Ruta 6
against H2O2
49. Fig: 6 FACS analyses of MGR1 brain cancer cells and normal B-lymphoid
cells for apoptosis after treatment with Ruta 6.
Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal
57. Table:18 Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic
extract of R. graveolens.
Ratheesh and Helen, 2007
Values are mean S.E.m
P<0.05, significantly different from control
60. Conclusion
For shooting and rooting of leaf segment derived callus of rue MS
medium with 7.5 µM BA and 0.5 µM IBA found better respectively
Mixed consortium of G. mosseae, A. laevis and G. gigantea are the best
strains of VAM to get higher yield of biomass, P content, Bi and Qi
Application of N at 120 kg/ha significantly superior to improve the
growth, yield and quality parameters
Ruta in combination with Ca3(PO4)2 could be used for effective
treatment of brain cancers, particularly glioma
Ethanolic extract from rue roots had good antifungal effects against
Saprolegnia spp.
Editor's Notes
Peter et al., 2010
Garden Rue plant with different parts
Rajat, 2002
Basavarju et al., 2010
± Sem (Standard error mean)LSD- Least standard deviationBi - Biovolume indexQi - Quality index
Prevailing market prices of economic produce of garden rue and coconutCropEconomic producePriceGarden rueDry herbRs. 22/kgCoconutNutsRs. 5/kg
-Numbers are millimeter-based. the Mean± (SD) diameter of halo was determined after three times repeats.-Diameter of each disk was 6 mm
A- normal metaphase spread from a control culture; B- endoreduplicated partial metaphase spread showingdicentrics, chromatid breaks, and tri-radial configurations; and C- an endoreduplicatedmetaphase with extensive chromosome fragmentations from Ruta-treated cultures.
A, human MGR1 brain cancer cells showing higher percentages of abnormal metaphases in H2O2- and Ruta 6-treated cells; B, normal human B-lymphoid cells showing more normal metaphases in Ruta-treated cultures and protection by Ruta 6 against H2O2
Figure 5. FACS analyses of MGR1 brain cancer cells and normal B-lymphoidcells for apoptosis after treatment with Ruta 6. Both cell types were treatedfor 72 h with the same dose of Ruta. Treated and control cells of MGR1 andB-lymphoid cultures were harvested and then stained with propidium iodideand subjected to flow cytometric analysis. The proportion of cells withsubdiploid DNA content in each treatment is indicated in the histograms.Similar results were obtained in two independent experiments
Fig 1: Antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolensstem
Fig 2: Antimicrobial activity of Methanolic extract of Ruta graveolensstem
Fig 3: Antimicrobial activity of Chloroform extract of Ruta graveolensstem
Fig 4: Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens L. stem
Values are mean ± S.E.MP<0.05, significantly different from ontrol