This document discusses gastropods, specifically their taxonomy, diversity, and distribution in India. It provides details on the phylum Mollusca, noting there are over 85,000 mollusc species worldwide, with 3,271 found along the Indian coast. The class Gastropoda contains over 65,000-80,000 snail and slug species worldwide. In India, around 1900 gastropod species have been reported. Several commercially exploited gastropod species found in Indian waters are described, and threats to gastropods like habitat destruction are outlined. IUCN lists over 7300 gastropod species, with some endangered or critically endangered.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Eggs and larvae identification biology in fin fish Ashish sahu
Characters most useful in identification of fish eggs are the following: (1) egg shape-spherical, ellipsoidal, irregular, or oth- erwise; (2) egg size-fish eggs range in size from 0.5 to 26.0 mm; (3) oil globules-presence or-absence.
Identification of Fish Eggs - SWFSCswfsc.noaa.gov › publications
Search for: How can you tell a fish egg?
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
Many farmers have been unable to successfully breed African Catfish.Several attempts made have given unfruitful results. In this guide, Lanre Ogunsina lists his own simple 19 proven steps to efficiently breed the African Catfish.
Due to the difficulties of getting consistent, fast growing, disease resistant and uniform sized catfish fingerlings and juveniles, the African Catfish Hatchery came into existence.
In the African Catfish Hatchery, catfish fry ‘come out’ from eggs under an artificial condition in commercial numbers. These fry grow into fingerlings and they later become juveniles.
Effect of environmental factors on fish egg and larvae pptAshish sahu
Introduction
Marine oil spills can affect the ecosystem both through their physical influence on the organisms and through the effect of the various chemicals in the oil. On the physical side, organisms can get caught in the viscous oil. Oil can also form a barrier to the surface, which can be damaging for some species of fish when they come to the surface to fill the swim bladder (Sundby et al., 2013). There are also several chemicals in the oil that can increase the mortality for eggs and larvae (Neff et al., 2000; Barron et al., 2004). Oil can stimulate the formation of marine snow (Passow et al., 2012) that may subsequently sinks to the ocean floor where it can impact the benthic fauna. If conditions become anoxic, oil in the sediment would decay more slowly since the biological remineralization of the oil is retarded in anoxic conditions. The use of dispersants to increase the rate of remineralization has also received attention in terms of its potential negative effect on the ecosystem (Kleindienst et al., 2015; Vikebø et al., 2015).
This study focuses on the seas around southern Norway (Figure 1), where the currents are dominated by the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) that flows along the coast all the way from the Skagerrak to northern Norway. This current would primarily transport oil spills, eggs, and larvae along the coast. In the northern part of the area, the NCC flows side by side with the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NAC), which is a more saline current also directed northwards. Strong winds of variable directions and high waves occur frequently, particularly during winter, and contribute to the upper layer drift. The area has strong mesoscale activity, particularly in the frontal region between the fresher NCC and the eastern branch of the NAC, and thus it is difficult to predict the local currents on short time scales. The tidal amplitudes, and consequently the tidal currents, are small (<1.0 m) in the southern parts of Norway, but become larger in northern Norway.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Eggs and larvae identification biology in fin fish Ashish sahu
Characters most useful in identification of fish eggs are the following: (1) egg shape-spherical, ellipsoidal, irregular, or oth- erwise; (2) egg size-fish eggs range in size from 0.5 to 26.0 mm; (3) oil globules-presence or-absence.
Identification of Fish Eggs - SWFSCswfsc.noaa.gov › publications
Search for: How can you tell a fish egg?
it is about the length and weight relationship of fish , growth, length, weight, absolute growth, isometric growth, relative growth, allometric growth,
Many farmers have been unable to successfully breed African Catfish.Several attempts made have given unfruitful results. In this guide, Lanre Ogunsina lists his own simple 19 proven steps to efficiently breed the African Catfish.
Due to the difficulties of getting consistent, fast growing, disease resistant and uniform sized catfish fingerlings and juveniles, the African Catfish Hatchery came into existence.
In the African Catfish Hatchery, catfish fry ‘come out’ from eggs under an artificial condition in commercial numbers. These fry grow into fingerlings and they later become juveniles.
Effect of environmental factors on fish egg and larvae pptAshish sahu
Introduction
Marine oil spills can affect the ecosystem both through their physical influence on the organisms and through the effect of the various chemicals in the oil. On the physical side, organisms can get caught in the viscous oil. Oil can also form a barrier to the surface, which can be damaging for some species of fish when they come to the surface to fill the swim bladder (Sundby et al., 2013). There are also several chemicals in the oil that can increase the mortality for eggs and larvae (Neff et al., 2000; Barron et al., 2004). Oil can stimulate the formation of marine snow (Passow et al., 2012) that may subsequently sinks to the ocean floor where it can impact the benthic fauna. If conditions become anoxic, oil in the sediment would decay more slowly since the biological remineralization of the oil is retarded in anoxic conditions. The use of dispersants to increase the rate of remineralization has also received attention in terms of its potential negative effect on the ecosystem (Kleindienst et al., 2015; Vikebø et al., 2015).
This study focuses on the seas around southern Norway (Figure 1), where the currents are dominated by the Norwegian Coastal Current (NCC) that flows along the coast all the way from the Skagerrak to northern Norway. This current would primarily transport oil spills, eggs, and larvae along the coast. In the northern part of the area, the NCC flows side by side with the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NAC), which is a more saline current also directed northwards. Strong winds of variable directions and high waves occur frequently, particularly during winter, and contribute to the upper layer drift. The area has strong mesoscale activity, particularly in the frontal region between the fresher NCC and the eastern branch of the NAC, and thus it is difficult to predict the local currents on short time scales. The tidal amplitudes, and consequently the tidal currents, are small (<1.0 m) in the southern parts of Norway, but become larger in northern Norway.
A short description about magur fish.The walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia, but also introduced outside its native range where it is considered an invasive species. It is named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to find food or suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do, it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a wiggling motion with snakelike movements.[2] This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, swamps, streams and rivers, flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
fish population dynamics, Population structureDegonto Islam
Estimation of fish population dynamics are often based on age structures. Understanding past
population structure is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it can reveal when migration
regimes changed in natural populations, thereby pointing to potential environmental factors such as
climate changes as driving evolutionary forces. Characterizing the structure of extent populations is also
key to conservation genetics as translocation or reintroduction decisions must preserve evolutionary
stable units. Finally, population structure has important biomedical consequences either when a number
of subpopulation groups is locally adapted to particular environmental conditions (and maladapted
when exposed to new environments) or represents a confounding factor in the study of the statistical
association between genetic variants and phenotyp
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
A short description about magur fish.The walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a species of freshwater airbreathing catfish native to Southeast Asia, but also introduced outside its native range where it is considered an invasive species. It is named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to find food or suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as most bipeds or quadrupeds do, it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it upright as it makes a wiggling motion with snakelike movements.[2] This fish normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, swamps, streams and rivers, flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes such as the Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. The fishes belong to the most numerous and diversified group among vertebrates. They dominate the water bodies of the world through a variety of morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. They have been in existence for more than 450 million years. A total of 24618 species of fishes belonging to 482 families and 4258 genera have so far been described. About 58% of the fish species are marine while 41% are freshwater inhabitants and 1% migrants. In our Indian region alone, there are 2,500 species of which 930 are inhabitants of freshwater and the rest live in the seas. In other words, India harbours 11.5% of the fish fauna so far known in the world. There are over 800 living species of sharks and rays, 30 species of chimaeras and ratfishes, 6 species of lung fishes, 1 species of coelacanths, 36 species of long ray finned bichirs, sturgeons and paddlefishes. The Neopterygii are the rest of the known species of modem fishes. All these fishes inhabit various niches in the aquatic environment. The diversified habitats of fishes include open oceans, deep oceanic trenches, nearshore waters, saline coastal embayments, brackishwaters, estuaries, intermittent streams, tiny desert springs, vernal pools, cold mountain streams, lakes, ponds, etc.
fish population dynamics, Population structureDegonto Islam
Estimation of fish population dynamics are often based on age structures. Understanding past
population structure is of interest to evolutionary biologists because it can reveal when migration
regimes changed in natural populations, thereby pointing to potential environmental factors such as
climate changes as driving evolutionary forces. Characterizing the structure of extent populations is also
key to conservation genetics as translocation or reintroduction decisions must preserve evolutionary
stable units. Finally, population structure has important biomedical consequences either when a number
of subpopulation groups is locally adapted to particular environmental conditions (and maladapted
when exposed to new environments) or represents a confounding factor in the study of the statistical
association between genetic variants and phenotyp
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Evolution is a developmental process from simple to complex form of life. Evolution of elephant started 60mya, from size of a pig. It spread all over world especially Africa and Asia. Today only two species Loxodonta and Elephas exist.
Flatfishes are the common name of the order Pleuronectiformes. The characteristic features of flatfishes are their asymmetry, mainly their eyes, both eyes on the same side of the head in juveniles and adults.
this presentation deals with the Flat fishes and their fisheries in India.
it is a presentation which talks about 6 marine animals and 4 aquatic plants which are found to live in the Atlantic ocean.
it is a colorful presentation with lots of images to substantiate the information given aside.
Taxonomic status and biology of sea turtle[college of fisheries, Kishanganj]....AryanRoy28
Expected learning outcome: taxonomic status, feeding habits, distribution and description of sea turtles ; legal protection provided to sea turtle under international law ; Conservation goals and measure to protect sea turtles
So this is a visual PPT, made with reference book - Applied Fishery Science By S.M Shafi and most of the data was collected from FAO and CMFRI . Molluscan fisheries here in this PPT is related with India so most of the organisms are indigenous. Have a look . It would be pictorial but once you know about the topic it's the best
Sea Turtle Understanding the Biology, Habitat, Reproductive Biology and Threa...SubhadipBar
Understanding the Biology, Habitat, Reproductive Biology and Threats on Sea Turtle. Behalf of the course of Aquatic mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. Sea turtles are fascinating marine reptiles known for their longevity, migratory behavior, and importance in maintaining the health of ocean ecosystems.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
TAXONOMY , BIODIVWESITY , DISTRIBUTION OF GASTROPODS IN INDIA
1. KERALA UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES ANDOCEAN STUDIES
DEPARTMENT : FISHERIES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
COURSE TITLE : MARINE ECOSYSTEMS , BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
COURSE NO : FRM-503
RM 51 TOPIC : TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF
GASTROPODS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INDIA
SUBMITTED BY
RAVI KIRAN PAMISETTY
FSM-2020-20-07
2. PHYLUM - MOLLUSCA
• Includes all snails and slugs ,clams, oysters, scallops, geoducks, mussels
• Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the arthropoda.
• Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized.
• Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic ( F.W & M.W)
• A total of 3,271 species of molluscs are distributed along the Indian coast which
includes 220 families and 591 genera
• Molluscs are the largest marine phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named
marine organisims
• They are bilaterally symmetrical and coelomates animals.
• Body covered with calcareous shell and is unsegmented with distinctive head ,
muscular foot ,visceral mass
• Except cephalopods circulatory system is open type.
3. • Molluscs are classified into classes based on symmetry , shell , mantle
,gills , nervous system and radula.
4.
5. Class- gastropoda
• The gastropods commonly known as snails and slugs
• The class Gastropoda contains a vast total of named species, second only to
the insects in overall number.
• they are most highly diversified class in the phylum mollusca, with 65,000 to
80,000 living snail and slug species.
• There are 444 recently extinct species of gastropods (extinct since the year
1500), 18 species that are now extinct in the wild (but still existing in captivity)
and 69 "possibly extinct" species.
• About 1900 species of gastropods have been reported from India
• In marine habitats, the continental slope and the continental rise are home to
the highest diversity of marine gastropods.
• Gastropods are asymmetrical molluscs that underwent torsion.
6. Gastropods are classified mainly into three sub classes
1.Prosobranchia
It include the majority of marine snails, among
them conches, cones, cowries, limpets, murexes, periwinkles, volutes and
whelks
2. Opisthobranchia
It includes sacoglossans, anaspidean sea hares, pelagic sea angels, sea
butterflies etc..,
3. Pulmonata
It includes snails and slugs
10. Babylonia spirata (whelk)
Mainly found along tamilnadu coast and also in west coast
• They are mostly carnivorous and scavengers.
• Shell is thick, smooth with distinctive spiral and conical in
shape. The shell coloration and pattern of colour design is
variable from plain brown to white with brown or orange
spots.
• The meat is edible and the shell is used in the shell craft
industries.
11. Tectus niloticus
• This marine species is widespread in the Indo-Pacific region ,
mainly found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• live in shallow areas on intertidal reef flats, along the reef crest
or on reef slopes
feed on very small plants and filamentous algae grazed on coral
and rocks.
conical in shape ,Outer surface of the shell is white with many
reddish-brown longitudinal bands
12. Chanks (Turbinella pyrum)
Turbinella pyrum, common names the chank shell, sacred
chank or chank, also known as the divine conch
Major chank resources occur in the Gulf of Manner, particularly
along the Ramanathapuram – Tirunelveli coast. Other areas are
Tanjavur, South Arcot and Chingelpet in Tamil Nadu,
Trivandrum coast in Kerala, the Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat and the
Andaman's.
The shell is huge, thick, pear-shaped and coated with a brownish
horny periostracum
13. Lambis lambis ( spider conch)
• These lives in mangrove areas, as well as reef flats and coral-
rubble bottoms in shallow water
• Lambis lambis is known to be herbivorous, feeding on
fine red algae.
• The five-fingered chank is large, thick and heavy with a
slightly high and pointed spire.
• Dorsal surface of body is rough, with uneven spiral cords and
2 or 3 spiral rows of blunt tubercles, forming large knobs on
the shoulder.
• Mainly distributed along east coast
14. Agaronia gibbosa
• It is mostly found on southeren parts of east and west
coast.
• Mostly found on Coastal, sandy bottom.
• Colour pale yellowish brown with a prominent yellow
band at the base, mottled with black spots,Sometimes
whitish with zig zag transspiral brownish bands, spire
and column yellowish white, aperture bluish white.
15. Cypraea tigris
• Its mainly found along east coast and Lakshadweep island.
• Carnivorous, the adult tiger cowrie eats coral and
various invertebrates, while juveniles eat algae.
• Roughly egg-shaped and dextral, the glossy shell is large and
heavy for a cowry. The ventral side is white or whitish, and
the shell opening is lined with tooth-like serrations.
16. Chicoreus virgineus
• This species occurs in intertidal regions from the Red Sea to
the Bay of Bengal.
• Shell moderately large in size; fusiform; spire acute; body
whorl large and inflated
• colour pale brown with a slight pinkish band on middle of
body whorl; aperture white, margin of aperture pinkish
white.
17. Umbonium vestiarium (button tops)
• They can be found on eulittoral sand ,found mainly
in indo- pacific regions , in india along east coast
• The solid, rounded shells are up to 2 cm wide and
are more flattened and show a glossy, highly
variable and colourfully patterned exterior.
18. Conus glaucus ( glaucous cone)
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable
of "stinging" humans
• The color of the shell is bluish ash or very light chocolate,
with usually a lighter narrow central band, and numerous
short chocolate lines in revolving series.
• It is mostly found on southeren parts of
east and west coast.
19. IUCN RED LIST OF GASTROPODS
TOTAL number of gastropod species under IUCN red list = 7326
EX - Extinct =267
EW - Extinct in the Wild =14
CR - Critically Endangered (includes CR(PE) and CR(PEW))=604
EN - Endangered =518
VU - Vulnerable=975
LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent = 0
NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened)=637
DD - Data Deficient = 1648
LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk/least concern = 2663
20.
21. species of molluscs have been listed in the Indian Wildlife
(protection) Act, 1972, amended in 2001
22. THREATS
• Housing and urbanization
• Mining and quarrying.
• Tourism and recreational areas.
• Soil erosion and sedimentation.
• Global climatic change
• Habitat destruction and fragementation
• pollution
23. REFERENCES
• Mohamed, K S (2006) Molluscan Fisheries. In: Handbook of Fisheries
and Aquaculture. Ayyappan, S,(ed.) Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, pp. 116-134.
• Narasimham, K.A., V. Kripa and K. Balan (1993). Molluscan shellfish
resources of India An overview. Indian J. Fish. 40(1&2): 112-124.
• K. Sunil Mohamed and V. Venkatesan MARINE MOLLUSCAN DIVERSITY
IN INDIA - EXPLOITATION, CONSERVATION
• Appukuttan, K.K. 1996. Marine molluscs and their conservation. In
Marine BiodiversityConservation and Management. Central Marine
Fisheries Institute, Cochin, eds. N.G.Menon and C.S.G. Pillai.
