Shellfish are aquatic invertebrates with exoskeletons made of shells. They are divided into two categories - crustaceans and molluscs. Crustaceans have segmented bodies and jointed appendages, while molluscs have soft, unsegmented bodies and most have external shells. Major edible crustaceans include shrimp, prawns, crabs and lobsters. Major edible molluscs include bivalves like clams, mussels and oysters, as well as gastropods, cephalopods like squid and octopus. Many shellfish are commercially important seafood and aquaculture products.
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Threat of sea turtle Rajeev raghavan Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
Sea turtles, sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle, and leatherback sea turtle.
Sea turtle, any of seven species of marine turtles belonging to the families Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles) and Cheloniidae (green turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, hawksbills, and ridleys).
Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle, and even the sandy beaches of the Eastern Pacific. WWFs work on sea turtles focuses on five of those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback and olive ridley.
See more on worldwildlife.org
Mollusca of India and need for conservationAshish sahu
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda. The members are known as molluscs or mollusks. Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000 additional species
Threat of sea turtle Rajeev raghavan Kufos kerala Ashish sahu
Sea turtles, sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira. The seven existing species of sea turtles are the green sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Kemp's ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, flatback sea turtle, and leatherback sea turtle.
Sea turtle, any of seven species of marine turtles belonging to the families Dermochelyidae (leatherback sea turtles) and Cheloniidae (green turtles, flatback sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, hawksbills, and ridleys).
Seven different species of sea (or marine) turtles grace our ocean waters, from the shallow seagrass beds of the Indian Ocean, to the colorful reefs of the Coral Triangle, and even the sandy beaches of the Eastern Pacific. WWFs work on sea turtles focuses on five of those species: green, hawksbill, loggerhead, leatherback and olive ridley.
See more on worldwildlife.org
Sea turtles are reptiles that live in the ocean.
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.
They are cold blooded animals
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Sea turtles are reptiles that live in the ocean.
Sea turtles (superfamily Chelonioidea), sometimes called marine turtles, are reptiles of the order Testudines and of the suborder Cryptodira.
They are cold blooded animals
SYSTEMATIC POSITION of clams
What is the difference between mussels, oysters, scallops and clams?
General characteristics of clams
Distribution and habitat of clams
BIOLOGY of clams
Breeding habit of clams
Present status of production
Craft and gear
Clams have two symmetrical shells(Bivalve)
They can filters their food
Clams can control their outer shells and shut them in response to stimuli, via a elastic ligament and two large muscles
In side their usually grey, black shells you can see a white, tan center
Clams have siphons that forces water out and allows them to take in micro organisms
There are over 150 edible species.There are over 15,000 species of clams.Small freshwater clams fertilize eggs in a pouch and bear their young until its shell develops.
The Giant clam can weigh more than 400lb and live for over 150 years.
It takes 3-4 years for a clam to mature to market size.
Some clams can produce pearls.One in 5,000 clams forms a pearl.
A clam can live until about 35 years if not eaten.
distribution:
Marine clams are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones.
Certain species of marine clams prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents. The South African white mussel exceptionally doesn't bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above the sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes.
Freshwater clams inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Edible Shellfish Fauna
• Shellfish are aquatic invertebrates having an exoskeleton made of a
shell.
• They can be grouped into two general categories: Crustaceans and
Molluscs.
• Crustaceans refers to those organisms that have segmented bodies
covered with armour-like sections of thick or thin shell and bear
jointed appendages.
• Molluscs have a soft unsegmented body and live in aquatic or damp
habitats, and most kinds have an external calcareous shell.
3. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Types of Shellfish
• Crustaceans: Prawns, Shrimps, Crabs, Lobsters, Crayfishes, etc.
• Molluscs: Gastropods/Univalves (snails), Bivalves (clams, mussels,
oysters) and Cephalopods (squids, cuttlefish, octopus).
4. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Crustaceans
Shrimps and Prawns
Shrimps and Prawns belong to the Order Decapoda (having 10 pairs of legs: 5 pairs of
walking legs and 5 pairs of swimming legs).
Generally the smaller forms are termed Shrimp while the larger ones are known as Prawns.
In seafood trade, the marine forms are referred to as Shrimp (Family Penaeidae) while the
freshwater forms are referred to as Prawns (Family Palaemonidae).
5. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Freshwater Prawns
The Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, popularly
known as SCAMPI, is the most important species.
Males and females have different growth rates; the males exhibit
heterogenous individual growth. Among males there are three different
morphotypes (Small Males, Orange Claws and Blue Claws) which display
social hierarchy.
All three types of males are sexually active, and females that have
undergone premating moult will pair with any type male to reproduce.
A Blue Claw male protects the female until their shells have hardened but
the other two show no such behaviour.
6. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Freshwater Prawns
The second largest freshwater
palaemonid prawn, Macrobrachium
malcolmsonii, also called the Indian
River Prawn/Monsoon River Prawn,
has great potential for aquaculture
development in the inland waters
7. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Marine Shrimp
Some of the commercially important marine
shrimps are Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon),
Indian White Prawn (Penaeus indicus), Pink Shrimp
(Metapenaeus dobsoni), Brown Shrimp
(Metapenaeus monoceros), etc.
For Aquaculture purpose, the exotic Pacific White
Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is better for low
saline or brackishwater medium.
8. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Crabs
Crabs are decapods in which the five pairs of thoracic legs are well
developed and used for capturing prey, walking and swimming.
Crabs inhabit a wide variety of habitats like mud flats, rock crevices, under
stones, in gravel and sand and constructed burrows etc.
They are primarily nocturnal and prefer hiding places for shelter during
the day time.
9. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Freshwater Crabs
Freshwater crabs are adapted to semi-terrestrial or
terrestrial mode of life and known for their ability to
complete the life-cycle independent of marine
environment.
They are generally omnivorous, feeding on plant
material, live or dead animals such as fish, prawns,
molluscs, etc., and sometimes cannibalism is also seen.
Over 1300 species are known from the world.
10. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Marine Crabs
Marine crabs are one of the valuable seafood items that
are in great demand both in the domestic and export
markets.
Grow-out culture (‘Crab Fattening’) is generally pond
based wherein crabs juveniles are held in pens or cages.
Production of ‘Soft-Shelled Crabs’ is done using floating
boxes held in tidal ponds.
11. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Lobsters
Lobsters are one of the most valuable and highly priced
crustaceans as well as an important export commodity.
The massive head bears five pairs of walking legs; the
abdomen is well developed, muscular and bears five pairs
of swimmerets. Lobsters are solitary animals that crawl
on the sea floor and hide under rocks.
Growth is slow, most lobsters take more than 3 years to
attain maturation and they have a prolonged life-cycle.
Grow-out and fattening of lobsters is commonly done in
indoor tanks and cages to fetch better price in market.
12. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Molluscs
1. Bivalves
Bivalves as the name suggest are bilaterally symmetrical, with
extensive mantle lobes, which secrete the shell having two valves.
Majority of bivalves are marine and a few species are found in
freshwater habitats.
13. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Clams
Clams are bivalve mollusks with two shells held
together by a hinge. They have a soft body and
siphon, which they use to filter-feed from the
water.
Clam production that is economically important
related to three species, namely Villorita
cyprinoides, Paphia malabarica and Meretrix
casta.
14. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Mussels
Mussels are distinguished by a green–brown shell
and live attached to objects in the sea.
Mussels are a clean and nutritious source of
protein, as well as being a great source of omega
3 fatty acids, zinc and folate, and they exceed the
recommended daily intake of selenium, iodine
and iron.
15. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Oysters
Oyster a seafood creature coated with shell but meat under
shell is full of nutrition which has so many benefits for
health and immune system.
The Pearl Oyster Pinctata fucata, which produces
Natural Pearls in the sea, is utilized for production of
Cultured Pearls.
16. Edible Shellfish Fauna
2. Gastropods/ Snails/ Slugs
Gastropods are the largest group of Phylum Mollusca that
inhabit marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. The
marine gastropods are an important fauna of Rocky Shores.
Some of the common genera include: Turritella, Natica,
Bursa, Tonna, Murex, Babylonia, Oliva, Conus, Umbonium,
Cellana, Turbinella pyrum (Sacred Chank), etc..
17. Edible Shellfish Fauna
3. Cephalopods
Cephalopods are a small group of highly advanced and organized molluscans,
exclusively marine animals.
The best-known feature of the Cephalopods is the possession of arms and
tentacles, eight or ten in most forms, surrounding the head.
The Octopus, Squid, Cuttlefish and Nautilus are the familiar representatives.
18. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Squids
Squid are cephalopods that are a member of the mollusc family. They have eight arms and two long tentacles.
They are ocean predators that move through the water by swimming backwards and pushing water behind
them with their arms.
19. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish are used by humans as food, as a
source of ink, and for the cuttlebone, a dietary
supplement providing calcium for cage birds. A
cuttlefish hides from enemies with camouflage. A
cuttlefish can change skin color and pattern
almost instantly.
Needle Cuttlefish is a bottom-living species that
occurs down to 60 m depth.
20. Edible Shellfish Fauna
Octopus
Octopuses are sea animals famous for their
rounded bodies, bulging eyes, and eight long
arms.
As many as 200 species of Octopodidae are
known to occur in the world Oceans of which
about 60 are reported from the Indian Ocean.
Cistopus indicus which is called the Old-
Woman Octopus is the most commonly
occurring species.