This document discusses mangrove ecosystems, including their distribution, habitat characteristics, and importance. Mangroves are found between 32°N and 38°S, with the largest areas in Indonesia, Nigeria, Australia and Mexico. They are adapted to survive in saline, muddy soils and anoxic conditions. Mangroves protect coastlines, serve as nurseries for fisheries, and support diverse marine and terrestrial wildlife. Common mangrove plants belong to the Rhizophora and Avicennia genera. Mangrove forests are ecologically important and provide resources to coastal communities.
Sundarbans-an introduction by Dibash debDibash Deb
The Sundarbans mangrove forest, one of the largest such forests in the world (140,000 ha), lies on the delta of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers on the Bay of Bengal. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, including 260 bird species, the Bengal tiger and other threatened species such as the estuarine crocodile and the Indian python.
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
A comprehensive presentation to understand the common methods of classification of wetlands, their traits and threats. Also a small study of the flora and fauna of the ecosystem of Carter Road shore- Mumbai
Mangroves offer a diverse array of ecosystem services encompassing coastal safeguarding, provisioning of food, regulation of environmental parameters, cultural significance, and promotion of biodiversity. These services play a critical role in sustaining the livelihoods of coastal populations, as well as in mitigating the effects of climate change and environmental disturbances. The awareness of these ecosystem services within local households holds significance in their involvement in conservation endeavors and sustainable management approaches. However, the ecosystem services provided by mangroves are under threat from activities such as deforestation and coastal development, underscoring the necessity of comprehending and communicating the advantages of mangrove ecosystems for their preservation.
Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a beautiful place, located in the Ramanathpuram & Tuticorin districts of the state of Tamil Nadu. The park is the core area of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve. This is the first marine Biosphere Reserve in India. It was established in the year of 1980. Total area of the park is 6.23 Km 2.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park is a protected area of India consisting of 21 small islands (islets) and adjacent coral reefs in the Gulf of Mannar in the Indian Ocean. It lies 1 to 10 km away from the east coast of Tamil Nadu, India for 160 km between Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) and Dhanushkodi.
The Gulf of Mannar (/ m ə ˈ n ɑːr / mə- NAR) is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the southeastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
The Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park (GOM MNP) comprises of 21 islands surrounded by coral reef areas along with shallow water habitat of unique marine biodiversity. Sea horse, Sea Cow, Dolphins, sea cucumbers etc. are seen here.
9.267°N 77.433°E / 9.267; 77.433 Ramanathapuram District is an administrative district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The town of Ramanathapuram is the district headquarters. Ramanthapuram District has an area of 4123 km 2.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. INTRODUCTION
• The term mangrove refers to an ecological group of
halophytic plant species as well as to a variety of complex
plant communities dominated by these species, found
along sheltered tropical and subtropical shores.
• This is also used to describe a diverse group of plants that
are all adapted to a wet, saline intertidal habitats in the
tropical and subtropical coats. Healthy mangrove forests
are key to a healthy marine ecology.
• The mangroves make an enormous contribution to the
food chain that supports the coastal fisheries
3. DISTRIBUTION
• Mangroves are commonly found throughout the world
between latitudes 32°N and 38°S
•According to the report of the World Resources Institute,
mangroves cover an area of 190,000 to 240,000
•Largest mangrove areas occur in Indonesia (30%) followed
by Nigeria (10%), Australia (8%) and Mexico (7%).
4. India contributes approximately 3% to the world
mangrove area. The mangrove forest cover in India has
reduced from 6000 km2 in 1953 to 2000 – 3000 km2 in
1989.
Mangroves in India are spread over an area of about 4,500
km2 along the coastal States/UTs of the country.
Sunder bans in West Bengal accounts for a little less than
half of the total area under mangroves in India.
5. MANGROVE WETLANDS IN INDIA
State Mangrove
wetland
Total area of the
wetland (ha)*
Actual forest
cover (ha)
East coast
West Bengal Sunderbans 4,26,000 2,12,500
Orissa Mahanadi 67,000 21,500
Andhra Pradesh Godavari 33,250 24,100
Krishna 25,000 15,600
Tamil Nadu Pichavaram 1,300 900
Muthupet 13,000 1,200
West coast
Gujarat Gulf of Kutch 58,200 85,400
Gulf of Khambat 53,123 17,700
Other mangroves – – 1 1,600
Andaman and
Nicobar islands
Andaman islands -- 92,900
Nicobar islands -- 3,700
Total 4,87,100
6. MANGROVE HABITAT AND GROWTH
Most mangroves live on muddy soils, but they also can
grow on sand, peat, and coral rock.
• Zonation often characterizes mangrove forests. Certain
species occupy particular areas, or niches, within the
ecosystem.
• Some mangrove species occur close to shores, fringing
islands, and sheltered bays; others are found further
inland, in estuaries influenced by tidal action.
7. Mangroves vary in height according to species and
environment, from mere shrubs to 40 meter (app. 131 feet)
tall trees.
The prop roots of some mangrove species, such as
Rhizophora spp., or red mangrove, and the
pneumatophores (unique breathing roots) of others, such
as Avicennia spp., or black mangrove, contain many small
"breathing" pores, called "lenticels.“
These allow oxygen to diffuse into the plant and down to
the underground roots by means of air space tissue in the
cortex, called "aerenchyma." The lenticels are inactive
during high tide.
8. Certain species of mangroves exclude salt from their
systems, others actually excrete the salt they take in via
their leaves, roots, or branches.
In species that exclude salt, the mangrove root system is
so effective in filtering out salt that a thirsty traveller
could drink fresh water from a cut root, though the tree
itself stands in saline soil.
9. ADAPTATIONS TO THE MANGROVE
ENVIRONMENT
1. Salinity
•They are capable of living in the salt water by separating the
freshwater from seawater by reverse osmosis at the root level.
Some species can exclude more than 90% of salt in seawater.
•Another method is to secrete salt through the use of special
glands on the leaves of the tree, which are among the most active
salt-secreting systems known.
•Structural adaptations to reduce water loss due to the extreme
saline environment are also found within the mangrove floral
assemblage. Leaves with thick, waxy cuticles and stomata found
only on their lower surfaces are examples of such modification.
10. 2. Survival in the anoxic soil
•The red mangroves, Rhizophora, the root mass is kept
above the loose, anoxic soils so as to have contact with air
for respiration as against keeping the roots below the soil in
other plants.
• In black mangroves, the presence of respiratory roots or
pneumatophores extending above the anoxic mud surface
of the mangrove habitats so to have gaseous exchange is a
special adaptation for efficient respiration mechanisms
11. 3. Reproduction
•Many mangrove species show some form of vivipary (Eg.
Rhizophora).
•The seed is germinated while on the parent tree itself and
grows by combination of photosynthesis and acquisition of
nutrients from the parent.
•This structure, which is neither a seed nor a fruit, which
usually termed a propagule, then falls to the ground.
•The propagules of some species root almost immediately,
but others appear to have an obligatory floating period
before they sink and develop roots.
4. Succulent stem
•Some mangrove plants are known to have succulent stem to
conserve water in its body.
12. IMPORTANCE OF MANGROVE FOREST
• Protect coastlines against erosive wave action and strong
coastal winds, and serve as natural barriers against
tsunamis and torrential storms.
• Refuge and nursery grounds - Mangrove areas are
excellent nursery grounds for a variety of commercially
important prawns, crabs and fin-fishes, as they provide
abundant food and shelter for these organisms.
• These ecosystems provide food, roosting and nesting site
and shelter to a large variety of birds.
13. The mangroves support many trophic levels of aquatic and
terrestrial organisms, by enriching the fertility of estuarine
waters for production of planktons.
Many threatened and endangered species are native to
mangrove forests, which provide critical habitat for
diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna
such as: manatees, crab-eating monkeys, fishing cats,
monitor lizards, sea turtles, Royal Bengal tigers, mud-
skipper fish etc
14. Mangrove forests also provide refuge and nursery grounds
for juvenile fish, crabs, shrimps, molluscs, and other
invertebrates.
Mangroves are prime nesting and migratory resting and
feeding sites for hundreds of bird species.
Important breeding ground for many fishes, crabs, prawns
and other marine animals essential for sustaining a viable
fishing industry
15. • Fallen leaves and branches from mangroves contribute to
the forest detritus and provide nutrients for the marine
environment. These ecosystems are quite productive (350
– 500 g C m–2 yrs.–1). Intricate food webs of immense
varieties of sea life are supported directly through this
detritus.
• Prevent salt water from intruding into rivers.
• Retain, concentrate and recycle nutrients and remove
toxicants through a natural filtering process.
• Provide resources for coastal communities who depend on
the plants for timber, fuel, food, medicinal herbs and other
forest products.
16. BIOTA
Mangrove plants
•The approximately 50 mangrove species that are found
worldwide belong to 20 genera in 16 families, although two
families, Avicenniaceae and Rhizophoraceae, dominate in
number of species and abundance.
•The most common genera include Rhizophora (red
mangrove), Avicennia (black mangrove or grey mangrove)
•Microalgae
• Mangrove water ways are rich in phytoplankton species
such as Navicula, Thalassiothrix, Pleurosigma, Ceratium,
Peridinium, etc