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Ecology
- 1. Ecology Factors affectingthe distribution of organisms Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes I0018 1 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ www.britishecologicalsociety.org I0018* Property of STI 2 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Ecology • The study of the relationships between an organism and its environment and distribution and abundance of organisms • Includes everything in the surroundings that is of importance to the organism • The interactions between organisms and their environment determine the distribution and abundance of organisms ECOLOGY ENVIRONMENT I0018* Property of STI 3 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Ecology • A community of organisms and the non-living environment in which matter cycles and energy flows (Botkin, 1998) • Covers all the life zones of Earth • Can be a large area such as a forest, desert, or an ocean; it can also be a much smaller area such as a puddle of water, a garden, or a pond • All organisms, both living and non- living, and all aspects of the environment interact and affect one another www.forbes.com ECOSYSTEM I0018* Property of STI 4 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 2. Ecosystem • Ecosystems have structure oAbiotic components o Biotic components • Ecosystems have processes o Cycling of chemical elements o Flow of energy rapdakar.blogspot.com PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS I0018* Property of STI 5 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Ecosystem WATER AIR TEMPERATURE LIGHT SOIL Source: Google Image Search ABIOTIC COMPONENTS I0018* Property of STI 6 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Ecosystem The living organisms that make up an ecosystem Source: Google Image Search BIOTIC COMPONENTS I0018* Property of STI 7 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms Producer Consumer Decomposer Source: Google Image Search CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS I0018* Property of STI 8 _________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 3. Classification of Organisms Chemoautotrophs Photoautotrophs Source: Google Image Search AUTOTROPHS I0018* Property of STI 9 __________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Classification of Organisms Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Source: Google Image Search HETEROTROPHS I0018* Property of STI 10 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Classification of Organisms Fungi Bacteria Source: Google Image Search DETRIVORES 11 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms • The number of individuals of a particular species in a given area escape-101.com POPULATION I0018* Property of STI 12 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 4. Population • Provides certainspecies or population whatever it is that they need to survive • Specific to a population Source: Google Image Search HABITAT I0018* Property of STI 13 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Population Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 14 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Factors Affecting the Distribution of Organisms • Consists of all the populations that live and interact in one environment • Interdependent groups of species within a specific geographical area www.codendi.com COMMUNITY I0018* Property of STI 15 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Community Coral Reef Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 16 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 5. Community • The effectsorganisms in a community have on one another • No organism exists in absolute isolation • An organism's interactions with its environment are fundamental to the survival of that organism and the functioning of the ecosystem as a whole BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION I0018* Property of STI 17 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ COMPETITION Biological Interaction Intraspecific Interspecific • Competition occurs between members of the same species • Competition occurs between individuals of different species Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 18 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ PREDATION Biological Interaction Source: Google Image Search • An interaction when a predator feeds on its prey I0018* Property of STI 19 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ PARASITISM Biological Interaction • Relationship between two species in which the host is harmed, but not killed immediately, and the species feeding on it (parasite) is benefited Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 20 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 6. MUTUALISM Biological Interaction • Relationshipbetween species that have developed a positive impact and dependency on each other Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 21 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ COMMENSALISM Biological Interaction • Relationship between species where one organism benefits from the association and the other organism is neither helped nor harmed Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 22 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Aquatic and Terrestrial Biomes • Tundra • Desert • Taiga • Tropical rain forest • Temperate forest • Grassland • Marine • Freshwater Source: Google Image Search TWO BASIC CATEGORIES OF A COMMUNITY TERRESTRIAL AQUATIC I0018* Property of STI 23 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ TERRESTRIAL BIOMES • Extensive treeless plain • Summers are short and winters are long and dark • The animal mostly present is the caribou TUNDRA Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 24 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 7. TERRESTRIAL BIOMES DESERT • Rainfallis less than 50 cm per year • Most plants have developed a series of adaptations such as succulent stems, absence of leaves, and presence of spines Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 25 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ TERRESTRIAL BIOMES TAIGA • A coniferous forest that receives between 10 and 40 inches of rain per year • The trees present here have usually thick protective leaves and bark, as well as needlelike leaves that can withstand snowfall Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 26 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ TERRESTRIAL BIOMES TROPICAL RAINFOREST • Usually found in regions near the equator • Richest biome in terms of biodiversity • Growing season is yearlong due to the rapid cycling of nutrients Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 27 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ TERRESTRIAL BIOMES TEMPERATE FOREST • Extends across the region of northern hemisphere with abundant rainfall and long growing seasons • Deciduous, broad- leaved trees are the dominant plants Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 28 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 8. TERRESTRIAL BIOMES GRASSLAND • Characterizedby deep, rich soil perfect for agriculture, an absence of trees, and presence of large herds of grazing animals • Usually found in temperate and tropical regions where rainfall is between 10 to 30 inches per year Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 29 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ AQUATIC BIOMES MARINE • Covers 70% of the Earth’s surface which includes oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries • The rainwater in terrestrial areas is provided by the evaporation of seawater Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 30 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ MARINE BIOMES OCEAN • The largest and most diverse of the ecosystems • The marine algae supplies most of the Earth’s oxygen and absorbs much of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 31 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ OCEAN INTERTIDAL ZONE • Connects the ocean to land due to the rising and falling of tides • Also known as the foreshore or seashore Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 32 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 9. OCEAN PELAGIC ZONE • Alsoknown as the open ocean • Generally cold • The zone that is not close to the shore and to the bottom Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 33 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ OCEAN BENTHIC ZONE • Consists of all sorts of bacteria, fungi, sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea stars and fishes • Light hardly penetrates and the water is very cold Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 34 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ OCEAN ABYSSAL ZONE • The deepest and coldest part of the ocean and is highly pressurized • Fishes that glow in the dark via a process called photoluminescence are present here • Hydrothermal vents are often found along the ocean floors in this zone Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 35 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ • Mostly found in warm shallow waters • Can be found as barriers along continents such as Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, fringing islands, and atolls Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI MARINE BIOMES CORAL REEFS 36 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________
- 10. • The areawhere fresh water, streams, and rivers merge with ocean Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI MARINE BIOMES ESTUARIES 37 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ AQUATIC BIOMES FRESH WATER • Characterized by having a low salt concentration than the marine biome • Fresh water plants and animals would not survive in waters with high salt concentration • Divided into running and standing water zones Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 38 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ FRESH WATER RUNNING WATER • Bodies of water flowing in one direction • The water is usually clearer, has high oxygen level, and the temperature is cooler Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 39 _________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ FRESH WATER STANDING WATER • Ponds and lakes may have limited diversity of species • Many ponds are seasonal just lasting for a couple of months while lakes may exist for hundred years or more • Lakes and ponds are divided into three zones: littoral zone, limnetic zone and the profundal zone Source: Google Image Search I0018* Property of STI 40 ________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________