Video editing involves rearranging and combining video shots to tell a story in a coherent manner. The key purposes of editing include storytelling, controlling pace, combining different shot types, and following conventions like the 180-degree rule for continuity. Specific editing techniques discussed are match cuts, shot reverse shots, fade ins and outs, and using speed changes like slow motion for dramatic effect and fast motion for comedy. Proper editing sequences shots smoothly and makes the edits invisible so the audience follows the narrative.

1. Task 4
purpose of editing
units 1,16,29
Adam Andrade El-Gharbaoui

2. What is video editing?
▶ Video editing is the process of rearranging video shots to create a new
work that makes sense when all cuts are put together.In a simple
explanation, when a video is complete you want to delete things that
you don’t like, these are called cuts, so the scenes that you are
interested in you’ll have to put them together in a smooth way to it all
links together and it all makes sense.
The purpose of editing

3. Principle of editing, techniques,transactions
and development
● storytelling
● Creating pace
● Combination of shots
● 180 degree rule
● Continuity editing
● Match on action
● Parallel editing
● Cutaway
● Jumpcuts
● Match cut
● Shot reverse shot
● Fade in/Fade out
● Fast slow motion
ellipses

4. Story telling
❖ Storytelling is the part where you have to see that there’s a message in the
video that is understandable to the viewers, however within the a film
enables the audience to be engaged and entertained. Storytelling helps the
audience to understand and follow what is exactly going on throughout the
film. Narrative can be described as the arrangements of events which
allows the storyline to be revealed in linear or nonlinear.
● Linear is the chronological order of events in a film or video
● Non-linear is the non-chronological order of events meaning the scene
could start from the end and go back to the beginning of the story

5. 180 degree rule
The 180 degree rule it’s simple during a film or
scene the camera, the characters should always
be at their places, for example if a woman was
on the right side and a man on the left side the
characters should always stay in their place to
not confuse the viewer, passes over the invisible
axis connecting the two subjects, it is called
crossing the line and the shot becomes what is
called a reverse. This allows the viewers to to
be comfortable while having to see the scene,
the only way this rule can be broken is when
during the process of the switch sides the shot
shows the view point going to the other sides so
it does not disorientate the viewer. By following
the 180 degree rule the filmmaker ensures that
each characters occupies their area of frame,
helping the audience the audience to understand
the layout of the scene.

6. Creating pace
Editing is used to creating pace throughout the scene
and throughout a film, by
slowing down or speeding up the pace of the movie or
clip. The pace of an edit
can alter the way the audience view the film, for
example action films usually
are fast paced, this is done by editing and cutting
shots so they move quickly
and smoothly to another shot or scene, and for
romance films they usually use
slow cuts and slower shots to allow the audience to
see and understand a scene
or the characters. This is done by having longer shots
in the scene.
Fast and furious 7, for the first picture we can see that
there’s a race so the pace of the movie will be fast
because it involves cars, and for the second we can see
that there’s a romantic scene which means that it will
be slow paced
https://youtu.be/QeA0BRKXv7g

7. Combination of shots
Combining shots into shots sequences is the
process of putting together shots and making
them flow smoothly so everything makes sense
and looks good. Once all of the shots have
been individually edited they can finally be
placed together into a sequence, a successful
means the sequence will look good, however,
if the editing is perfect you can realise that
the the edit looks invisible and so the
audience can only see the long sequence. For
ariana’s grande music video we can see a
variety of camera shots, such as close up mid
shot long shots etc, and i'm going to put
examples down below
https://youtu.be/0HDdjwpPM3Y

8. Continuity
Continuity editing is the process in which
short sequences are arranged in a way
that it flows and maintains a clear
continuous narrative action. It is widely
used
in television and films,, The benefits of this
are that the narrative has structure,
the shit sequences flow seamlessly into
each other and it’s way easier to watch
a film, the purpose of continuity editing is
to smooth to establish a logical
coherence between shots.For this example
we can see that the girl’s fingernails
are short and as it switches to the next
scene we can see that her fingernails
are long and manicured (pirates of the
caribbean )
https://youtu.be/QeA0BRKXv7g

9. Parallel editing
Parallel editing or cross cutting, is an editing
technique that establishes the relationship
between two subjects by cutting from one scene
to another symphasythig that there is a
relationship between them or something that
relates to the both scene. One of the most
important effects of the parallel edit is that of
simultaneousness, suggesting that two events
happening at the same time.By putting and
applying this shots or scenes of alternating focus.
However we can see the first picture which is the
sniper aiming at the target and in the second
picture we can see a part of the crew in another
location heading to surround to the target that
the sniper is aiming at. So both pictures have a
relation between them which is trying to trap the
target
https://youtu.be/CQgtu2rEGvM

10. Match on action
Match on action is where there is a
scene with action in it and the action is
carried on into the next scene. This is
used because it helps distract the
audience any continuity errors. An
example of this is shown in ‘The
Punisher’.
In this part of the films we can see that
the character that is running in the first
picture and then it cuts to the second
picture, so between there’s two parts
there’s a cut.
https://youtu.be/oVKdFtCXXo
8

11. Cutaways
The cutaway technique is is used to give a
visual break to the audience, the main
purpose of it is that it cuts away from the
main action for a short period of time.
These types of shots take place at the
same type as the main action, showing
the the viewers others things happening
at the same time,
The cutaways are never too long, because
you are only showing the audience what is
actually going on the film. Cutaways are
used in action films, for example a car
chase scene and it could cut shot to a
quiet area. For this example in this scene
cutaways is used to show the surrounding
reaction of what chucky has done which
was killing the other character.
https://youtu.be/t_QEu9eYycE

12. Jumpcuts
A jumpcut is a transition that creates a lack of continuity by leaving out parts
of the action, and it also helps to give a sense of ellipses in time. Its mostly
used when the editor wants to cut to a similar shot which are framed the
same. These jumps cuts can add tension impact in the right place where
needed if used in the right way and place.
For example, ( sometimes in some cases ) the editor cuts a scene with a
character and then it transfers with the same person but a different
background in a different time, it's mostly a similar background but to not
show the whole journey and shorten the time they just cut it and speed up the
process and the background shouldn't be noticeable for the viewers it feels like
it it feels like it jerks a little bit.https://youtu.be/RnpyRe_7jZA

13. Match cut
An action that is shown in one scene and will be repeated in a similar fashion in the
next scene. Is used as a nice way of switching from scene to scene in a video, in
other words match cut is one method that directors use in editing to suggest a
relationship between two different objects and to create a visual metaphor. It is a
cut within a scene that makes sense.This can be between two different objects, two
different spaces, or two different compositions in which an object in two shots
match. An example of this is the apple advert. We can see that the woman is
looking at the signs which is turning left, at the same time the apple watch says
turn left which means she is going on the right track, and for the last picture she’s
turning left which means that she is following what the watch is
saying.http://www.apple.com/watch/films/

14. Shot reverse shot
A shot reverse shot are are mostly common used in a conversation situation
between two people or characters. It’s where the shots are edited together
alternate between the characters, and put close up and focus on the
character that’s speaking,this shot keeps on going back and forth from close
up shots to middle shots to make the shot reverse shot work correctly,
because both characters are opposite each other so this let’s the audience
assume that they are looking at each other without showing both them
together in a shot. “ The hunger games” for this shot reverse shots example
we can see that their both having a conversation, every time a character
speaks the camera shows their faces with a close up to their face.
https://youtu.be/o1Ey0a6LJRA

15. Fade in/ fade out
Fade in is when the shot appears gradually from black to white and fade out is
when one shot disappears, often into black or white, and it’s often used to show
a change of time an example for both of this types of editing it would be the
longest yard we can see down below that the first row is fade out and the second
row is fade in.
http://123movies.cz/film/the-longest-yard-4928/watching.html

16. Slow motion/fast motion
Fast motion and slow motion are techniques mostly used in films, for
example slow motion can be used in a action films when for example
there’s a shot so the bullet goes slow motion to represent drama and
intensity in the atmosphere, the effects of slow motion is to make a
slow calm and still environment, the cuts are normally a bit long,
and this makes the audience calm to make the audience pay
attention to what’s happening and sometime during the slow motion
there can be key scene or key object that can lead or relate to
another scene afterwards.
Fast motion is a bit different, fast motion gives more of a humorous
scene and makes the reader feel that it’s a comedy film or video,
fast motion it’s more like a comedy comic, this makes the audience
laugh, we can see that in the first picture ( slow motion) is
transformers and we can see that the car is transforming into a robot
and the character is flying in the air in slow motion.
And for the second picture ( fast motion) is angrybirds an we can see
that one of the characters was going extremely fast and the police
stops him but he still finishes what he was running for in the speed of
light.
https://youtu.be/lw-7icqqm1Y
https://youtu.be/R_lzgLL3ivI

17. Ellipses
Ellipses is when you emphasise
something more to come. So when you
cut out a period of time the audience
can fill it in with their imagination abouts
what is occurring throughout the period
of time. A example of an ellipses a
movie is in edge of tomorrow, were the
character tom cruise get’s shocked and
confused in one place and he somehow
suddenly wakes up in another location
in the next scene, this makes the
audience feel a little bit confused
because everything happened really
quick.
https://youtu.be/IKUDrV2T1ac

18. Dissolve
Dissolve is when a scene is when one
scene mixes with another scene, so
one fades out and one fades in,
showing how there’s smooth transition
from one scene to another, in this
video we can see the ducks playing
around and the it dissolves into
another picture which is the puppies
picture, and then again from the
puppy to the little ducks swimming in
the swimmingpool
https://youtu.be/Rt5mcZFYLng

19. Superimposition
Superimposition is when one image is
mixed with on top of another image or
picture, an example of superimposition i
could give is when, however in the lion
king we can see that at the beginning of
the video there’s the hot sun and then it
fades in into simba running through clearly
see that the camera makes a close up to
simba's legs in top of another picture (
background ) which is simba from a far
distance away, running in the hot weather
of the desert could make the audience
feel that the lion is really strong and could
stan any kind of weather.
https://youtu.be/sr8JFq1BVE4

20. Analogue editing
Analogue editing was around before it all changed into
digital editing. Before computers were created they
used analogue editing which wa all done by hand or
manually , nothing was done by using software. They
had a copy of the positive film where all the footage
went onto when it was filmed. They then took the film
and cut it in different pieces of film to create the
cutaways. With analogue editing it then had to be fed
through machine, this shows to the audience how
much the editing techniques has changed over the
years now it can all be done on a computer and there’s
no need to do that process again only simply edit.
This hardware machines involved you to cut and stick
together the tapes. This machine can record upt to 2
hours of filmmaking.

21. Digital video editing
Digital video editing didn't come around until the late
1990’. Digital video editing software is software that allows
your use your computer edit video and sound, usually iaa
standard computer keyboard and mouse.
Digital video editing software allows you to upload your
video footage into a computer in a process called video
capture. The video and sound that you’ve saved in your
hard drive computer it can then be accessed as needed
video editing process.The computer can go to any hard
drive location very quickly and get any section of video and
sound that you want and use to edit it.
Video clips can be moved around and dragged easily
without much effort put into them, in many software
editing you can also store and maintain alternative versions
of productions without much effort.
In many video editing software programs special effect can
be rendered digitally, titles can be created digitally.

22. Smartphone software
Throughout the years smartphone software had been
developing bit by bit the first phone created was The iPhone is
the first smartphone model designed and marketed by Apple.
iphone was released on January 9, 2007.
Nearly 9 years different iphones and other brands have been
invented with different shapes sizes and tasks,everyone get’s
surprised when a new phone comes out because of what it can
do. Iphone is the number 1 most sold brand in the world.
However nowadays there are multiple phone brands with
multiple multitasking,
In today's generation we can edit with our own smartphones,
we can add different colors and add different textures to the
video or picture we can even change the photo to another one,
there are loads of different editing apps, a few of them
are:Photodirector Photo Editor By Aviary Photo Editor Pro
Picsart Photo Studio Pixlr Snapseed.
So that means that you can edit anywhere and anytime thanks
to smartphones, overall it has made our lives better.

23. Development of editing (in the past)
The earliest films were made in the 1800s and were all filmed in camera
which meant that there was no technology for editing so the films were in black
and white. The earliest films had no sound because they didn't have technology
to edit in any sound(They recorded music separately and then they add it on
The film ). An example of these silent type films, famously start
Charlie Chaplin, a famous example staring him is the film ‘The Kid’ filmed in
1921. There was no technology to edit in the colour efficiently as printing wasn't
that great so in some examples the colour would fade which meant it had to be
hand coloured back in.British film pioneer Robert W. Paul’s “ come along”which
was made in 1998 was one of the first films ever to have more that one shot.
The lumiere brothers in 1895 (( auguste and louis ) have invited their own device
combining camera with projectors and called it the cinematographe.
Edwin s. Porter was an american early film pioneer, he was mostly famous
A director with Thomas edison’s company, there was over 250 films created by
porter and one of the most important films “ life of an american fireman”
and “the great train robbery”. David llewelyn wark griffith was american film director, and
he
was mostly remembered as the director of the 1915 film “ the birth of nation “ and the
subsequent film the intolerance.
His film the birth of a nation made the pioneering use of advanced camera and narrative
techniques and his immense popularity sey in the stage for dominance of the feature.

24. Development of editing
Development of continuity editing- seamless editing that was used was
also known as invisible editing. This meant that the cuts cuts between
the shots were matched on action.This techniques were usually used by
D. W griffith, with the seamless editing it makes you watch something
and not even realse that it has been edited
Continuity editing focuses creating a clear continuity for the final piece
that had been created.
The idea of this is to create a smooth flow between all of the clips so the
narrative of the story will be obvious without any interruption and will flow
smoothly.
Montage editing- is cutting up the footage and editing it into a screened
sequence montage also uses close ups dissolved, superb position fades
and jump cuts. It was introduced in cinema by Sergei Einstein.
Development of sound editing- the jazz singer who made a massive
difference in the world of sound editing was a 1927 american music film.