Media task-2.pptx

VIDEO EDITING
BY OMER MURATOGLU

WHY DO WE EDIT VIDEOS
• Video editing is when you take different parts of videos and place
them alongside each other cut parts of it out in order to create a easy
to follow storyline and edit the recorded material to fit what you want
such as adding different filters to what you have done this also allows
for people to cut out parts of the video that they do not need for their
piece of work to shorten the production it fit time restrictions given
editing is also used to keep characters on screen when they move
away from each other which while you don’t generally think about is
an important thing for a movie or any type of video.

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EDITING
• One of the reasons why editing is used, is to manipulate the sense of time in a video, this is
to ensure that the scenes are placed in an order that allows for the story line to be
understood with easy making sure the audience will not struggle as well as this it can allow
for the video to fit into the time restrictions by allowing for a director to introduce some plot
points in flashbacks if people are stretched for time or a plot how comes up to stop the
need to edit the entire movie
• Editing can also be used to remove some features of a scene and enable the director to
better make sure that the audience is able to make their own interpretations about what
has happened(Sherlock 2 moriarty and Sherlock falling we decide if the live or die) this can
also be done to use signs which points the audience in a certain direction while allowing
for them to create their own conclusion as to what happened.

PRINCIPLES- STORYTELLING
• Storytelling – this is the story that is being told in the background these can be seen in pretty much every form of
media and those that have a weak or lack of one do not do well for example star wars the phantom menace is
criticised for having a weak story line although this is not the only issue storylines can come in two different ways
the first of them is linear which means that it starts at the front moves to the middle and then to the end but there
is also non linear storylines which can jump around the time line to tell its story although this has to be done well
or it could confuse the audience it should be noted flashbacks do not count. A great show that is non linear
would be baccano. A multi threaded story is where there are several mini arcs fit into the same story for example
someone may have to kill several different targets which would be shown as mini section that would be
watchable alone.
• Examples.
• non linear story- last Friday night
• Linear story- star wars a new hope
• Multi threaded story- pulp fiction

PRINCIPLES COMBINATION OF SHOTS
• combination of shots – this is used to make sure people do not feel disorientated
after watching their videos as if not used it forces the viewers eyes to move all over
the place by changing form close to long distance in a short period of time while if
it is used it will change shots gradually to allow for people to adjust this allows for
people to follow the movements of people and better understand what is
happening in the scenes and stop people form feeling sick when watching this is
also useful as it allows for people to be brought in to see facial expressions and see
tension that builds up or see the scale of a scene rather than just one type of shot
which would not work as well consistently.
• Example - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4316BUEVYkE this shows a Varity
of shots

PRINCIPLES – CREATING PACE
• Creating pace – this is done to help create a mood or atmosphere and create tension which can be
altered by how often the scene changes and is done to help create a fitting mood for the type of
video being made for example a comedy video would change quite fast, while a romance scene
would take much longer to change camera angle as it is better used to help build moods which can
assist in setting people up to support the romances success.
• Example
• Slow interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtOKLcQJXxU
• Fast interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7LsBMA-rKg
• As you can see the first one is supposed to have a calm mood so they play soft music in the back
ground and change camera angles sparingly as this allows us to follow keep up with the scene with
ease while in the second clip it starts of much the same as the scene picks up they increase the
frequency of changing the camra and increase the volume of the music to match this to better help
the mood.

PRINCIPLES THE 180 DEGREE RULE
• The 180 degree rule – this is a rule that states when 2 different actors are in a
scene you should keep them on the same side of the shot e.g. the person who
starts on the left should stay on the left and if you change this have to show them
switching sides this is to ensure that the audience does not get confused by a
character suddenly appearing on the other side of the screen which could also
disorientate them this can be scene in fight scenes especially where people move
all over the place.
• Deadpool end fight scene even though all of the fight the rule is followed despite
this being a very high pace sequence where people get tossed around as the
camera stays on the same axis the entire time and characters are shown to
change sides in the fight on screen to keep people in the loop of what is happening
and giving them better understanding.

TECHNIQUES – PARALLEL EDITING
• Parallel editing is where a form of media swaps between two scenes that are
taking place at the same time this can be done for several reasons the first is to
create contrast between the two people and what they are doing to show that
they are different as well as this it can be used to help break up large plot lines
allowing for a show to jump between many soap operas like EastEnders do this
very often to keep people in suspense about one plot line such as cutting in a
court scene to focus on smoothing less dramatic to then go back to it later to
help disperse the tension more equally throughout the show
• Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts1x6uADFtM
• In the scene above you can see two different perspectives put in place to help
and build tension and misdirect the audience to think something is going to
happen that was to give an impression of shock and that something has gone
wrong making the audience feel the same as the police.
• A disadvantage of parallel editing is that you are only able to use it very rarely
and requires a lot of skill and planning to be successful.

TECHNIQUES – MATCH ON
ACTION
• Match on action this is where you edit so that you change on someone using motion
and cut to where they are at the same place to make the cut feel more natural this
does not just have to be used with humans as many films use it to transition from one
set to another for example when someone enters their house as they open the door it
will change to the inside as the door opens this makes people feel less disoriented as
they would other wise as well as this it also serves to make the scene match up with
the other and show that no time has past between the two shots and it is just
continuing in a new set.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv93covb53w
• If match on action is failed and is off be even a second then the audience will notice
which will ruin the question of the film and could ruin the following scene as a result.

TECHNIQUES - CONTINUITY
• Continuity this is ensuring that your video is made so that it fits together and items don’t
suddenly go from the scene as this would ruin the immersion of the person watching as
well as this it also includes not breaking rules that the series has set for example if the
show has a rule magic cannot kill if the show is ended by the protagonist breaking this
rule without explanation they will feel cheated, it also is used to make sure people's
costume remain the same between different shots, but this is not the only way that
continuity is important as you need to keep out fits right for the time period for example
if your movie is set 5 years before the invention of the watch you cannot have people
wearing them.
• Examples https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGyzv5sqNK0.
• The video shows you not just small movies make mistakes but also large ones which is
why it is important to have a team working to minimise these errors so they do not ruin
the movie.
• The risk with continuity is that it is very hard to notice all the mistakes as seen in the
pictures to the left which show even large productions can have these slip through.

TECHNIQUES – SHOT REVERSE SHOT
• Shot reverse shot this is a type of shot that is used in conversation to allow for
people to see the reaction to what both people say about the conversation and
let you know what is happening between them this is used in most forms of
media but can be see used to best effect in detective films this is because
many interrogation scenes will use this and as a way to try and let the audience
tell whether they are telling the truth or not letting you try to figure out the case.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Ey0a6LJRA
• As you can see throughout the scene it switches focus from character to
character to show the person speaking and reaction for example at the start it
switches between katniss and peeta even when they are not speaking to help
set the mood.
• A disadvantage of using shot reverse shot is that it can feel quite cheap and
cheesy if used wrong and can only work well between smaller numbers of
people.

TECHNIQUES- CUTAWAYS
• Cutaways are when the director decides that they want to cut around the area in
order to show other people's reaction to a different action to normal one such
occasion might be that they have just done a great achievement such as winning
an important game so it may cut to their friends families people who they met
though the movie and show what their reaction to this is to allow us to understand
the mood of the people around to give you a better picture of why it is important
this can also be used to help extend the length of a scene to make the movie
longer if needed.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hqa34dZp-E
• Here you can see a conversation of on a phone between two different people but
at the end it cuts to looking at the phone which is part of the scenery but was
needed for the scene to happen.
• A disadvantage of cutaways if that despite being used to create tention of you
focus on the wrong item or use it too often in a film it could instead end up feeling
comedic

TECHNIQUES-JUMP CUT
• Jump cuts is where you reduce a long cut by editing out large sections of the film
for example it may show people walking towards a large number of stairs to pan up
and look at them and then cut to the people walking up the very top of the stairs
getting to their destination some shows with sets such as big band theory do this
very often to cut from one scene to another as this removes time where they are
unable to create more humour.
• Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1yUwWG5ikE
• Here is an video with examples of jump cuts as you can see they are very
disorienting as they do not fill you in with all of the information and are quite chaotic
but this is the reason that they are sometimes used which is to represent the
chaotic things that are happening on screen though the use of editing or to as the
second example show the blanks in memory that he is experiencing.
• Disadvantages of jump cuts is that they can quite easily confuse the audience if
they are not pulled off correctly or leave them wonder how something happened or
even dought if getting where the are was even possible.

SLOW MOTION
• slow motion is where you slow down time in a section of a movie this is done
by taking each frame at a faster rate than it would be played back to make
it appear slower this can be done to show actions that would be faster than
we could see other wise or to empathise something
• Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbuvcQrAOSk shows what
we cannot see with our eyes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhxbYTMNMxo this is the famous
scene form the matrix where neo dodges the bullets which we could not see
but also shows just how fast neo is moving and reacting to the bullets
moving

FAST MOTION
• Fast motion is film appears to have occurred at a faster speed than
that at which it was filmed this can be used to show a change in time
as well as this we can see that it is used often in documentaries to
speed up time of the shot to where the event happens for and also to
show a difference in time commonly showing the moon and sun flying
across the sky to do this but also speed up a mundane action if the
director does not want to cut until it is finished.
• Examples- https://vimeo.com/94348214

ELLIPSIS
• An ellipsis is where you edit out a period of time or series of event
allow for the audience to fill in the narrative them self using a
combination of both logic and imagination which can save time on a
movie which could be useful to lower its run time and remove a
boring section but ellipsis is also used in order to cut out a period of
time for example showing a gap of a few hours that people can tell
the difference of time in.
• Example- http://megashare.sc/watch-training-day-online-T1RjPQ#
• Here you can see a scene in the movie training day where two of the
characters are speaking and spending time together, it then cuts to
the outside showing the sun moving through the sky before cutting
back to the two people in the same location but asleep.

TRANSITION- DISSOLVE
• A dissolve transition is used to describe a gradual change from one object to
another in this time both of the two images are shown the amount of time
spent showing each shot can vary and is different depending on why it is
used and the mood the only different a dissolve transition and a fade out
transition is in a fade out transition instead of changing images there is a
gradual change to a dark screen. A dissolve transition is used in several
instances there is a change of time, a change in location, an emotional
component, or there is a visual relationship between the objects being
swapped out.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt5mcZFYLng
• Here you can see a dissolve transition between the ducks and the dogs as
you can see it changes from one shot to the other but leaves a small period
of time when both shots are one the screen.

TRANSITIONS- FADE IN, FADE OUT
• Fade in/out this is used to show that some degree of time has passed for
example you can often find fade out shots when someone is punched in the
face and the falls unconscious and fade in can be used to introduce a new
scene when it is done like this it can show that a long period of time has
passed which is not going to be shown as you can assume what has
happened in the time that has passed for example if someone is arrested it
could fade to them in holding in court or in prison and let us fill in the blanks
or used at the end of the movie to end.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBYs8pBIQrM
• Here you can see all of the endings of the original half life and it’s spinoff
games as you can see at the end of each it uses a fade to black transition
to a blank black screen with an little writing before going fully black which is
to show that it is now over and the game is complete.

TRANSITION WIPE
• This is where a change in scene is where it is changed by a literal wipe as if you
was sliding a eraser over the screen removing it this effect is not often used due to
it being gaudily and removing the emersion of the people when used so is reserved
for unrealistic movies such as superhero and comics and is used so much by the
star wars saga people take its use as a joke wipes do normally follow the
movement of characters for example following as someone runs across the scene
the wipe would follow them although this is not always the case as they can also
spin around like a clock hand to show a difference in time or have the new scene
emerge from the middle although rare now it can still be scene in some instances.
• All wipes in star wars episode iv

HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 1
• The lumiere brother created the cinematographer in 1895 this was a
device that allowed for people to take movies in the sense that the
pictures are taken fast enough for people to take as moving and not a
set of pictures that are being shown to us being able to capture and
project motion picture but as film was single shots and the creator of
these devices said they believed what they created would not amount
to anything.

• Edwin S. Porter was the person who saved the film industry by being
the first person to use editing to create a story from several different
shots and use this to get people excited the first film using this by him
was released in 1901 as well as this he also showed editing could be
used to make a film seem completely unrelated to what the original
footage portrayed.

• In 1920s a soviet film director discovered the kuleshov effect which
showed that the audience reacts to more than just the actor but also
to their surroundings and other information that they receive to create
different conclusion from the same expression he did this by taking
and actor and filming them looking at something but changed what
they were looking at each time form a bowl of soup a girl in a coffin
and woman on a divan and despite the fact the face was the same
each time people believed it was in the same order hungry, grief and
desire.

• Analogue editing is used to refer to editing without the use of a
computer, this is the type of editing, that was used by editors for most
of the history of film. The way that it worked was by taking finished film
reels, and literally cutting it where you wished for a scene to end, then
pasting it to the place you want the scene to be, which is where the
term cut come from, later this would be sped up with the invention of
the moviola(1924) which would allow for editors to see individual
frames allowing for more precise editing and then later the flat board
editor.

• Digital editing is editing that uses a computer which is much more
efficient, easier, and faster to use. There is many different programs
that can be used for editing some examples are adobe premier and
final cut pro. The method used is that film is placed into the timeline
then It is cut and pasted into an order they like and once this is
finished they can add on any special effects to enhance the movie to
be better.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR6iYWJxHqs.

• In recent years as technology has became more powerful it has become
possible for smart phones to both film at relatively high quality and also edit
the film that you make with the use of different apps some of which may
come free with your phone or other that you would have to buy for a higher
quality service which would grant you a more professional finish. This has
been used by aspiring filmmakers to try and create their own movies
cheaply as they would require a phone anyway and it would be expensive
to buy a camera which is nice as it allow for more people to start out and
get noticed by the industry.
• Example https://vimeo.com/94348214

COMPARISON OF FILM OVER TIME
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M920yuiqtjY this is an example of a typical
film around the start of the medium as you can see there is no editing and is rather
dull.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKQRV4XKZt4 here is one of the first films to
use editing as you can see it is rather rudemity and is imprecise but shows effects.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_I82117oAw here is a scene from the god-
father where you can see editing is done well effects look quite nice and the timing
of shots is done nicely to add effect
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1g-B8BJzwc here is a modern movie the
avengers showing a fight between some of the protagonist as you can see the
change is shots is well done and timed well there is a large number of effect that
look excellent.

Media task-2.pptx

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