The document discusses various cinematography and editing techniques used in filmmaking, including: 1) The 180-degree rule, which dictates that the camera stays on one side of an imaginary axis connecting characters in a scene to avoid confusing the audience. 2) Eye line matching, which cuts from a character's gaze off-screen to the object they are looking at to involve the audience. 3) Establishing shots, which set the scene by showing the location and relationships between objects and characters from a wide angle. 4) Continuity editing techniques like shot reverse shot and matching on action are used to smoothly transition between shots and maintain logical coherence for the audience.

1. EDITING TECHNIQUES

2. 180 DEGREE RULE
 This is a basic guideline of the reaction or relationship between a
character and or an object in a scene. An imaginary line (axis)
connects the characters, the camera stays one side of the axis for
every shot in a scene. On character is on frame right the other
frame left if the camera crosses the axis its jumping the line or
crossing the line which confuses the audience and continuity
editing is broken.
In this example it sows the
180 degree rule in action it
shows the camera being on
one side of the characters
this is so it doesn't confuse
the audience when
watching and matching on
action is smooth so he rest
of the scene runs smoothly.

3. Also In this shot reverse shot
example is an example of the
180 degree rule. In this
example is shown two actors
having a convocation. The
camera angle is shown two
stay on one side of the actor
this is too keep matching on
action present in this scene
and s the audience is not
confused about the position of
objects and characters when
going past the 180 degree
mark.
//www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeI6ut13roU
In this example seem to be a horror
genre it shows the 180 degree
present. For example when they run
they stay on the front side of the
actors this is so the audience is not
confused of the positions of the
characters in the frame.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PraBJrJ
1adk

4. EYE LINE MATCH
 This is to form continuity editing, this is so the audience can see
what the character is looking at. The character will look at
something off screen then the camera will cut to the object or
person that character is looking at. This could get the audience
involved with the film and too create tension when watching.
In this example it
shows a young man
looking down the
camera then cuts to
him looking at his
phone, this shows the
audience what the actor
is looking at during the
scene it could also
connect to a reaction
shot.

5. In this example it shows the young
lady looking to the left out of frame
the camera then cuts to what the lady
might of been looking at. This shows
the audience what the actor is looking
at which also could lead to a reaction
shot. By using an eye line match it
could create tension for an audience
or give an audience information about
the film.
http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ogaycke
n/clips/stendahl-eyeline.mp4/view
In this example it shows another eye line match,
a man is on the phone he then looks out of fame
the camera then cuts then changes to what he
was looking at which is two ladies on the roof.
This shows what the man is looking at but could
make the audience see what and why he was
looking at the girls and the significance they
have to the movie or to the scene.
http://vimeo.com/61230883

6. ESTABLISHING SHOT
 Establishing shot is a camera showing the setting of the scene. It
also shows the important relationships between its important
figures and objects. The shots that are normally used are long
shot or extreme long shot and the beginning of a shot to show
where the first of the scene is being set.
This is an example of a
establishing shot. It
shows the setting that
the shot is being placed
at this example is in
spider man showing the
shot of the apartment
before showing the
characters.

7. This is another example of an
establishing shot. In this
example it shows a field with a
little house, showing the
settings gives the audience a
know where the action is going
to take place in the movie. Or
to show a new setting that a
character is being introduced
to.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xeEngw-
flAY
In this example it shows an
establishing shot of the harry
potter studio. Establishing shots
can be used to create a mood or to
predicate the actions that could
take place in the scene for
example if a horror house was
shown, the film could be a horror
genre and gory frightening scenes
could take place.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaEi9ju6b_
0

8. SHOT REVERSE SHOT
 Shot reverse shot is mainly used when there is dialogue used in a
scene, when two characters are having a convocation the camera
is put over the shoulder of one character showing the face of the
other character, when the next person speaks the camera cuts
onto the shoulder of the first character speaking.
In this example it shows
a convocation between
the two main actors
using shot reverse shot
to show this I makes the
audience know that they
are talking also so they
see our facial expressions
of the characters whilst
talking

9. This is another example for
short reverse shot like the other
example it shows each facial
expression and body language
that the actors are pulling it
also mostly is used when two
actors are having a convocation
to also show the reaction of the
other character. Its easy for an
audience to understand and
help the sense smoothly change
into one another.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvof8mI6p
Xk
This is another example showing
how shot reverse shot can cause
effect and help tension and
emotion be shown to the audience
this example is again show during
a convocation between two actors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jeI6ut13roU

10. MONTAGE
 Montage is a technique in which short shorts are placed
together in a sequence to condense time space and
information. This has been used in different contexts to
create different stories and different views for an audience.
In this example it shows
a bunch shots put
together to create a
sequence they are
normally images put
together to create a
story without dialogue it
moves time and space to
create more of a story
which would have
happened over a longer
period of time.

11. This is an example of a montage
putting together images to create a
story and to make different
meanings with the different
pictures, using this effect creates
tension or suspense when watching
due to the images being put
together to create another meaning.
http://vimeo.com/60959129
In this example it shows family
pictures being placed together to
create a change in time and space
speeding time up to show and
audience what happened in the
past with the movie and how
speeding up years into seconds is
effective when trying to tell a story
in a short amount of time.
http://vimeo.com/35384254

12. MATCH ON ACTION
 This is a editing technique used in films to make the action flow. The director cuts
from one shot to another but the action from the two shots connect with each other
and make sense when watching. Most of the time the two shots have been taken an
hour away from each other. This show continues time throughout the film and looks
effective when watching
Here is an example of matching
on action. In this example in
the first shot it shows a tall guy
in a suit walking forward
another man which is shorter is
walking backwards, the camera
then cuts to the next shot when
the shorter man is still walking
backwards with the a taller
man walking forward pushing
him out the door. Using
matching on action in films
creates a more realistic feel
towards the actors and the
actions they are putting across
it also looks more effective
when watching and is easier for
an audience to understand

13. http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ogay
cken/clips/fridaymatchonaction3.mp4/view
In this example it shows another use of
matching on action, the first show is a close up
of the women leaning in in then cuts into the
second shot of a medium long shot and of her
sitting up. Using this techniques causes a
smooth and easy transitions between the two
shots which makes a better viewing experience
for the audience.
In this example a hand gesture is used to
change to a new scene altogether. A man
sits at a poker tables addressing topics in
a convocation he then sways his hand
and the new shot is the man at a larger
dinner table addressing a larger
audience. Using this editing technique a
swell as giving easy views and a sign of it
being realistic it also fits and goes well
with the dialogue that is going on during
the film
http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ogaycken/cli
ps/mmatchonaction.mov/view

14. CONTINUITY EDITING
 The purpose of this technique is to make sure each sequence and shot fit together
and flow when watching and to establish a logical coherence between two shots.
Logical coherence is achieved buy cutting continuity which emphasizes time and
space. However, some films incorporate cutting to continuity into a more complex
classical cutting technique.
This is an example of
continuity editing, in
this example it uses
short reverse shot to
show a convocation
between the two men
this creates a smooth
transition between
cuts as well as showing
the audience what they
are talking about as
well as there facial
expressions.

15. In this example it shows a lot
of different techniques for the
whole sequence to run smooth.
In this example it shows shot
reverse shot, 180 degree rule
and matching on action using
all theses techniques creates
this smooth flow which is easy
to watch and less easy to pick
up the editing techniques used.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpPWdgGa2
8k
Again this is an example that
continuity editing is present
throughout. In this example
there is lots of smooth
transitions between shots due to
the different techniques that are
used. Eye line match matching
action 180 degree rule, these
were used to create the smooth
move from each shot and to give
a better viewing experience.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwJsptkdK
fk

16. 30 DEGREE RULE
 This is a basic editing technique used when editing most films, it is a guideline
stating that the camera should move at least 30 degrees between two shots of the
same event, object or character that is happening in the scene. If this is not present a
jump cut will occur will will draw the audiences attention to the editing that has
been used.
In this example it
shows young man
using dialogue with
another actor this
uses the 30 degree
rule by moving the
camera 30 when
cutting this is so the
film does not look
jumpy when an
audience is
watching.

17. GRAPHIC MATCH
 This is used during editing when editing two different objects, different spaces or a
different compositions in which an object in the two shots graphically match. This is
to help create a strong continuity of action linking the two shots metaphorically.
occurs when the shapes, colors and/or overall movement of two shots match in
composition, either within a scene or, especially across a transition between two
scenes.
In this example of a
graphic match it
shows different
people and objects in
different times
creating action it
then cuts to someone
or something doing
the same action this
creates suspense and
links the two shot
together to create a
story.

18. Again this example uses graphic
match to show the change in time
within a few seconds this could tell a
story which lasts years in a few
seconds it creates suspense for the
audience that’s watching and helps
them understand the first bit of the
film before watching the rest. This
example shows a bone being thrown
into the air then changing into a space
rocket showing the difference in time
and space
This is another example
using graphic match. This
is a horror film so using
graphic match helps create
the tension that they
would want the audience
to feel showing different
objects manipulating the
same action to create that
emotion and fear.

19. PARALLEL EDITING
 This is most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same
time in two different locations. The camera will cut away from ne action
shot to the next which could connect the two action scenes that are
happening. This could create suspense when watching hoping the action
will be explained.
In this example ‘the great train
robbery’ it is manly using
parallel editing when changing
one shot to another. This creates
a suspense when watching it
also help with the continuity
editing helping the film flow so
its easy and interesting to watch

20. This example also shows parallel editing putting
a series of images together of action in the film
occurring at the same time. In this example it
shows a fight scene happening in an elevator and
other action happening with the protagonist.
Using this technique is effective because it shows
the audience action which could connect with
each other and be a vital part of information for
an audience to pick up
http://www.criticalcommons.org/Members/ogaycken/clips/
godfather.mp4/view
In this example it shows a
girl leaving personal
belongings outside she then
goes into a class room, the
camera then cuts into a girl
running up to the bag and
taking items out. Showing
action that is happening at
the same time shows the
audience the reaction and
emotions that are happening
In both locations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
ctfW7NgmRQ