There are several key techniques involved in editing video and film. Editing pieces together raw footage in a logical order to tell a story or convey a message. Some essential techniques include continuity editing to maintain consistency between scenes, match cuts to smoothly transition between related actions, and shot reverse shot to alternate between two characters in a conversation. The history of editing began with early films being single static shots but evolved with pioneers like Edwin Porter and D.W. Griffith developing new techniques like cutting between multiple storylines. Analog editing involved physically cutting and splicing tape, while digital editing now uses software.

1. Unit 1, 16, 24
Task 4: Editing
By Jack kilminster

2. Purpose of editing
• The purpose of editing is when, someone edits a video using
different techniques and skills to explain a story through the
passage of different scenes, in their own vision. There are
many aspects to editing such as, its used to piece together
raw footage, by using different aspects such as cutting,
altering or annotating, ETC. These functions are used such as
many others to put together scenes to create different
videos, these story's implying a message can be linear/ non
linear depending on the video that the producers are making
• Some example of linear and non linear videos are of the
following
• Michael Jacksons thriller video is in chronological order
through out the story so it is linear, compared to maroon 5’s
video Payphone which is non linear as it is not in
chronological order as it has flashbacks to the story he is
telling to show how he ended up like this ,or a movie example
of non linear is the movie Memento (2000). Most movies or
videos are in chronological order, and non linear
movies/videos are not as big as linear movies as most story's
are chronological
http://www.vevo.com/watch/maroon-
5/Payphone-(Explicit)/USUV71200665
http://www.vevo.com/watch/michael-
jackson/Thriller/USSM20301507

3. • Editing is a technique used to piece together scenes in usually a logic order
to tell a story/ message which they want to get a cross When creating a
story there are key themes that need to be looked into and included to
making a successful video or movie.
• So for example the video must have a story line, which is the plot/
background of the story. The story also must have an arrangement of
events, that reveal and complete the storyline, which also provides the
overall message of the story. This is the narrative side of the plot which all
videos should include. The storyline also has different options in which it
can end the video or movie, these options are a open-ended storyline,
which is a cliff hanger leaving the audience in a bewilderment, as they will
not know what happens until the next episode or movie. Another way of
ended a movie is a closed story line were the plot or story line finishes and
there is no more left to carry on with as the story is finished and the
message broadcasted from the theme and story has been completed.
• An example of a open-end storyline is the series “the walking dead” , this is
an example of as open-end storyline as at the of season 6 where we
currently are. The story ends with a very dramatic cliff hanger which really
leaves the viewer on the edge, then left with the thirst to know what
happens next. An example of a closed story line is the movie the god father
part three, this is a closed story line as it has nothing more to explain about
its message or anything more to go forward with in the story.
https://vimeo.com/162875228
http://fmovies.to/film/the-
godfather-3.v4w4/vv2q62

4. • Another principal of editing is combination of shots,
combination of shots is a technique editors, they bring the
viewer in and establish setting, feeling and relationship. They
do this by combining a mixture of shot types and angles. These
shots include, extreme long shot, a long shot, a medium shot, a
close up and a extreme close-up, there ae other shots also such
as birds eye view, high angle, eye level, low angle and oblique/
canted angle. All these shots and angles represent a different
way on viewing the scene or the main actors in the scene. But
they must be in a specific order otherwise it can disorientate
the viewer for example it would have to be a extreme long
shot, then long shot, then a medium shot etc. A good example
of a scene which includes a good combination of shots to draw
in the viewer is the scene In X-Men days of the future past
were the scene is slowed down to show how quick sliver saves
everyone in the scene with him.
• Another is creating pace while editing in a film is where a films
speeds up or slows down certain parts of the film. Pace
changes the way the audiences view films and make them
understand it in different ways. An example of films that would
use a fast pace would be action films such as “fast and furious,
a car chase or some sort of running scene would be included
where fast pace would be relevant. To the create a fast pace
scene, shots are cut quickly and move to other different shots
to create the feeling of pace. A slower pace would be used in a
drama/love story type of film such as rocky 3 in the scene were
he takes on clubber Lang the scene slows down showing the
intensity rising. This allows the audience to see and understand
the scene and characters fully without getting distracted by
quick cut shots. This is done by having longer shots in a scene.

5. • The last principal is the 180 rule, the 180 degree rule states that when
filming a scene or video, the camera or cameras should remain the same
side of this imaginary line, this line is drawn perpendicular to the cameras
view point in the establishing shot of the scene, an example of this is two
people facing each other having a conversation, is the camera is facing
them from one side the camera should not travel to the other side ( the
two people switching sides in the scene) because this will disorientate the
viewer, the only time this rule can be broken is when during the process
of the switch of sides the shot shows the view point of the camera moving
to the other side, so it does not disorientate the viewer. Or to show effect
like in the movie the shinning, the rule is broken here to show Slowly how
Jack slowly starts to loose his mind and then becomes possessed by the
evil, demonic presence in the hotel. . The same applies in a football match
the camera view when watching the game will always stay on the same
side otherwise the viewer will get disorientated and not know what's
going on. An example of how the 180 degree is supposed to be followed is
in the movie kinsman with the scene of Harrys death with the stand off
between him and Samuel. L . Jackson, as the camera does not break the
180 degree rule
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=wN6TPtaBKwk
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=0OKHAzr-riQ
Principals of editing

6. Editing techniques
There are many different editing techniques involved editing,
and they have to be precisely looked into carefully to make
sure that there are no mistakes when making a movie, video
or episode. These techniques are. Continuity editing, which Is
making sure that props, clothing, actions etc. are all the same
when crossing over into the next scene but sometimes this
doesn’t always go to plan. In the movie the dark knight, the
scene fails as the continuity of editing is not looked at, as
when the scene changes what Harvey has on his pillow is no
longer there.
Another is match on action, this were action begins in one
scene has to carry on in beginning of the next. So an example
is the movie captain America civil war in the part were the
major battles of the two sides of the avengers battle, over
what they both believe is correct, this scene is a good
example of match on action as the fighting occurring in one
scene carries on and unfolds in the next.
Another is parallel editing which is when during a movie the
scene cuts between two or more storylines, which are
occurring at the same time, but in different places. An
example of parallel editing is in the movie silence of the lambs
and American sniper as both movies have scenes were two
storylines are happening at once.

7. Other examples of editing techniques include
things like cutaways, which are shots cutting
away from the main subject, to show other
things happening in the scene around it. For
example in the movie “ seed of chucky” this
technique is used in most scenes, in this scene
its used to show the surrounding reaction of
what chucky has done.
Jump cuts are also used in editing, but are not a
common thing that is used in videos as there is
a certain way of using them , an example of a
jump cut is in the movie the ring when she
leaves the TV, the jump cut is included to speed
up her movement towards him.
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=t_QEu9eYycE
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=lbO9LhD9PsI
Editing techniques

8. Editing techniques
• Other cuts include match cut and graphic match
cut, these are were an action that is shown in
one scene will then be repeated in a similar
fashion in the next scene. So an example of this is
in the matrix, in the part of the movie were neo
and trinity are trying to save Morpheus, this part
includes lots of match cuts as there is a lot of
action in the scenes, as the action begins in one
scene it then carries on and ends in the next.
Graphic match cut is very similar but instead of
actions by people, it is of objects, so an object
transforms over the process of one scene to the
next scene.
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=iuslUzbJEaw
https://vimeo.com/1429
30781

9. Editing techniques
• Shot reverse shot, is another technique
and is were the camera shots switch
from character A looking at character B,
to character B looking at character A. An
example of this is in X Men Origins(2009)
were you see the view from two
characters in the scene whilst they have
a conversation. Another is wipes, a wipe
is were the subsequent scene wipes over
the previous scene.
• There is also fade In/fade out and
dissolve. Fade in fade In out is a gradual
transition from one shot to the next, an
example one darkens the other
brightens, a movie example of this is in
lord of the rings the beginning scene.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8NAhAEQUk8M
https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=wJ2DVQxdZLI
https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=UzkgFBwGR_I

10. https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=3bup_zehvBo
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=Rt5mcZ
FYLng
Dissolve is when one scene mixes with another, one
fades out and the other fades in, showing how
there is a smooth transition from one scene to
another.
Editing techniques

11. Editing techniquesThe last three editing techniques are superimposition,
which is when one image is mixed with on top of another
image. An example of this is when Simba is running
through the desert in the lion king.
You also have slow motion/fast motion which is when the
action is sped up or slowed down. an example of slow
motion scenes include Edward scissor hands, the matrix
and bad boys etc. Examples of fast motion scenes in
videos include the Incredibles, Lucy and alien etc.
The last is ellipsis which is when you emphasise
something more to come. So when you cut out a period
of time so the audience can fill it in with their
imagination about what happen during that period of
time. An example of an ellipsis in a movie is in edge of
tomorrow, were tom cruise gets shocked in one location
and then somehow wakes up in another location.
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=sr8JFq1BVE4
http://www.joblo.co
m/movie-
news/cool-videos-
fast-motion-
sequences-in-film
Examples of fast and slow
motion videos.
https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=7Lqd-UwZmJ4

12. History and development of editing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U76MBDKQe8s
history of editing

13. http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=4nj0vEO4Q6s
History and development of editing
Early films were short films that were one long, static, and locked-down shot. Motion in
the shot was all that was necessary to amuse an audience, so the first films simply
showed activity such as traffic moving on a city street. There was no story and no
editing. Each film ran as long as there was film in the camera. although The film industry
was thought to have a dead future when moving pictures were first released, as people
realised there was no point of paying to watch something they could see in real life.
Editing has advanced a lot since the start of the Film and television era due to certain
editing techniques and people. The first two people who 'invented' the film industry
were the Lumière brothers although they only created the camera not the actual editing.
The brothers were well known for creating a camera that could capture and play moving
images and project them on to a wall for people to view. This was titled the
Cinematographer and was patented in 1895. This was a big revelation in the industry as
the only other camera before this that could capture moving images was Edison's
kinetoscope. The problem with this was that only one person could view it at a time and
the actually camera was huge. This made it impractical to use.
. Although the Lumiere Brothers had a great invention and in the early periods of moving
pictures, the Lumiere presentations in Paris delighted people, drawing huge crowds., but
Edwin S. Porter came along and showed that film didn’t have to be one long still in 1901.
Edwin S. Porter also used footage to tell a different story unrelated to what the footage
originally was meant to portray. Some of the first movies to portray the first editing
techniques discovered was the movies life of an American fire man filmed in 1903 and
the great train robbery, these portrayed the first cutting of film as two stories going on at
the same time with no relevance at the time to each other, were combined in film until
they combine in the actual story both films portrayed this important effect in film today,
this was discover by DW. Griffiths one of Hollywood's most iconic and previously famous
directors.
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=p4C0gJ7BnLc

14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U76MBD
KQe8s
history of editing
• D.W Griffiths had the highest standing among American directors in the
industry, because of the dramatic excitement he conveyed to the audience
through his films.In 1908 D.W Griffiths film “For Love of Gold” featured the first
ever continuity cut when a scene cut. Griffiths then realised that emotions
could also be portrayed through different camera angles and pace of editing
and it wasn’t all down to the actors. Griffiths was given credit for the narrative
of a film, the production of the first American feature film and the discovery of
the close up. This is his first directed one reel film.
• The Birth of a Nation is based on the Novel “The Clansman” -1915 The film
included camera techniques such as panoramic long shots, iris effect, still shots,
cross cutting and panning shots . The use of these techniques allowed the
audience to feel more involved with what is going on.
• This lead on to other discoveries in editing such as montages, this was called
the kuleshov effect because it was discover by a soviet director lev kuleshov in
1920, he believed this would enable the audience to respond more to the
video
• Also you had the first combination of shots in a video which really threw the
audience as in previous videos it was all one distance, this technique was
introduced in 1921 in the movie orphans of a storm.
• But Until 1927, motion pictures were produced without sound. This era is
referred to as the silent era of film. To enhance the viewers' experience, silent
films were commonly accompanied by live musicians in an orchestra, a theatre
organ, and sometimes sound effects and even commentary spoken by the
showman or projectionist
History and development of editing

15. Analogue editing
• Analogue editing was used before editing on a computer.
The film negative when completed was cut down and pasted
into an order. It then went through a machine such as
Moviola or K.E.M this was done for many years as many
editors preferred this compared to when computers where
introduced, these machines which would cut tapes and stick
them together were known as analogue machines, as they
were hardware machines as they required you to be
involved in the process of cutting and sticking together
tapes, They used to use machines such as Steen becks which
revolutionized the industry when it was introduced. which
were used to play tapes through computers so they could
the tapes with more detail the tapes would be cut and
attached back together depending in the order of the
scenes, this process can take a very long time as, the
pictures on the tape could in 24th of a second, which could
mean for editors that it would take a very long time to edit
down the tape to a two hour movie, the directors could
record up to 200 hours of film for a movie and this could
stretch from LA to Vegas, so it was very difficult with what
they had to decide what to keep and what to cut. The
transition from analogue machinery to digital editing was
around the late 1990’s.

16. Digital editing
• Digital Editing didn’t come around until the late
1990s around 1998 star wars the first movie was
released, this was the first transition for a movie to be
edit using digital based editing instead of machinery
such as the moviola and the steenbecks. Editing with
a computer is much faster and more efficient for film
in the beginning the first introduction of. Many
different programs can be used such as Final Cut Pro,
Adobe Premier and iMovie. Footage is put onto the
timeline and is then cut and pasted into an order and
then the effects are added. These programmed
introduced more features, within editing which
revolutionized the industry allow movies to have a lot
more detail as special effects and the effects
introduced gave the industry much more depth, as
there are now many different ways in which movies
can be edited as of all the different details that go
into movies today are a lot more vast compared to
when movies were first brought around showing the
massive improvement in technology and how it as
allowed things such as film to grow also and movies
are a big thing of today.
Digital editing has made editing very simple and less time
consuming, these appliances used are called software, this
appliance can be accessed from any device now a days, such as
computers, tablets, smartphones etc. Camera’s have also
developed digitally and are very easy to use. Digital editing
software's were invented to allow you to use your computer to
edit video’s and audio with a modified keyboard and mouse. The
video and audio that you capture on digital camera generally
stored on a hard drive and then is accessed on a computer. The
hard drive can then be withdrawn from a camera or a USB cable
that is attached to a computer to access footage. This differs
remarkably from old-fashioned editing that the video can be
randomly accessed. Computers can now access any hard drive
very rapidly and pull up any sections of any video and audio
sounds uploaded, so you can use and edit. There is no need to
change videocassettes or reels. Video clips can be dragged and
dropped and moved around at will and manipulated in many
ways with very little effort. These clips are laid down on a timeline
which is displayed on the computer screen so there is no need for
a Moviola. You can move any clip anywhere, you can either delete
them or store them in files, making everything organized and
professional.

17. SmartphoneSoftware
Smartphones today have adapted and evolved in similar
ways to a computer, Such examples is how you can use a
camera on smartphones to capture pictures or record
videos with high definition quality. Smartphones have the
inedibility to use lots of different types of applications, you
can now add special effects and edit you’re videos or
pictures you have captured and saved in the gallery. Due to
this most people who have these features on their devices,
can now use their smartphones to film and edit rather than
investing a lot of money on professional equipment. This
can also make their final productions look professional
depending on how they edit. They can cut and paste and
also put together different videos as well as adding titles.
Smartphones also include their own inbuilt microphone
which is able to produce clear sounds for the videos
avoiding wind. But just like smartphones most devices
today can all use these features such as laptops, tablets etc.
showing you how far technology has come sine the use of
moviola and how movie producers have such a vast amount
of devices which are cheaper and save time when it comes
to filming producing or editing.