Video editing involves manipulating video footage to tell a story or convey information in a clear manner. It allows filmmakers to cut out unnecessary parts, rearrange scenes, and add effects like filters. The document discusses several principles and techniques used in video editing. It explains how editing manipulates time, removes/adds elements to shape audience interpretation, and uses techniques like parallel editing, shot reverse shot, match cuts, and transitions to seamlessly flow between scenes. Storytelling, pacing, shot composition, and following rules like the 180-degree line are also discussed. The history of editing from early single-shot films to developments like Kuleshov effect demonstrating the importance of context are covered.

1. VIDEO EDITING
BY OMER DARKUS MURATOGLU

2. WHY DO WE EDIT VIDEOS
• Video editing is when you take different parts of videos and
place them along side each other cut parts of it out in order to
create a easy to follow storyline and edit the recorded material
to fit what you want such as adding different filters to what you
have done this also allows for people to cut out parts of the
video that they do not need for their piece of work to shorten
the production it fit time restrictions given editing is also used
to keep characters on scree when they move away form each
other which while you don’t generally think about is an
important thing for a movie or any type of video.

3. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF EDITING
• One of the reasons why editing is used, is to manipulate the sense of time in a
video, this is to ensure that the scenes are placed in an order that allows for the
story line to be understood with easy making sure the audience will not struggle
as well as this it can allow for the video to fit into the time restrictions by
allowing for a director to introduce some plot points in flash backs if people are
stretched for time or a plot how comes up to stop the need to edit the entire
movie
• Editing can also be used to remove some features of a scene and enable the
director to better make sure that the audience is able to make their own
interpretations about what has happened(Sherlock 2 moriarty and Sherlock
falling we decide if the live or die) this can also be done to use signs which
points the audience in a certain direction while allowing for them to create their
won conclusion as to what happened.

4. PRINCIPLES- STORY TELLING
• Storytelling – this is the story that is being told in the back ground these can be seen in pretty much
every form of media and those that have a weak or lack of one do not do well for example star wars
the phantom menace is criticised for having a week story line although this is not the only issue story
lines can come in two different ways the first of them is linear which means that it starts at the front
moves to the middle and then to the end but there is also non linear story lines which can jump
around the time line to tell its story although this has to be done well or it could confuse the audience
it should be noted flash backs do not count. A great show that is non linear would be baccano. A
multi threaded story is where there are several mini arcs fit into the same story for example some one
may have to kill several different targets which would be shown as mini section that would be
watchable alone.
• Examples.
• non linear story- last Friday night
• Linear story- star wars a new hope
• Multi threaded story- pulp fiction

5. PRINCIPLES COMBINATION OF SHOTS
• combination of shots – this is used to make sure people do not feel
disorientated after watching their videos as if not used it forces the viewers
eyes to move all over the place by changing form close to long distance in a
short period of time while if it is used it will change shots gradually to allow
for people to adjust this allows for people to follow the movements of
people and better understand what is happening in the scenes and stop
people form feeling sick when watching this is also useful as it allows for
people to be brought in to see facial expressions and see tension that builds
up or see the scale of a scene rather than just one type of shot which would
not work as well consistently.
• Example - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4316BUEVYkE this shows a
Varity of shots

6. PRINCIPLES – CREATING PACE
• Creating pace – this is done to help create a mood or atmosphere and create tension
which can be altered by how often the scene changes and is done to help create a fitting
mood for the type of video being made for example a comedy video would change quite
fast, while a romance scene would take much longer to change camera angle as it is
better used to help build moods which can assist in setting people up to support the
romances success.
• Example
• Slow interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZtOKLcQJXxU
• Fast interrogation scene- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7LsBMA-rKg
• As you can see the first one is supposed to have a calm mood so they play soft music in
the back ground and change camera angles sparingly as this allows us to follow keep up
with the scene with ease while in the second clip it starts of much the same as the scene
picks up they increase the frequency of changing the camra and increase the volume of
the music to match this to better help the mood.

7. PRINCIPLES THE 180 DEGREE RULE
• The 180degree rule – this is a rule that states when 2 different actors are in
a scene you should keep them on the same side of the shot e.g. the person
who starts on the left should stay on the left and if you change this have to
show them switching sides this is to ensure that the audience does not get
confused by a character suddenly appearing on the other side of the screen
which could also disorientate them this can be scene in fight scenes
especially where people move all over the place.
• Deadpool end fight scene even though all of the fight the rule is followed
despite this being a very high pace sequence where people get tossed
around as the camera stays on the same axis the entire time and characters
are shown to change sides in the fight on screen to keep people in the loop
of what is happening and giving them better understanding.

8. TECHNIQUES – PARALLEL EDITING
• Parallel editing is where a form of media swaps between two scenes
that are taking place at the same time this can be done for several
reasons the first is to create contrast between the two people and
what they are doing to show that they are different as well as this it
can be used to help break up large plot lines allowing for a show to
jump between many soap operas like EastEnders do this very often
to keep people in suspense about one plot line such as cutting in a
court scene to focus on smoothing less dramatic to then go back to
it later to help disperse the tension more equally though out the
show
• Example https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts1x6uADFtM
• In the scene above you can see two different perspectives put in
place to help and build tension and misdirect the audience to think
something is going to happen that was to give an impression of
shock and that something has gone wrong making the audience feel
the same as the police.

9. TECHNIQUES – MATCH ON
ACTION
• Match on action this is where you edit so that you change on
someone using motion and cut to where they are at the same
place to make the cut feel more natural this does not just
have to be used with humans as many films use it to
transition form one set to another for example when
someone enters their house as they open the door it will
change to the inside as the door opens this makes people feel
less disorientated as they would other wise as well as this it
also serves to make the scene match up with the other and
show that no time has past between the too shots and it is
just continuing in a new set.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mv93covb53w

10. TECHNIQUES - CONTINUITY
• Continuity this is ensuring that your video is made so that it fits
together and items don’t suddenly go form the scene as this would
ruin the emersion of the person watching as well as this it also
includes not breaking rules that the series has set for example if
the show has a rule magic cannot kill if the show is ended by the
protagonist breaking this rule without explanation they will feel
cheated, it also is used to make sure peoples costume remain the
same between different shots, but this is not the only way that
continuity is important as you need to keep out fits right for the
time period for example if your movie is set 5 years before the
invention of the watch you cannot have people wearing them.
• Examples https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGyzv5sqNK0.
• The video shows you not just small movies make mistakes but also
large ones which is why it is important to have a team working to
minimise these errors so they do not ruin the movie.

11. TECHNIQUES – SHOT REVERSE SHOT
• Shot reverse shot this is a type of shot that is used in
conversation to allow for people to see the reaction to what
both people say about the conversation and let you know
what is happening between them this is used in most forms
of media but can be see used to best effect in detective
films this is because many interrogation scenes will use this
and as a way to try and let the audience tell whether they are
telling the truth or not letting you try to figure out the case.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1Ey0a6LJRA
• As you can see though out the scene it switches focus form
character to character to show the person speaking and
reaction for example at the start it switches between catnice
and peter even when they are not speaking to help set the
mood.

12. TECHNIQUES- CUTAWAYS
• Cutaways are when the director decides that they want to cut
around the area in order to show other peoples reaction to a
different action to normal one such occasion might be that
they have just done a great achievement such as winning an
important game so it may cut to their friends families people
who they met though the movie and show what their reaction
to this is to allow us to understand the mood of the people
around to give you a better picture of why it is important this
can also be used to help extend the length of a scene to make
the movie longer if needed.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Hqa34dZp-E
• Here you can see a conversation of on a phone between two
different people but at the end it cuts to looking at the phone
which is part of the scenery but was needed for the scene to
happen.

13. TECHNIQUES-JUMP CUT
• Jump cuts is where you reduce a long cut by editing out large
sections of the film for example it may show people walking
towards a large number of stairs to pan up and look at them
and then cut to the people walking up the very top of the stairs
getting to their destination some shows with sets such as big
band theory do this very often to cut form one scene to another
as this removes time where they are unable to create more
humour.
• Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t1yUwWG5ikE
• Here is an video with examples of jump cuts as you can see
they are very disorienting as they do not fill you in with all of
the information and are quite chaotic but this is the reason that
they are sometimes used which is to represent the chaotic
things that are happening on screen though the use of editing
or to as the second example show the blanks in memory that

14. SLOW MOTION
• slow motion is where you slow down time in a section of a movie this
is done by taking each frame at a faster rate than it would be played
back to make it appear slower this can be done to show actions that
would be faster than we could see other wise or to empathise
something
• Examples- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbuvcQrAOSk shows
what we cannot see with our eyes
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhxbYTMNMxo this is the
famous scene form the matrix where neo dodges the bullets which
we could not see but also shows just how fast neo is moving and
reacting to the bullets moving

15. FAST MOTION
• Fast motion is film appears to have occurred at a faster speed
than that at which it was filmed this can be used to show a
change in time as well as this we can see that it is used often in
documentaries to speed up time of the shot to where the event
happens for and also to show a difference in time commonly
showing the moon and sun flying across the sky to do this but
also speed up a mundane action if the director does not want
to cut until it is finished.
• Examples- https://vimeo.com/94348214

16. ELLIPSIS
• An ellipsis is where you edit out a period of time or series of
event allow for the audience to fill in the narrative them self
using a combination of both logic and imagination which can
save time on a movie which could be useful to lower its run
time and remove a boring section but ellipsis is also used in
order to cut out a period of time for example showing a gap
of a few hours that people can tell the difference of time in.
• Example- http://megashare.sc/watch-training-day-online-
T1RjPQ#
• Here you can see a scene in the movie training day where
two of the characters are speaking and spending time
together, it then cuts to the out side showing the sun
moving though the sky before cutting back to the two
people in the same location but asleep.

17. TRANSITION- DISSOLVE
• A dissolve transition is used to describe a gradual change from one
object to another in this time both of the two images are shown the
amount of time spent showing each shot can vary and is different
depending on why it is used and the mood the only different a
dissolve transition and a fade out transition is in a fade out
transition instead of changing images their is a gradual change to a
dark screen. A dissolve transition is used in several instances there
is a change of time, a change in location, an emotional component,
or there is a visual relation ship between the objects being swapped
out.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rt5mcZFYLng
• Here you can see a dissolve transition between the ducks and the
dogs as you can see it changes from one shot to the other but leaves
a small period of time when both shots are one the screen.

18. TRANSITIONS- FADE IN, FADE OUT
• Fade in/out this is used to show hat some degree of time has
passed for example you can often find fade out shots when
someone is punched in the face and the falls unconcise and fade in
can be used to introduce a new scene when it is done like this it
can show that a long period of time has passed which is not going
to be shown as you can assume what has happened in the time
that has passed for example if someone is arrested it could fade to
them in holding in court or in prison and let us fill in the blanks or
used at the end of the movie to end.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBYs8pBIQrM
• Here you can see all of the endings of the original half life and it’s
spinoff games as you can see at the end of each it uses a fade to
black transition to a blank black screen with an little writing before
going fully black which is to show that it is now over and the game
is complete.

19. TRANSITION WIPE
• This is where a change in scene is where it is changed by a literal wipe as if
you was sliding a eraser over the screen removing it this effect is not often
used due to it being gaudily and removing the emersion of the people when
used so is reserved for unrealistic movies such as super hero and comics
and is used so much by the star wars saga people take its use as a joke
wipes do normally follow the movement of characters for example following
as some one runs across the scene the wipe would follow them although
this is not always the case as they can also spin around like a clock hand to
show a difference in time or have the new scene emerge form the middle
although rare now it can still be scene in some instances.
• All wipes in star wars episode iv

20. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 1
• The lumiere brother created the cinematographer in 1895 this
was a device that allowed for people to take movies in the
sense that the pictures are taken fast enough for people to take
as moving and not a set of pictures that are being shown to us
being able to capture and project motion picture but as film
was single shots and the creator of these devices said they
believed what they created would not amount to anything.

21. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 2
• Edwin S. Porter was the person who saved the film industry by
being the first person to use editing to create a story from
several different shots and use this to get people exited the
first film using this by him was released in 1901 as well as this
he also showed editing could be used to make a film seem
completely unrelated to what the original footage portrayed.

22. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 3
• In 1920s a soviet film director discovered the kuleshov effect
which showed that the adduce reacts to more than just the
actor but also to their surroundings and other information that
they receive to create different conclusion from the same
expression he did this by taking and actor and filming them
looking at something but changed what they were looking at
each time form a bowl of soup a girl in a coffin and woman on
a divan and despite the fact the face was the same each time
people believed it was in the same order hungry, grief and
desire.

23. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 4
• Analogue editing is used to refer to editing with out the use of
a computer, this is the type of editing, that was used by editors
for most of the history of film. The way that it worked was by
taking finished film reals, and literally cutting it where you
wished for a scene to end, then pasting it to the place you want
the scene to be, which is where the term cut come form, later
this would be sped up with the invention of the moviola(1924)
which would allow for editors to see individual frames allowing
for more precise editing and then later the flat board editor.

24. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 5
• Digital editing is editing that uses a computer which is much
more efficient, easier, and faster to use. There is many different
programs that can be used for editing some examples are
adobe premier and final cut pro. The method used is that film
is placed into the time line then It is cut and pasted into an
order they like and once this is finished they can add on any
special effects to enhance the movie to be better.
• Example- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SR6iYWJxHqs.

25. HISTORY OF EDITING SLIDE 6
• In recent years as technology has became more powerful it has
become possible for smart phones to both film at relatively high
quality and also edit the film that you make with the use of different
apps some of which may come free with your phone or other that you
would have to buy for a higher quality service which would grant you
a more professional finish. This has been used by aspiring film
makers to try and create their own movies cheaply as they would
require a phone anyway and it would be expensive to buy a camera
which is nice as it allow for more people to start out and get noticed
by the industry.
• Example https://vimeo.com/94348214

26. COMPARISON OF FILM OVER LIFE
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M920yuiqtjY this is an example of a
typical film around the start of the medium as you can see there is no
editing and is rather dull.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKQRV4XKZt4 here is one of the first
films to use editing as you can see it is rather rudemity and is imprecise but
shows effects.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_I82117oAw here is a scene form the
god father where you can see editing is done well effects look quite nice and
the timing of shots is done nicely to add effect
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1g-B8BJzwc here is a modern movie
the avengers showing a fight between some of the protagonist as you can
see the change is shots is well done and timed well there is a large number
of effect that look excellent.