A photo update of the UK-Aid (DFID) funded shelter project in Southern Sindh, helping around 50,000 families rebuild their homes that were destroyed in flooding during heavy rains August-September, 2011.
Here's another presentation that summarises the shelter work I've had the privilege to work on with some great collegues across many organisations. And of course with brilliant people in the affected communities.
This document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a grass, not a tree, but has properties similar to wood like high strength-to-weight ratio. Bamboo has higher compressive strength than materials like wood, brick, and concrete. The document outlines various uses of bamboo in construction, such as walls, foundations, roofing, and scaffolding. It details different shaping and treatment methods for bamboo. The advantages of bamboo are discussed, such as tensile strength, fire resistance, elasticity, and cost-effectiveness. Some disadvantages are its need for preservation and issues with shrinkage and durability.
building materilas-1_architecture_Straw as a building material-physical aspects - Basics, Fire, moisture, insects and pests proof.
Plastering straw bale walls, straw bale roof.
HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation) is a national level institution focused on developing urban areas through low cost housing schemes and technical/financial consultation. Its vision is to be a leading organization for sustainable, green housing and its mission is to promote sustainable habitat development and enhance quality of life. HUDCO divides the population into economic groups and allocates 30% of funding to the economically weaker section. It offers various housing loan schemes and promotes construction techniques like mud blocks, stone patti, bamboo houses, and rat trap bond that are cost effective and sustainable.
Traditional Indian construction methods were highly energy efficient. Buildings were oriented and sited carefully, used thick insulating walls, incorporated verandahs, courtyards, and landscaping for natural cooling and ventilation. Roofs had slopes and waterproofing for drainage, and used locally available materials. Elements like domes, bungalow designs, and traditional attire required minimal energy for cooling or heating.
The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a government-owned corporation in India mandated with building affordable housing and carrying out urban development. It was incorporated in 1970. HUDCO provides long-term financing and technical assistance for housing, urban infrastructure projects, and disaster rehabilitation. It has worked with prominent Indian architects and supported various government priority programs related to housing and urban development. HUDCO also promotes cost-effective construction techniques using local and sustainable materials.
Mud is an economical and sustainable building material that is abundant worldwide. It has low energy needs and is easily recycled. Various mud construction techniques exist, including cob, adobe blocks, rammed earth, and wattle and daub. Cob involves forming mud and straw mixtures by hand into walls, while adobe uses sun-dried brick formed from clay, sand, straw and water. Rammed earth compacts earth, gravel and lime into strong walls using wooden forms. Wattle and daub uses a lattice of wooden strips called wattle covered in daub, a sticky mud-based plaster. Mud architecture provides affordable housing and helps address issues of resources, energy use and the environment.
A photo update of the UK-Aid (DFID) funded shelter project in Southern Sindh, helping around 50,000 families rebuild their homes that were destroyed in flooding during heavy rains August-September, 2011.
Here's another presentation that summarises the shelter work I've had the privilege to work on with some great collegues across many organisations. And of course with brilliant people in the affected communities.
This document discusses bamboo as a building material. It notes that bamboo is a grass, not a tree, but has properties similar to wood like high strength-to-weight ratio. Bamboo has higher compressive strength than materials like wood, brick, and concrete. The document outlines various uses of bamboo in construction, such as walls, foundations, roofing, and scaffolding. It details different shaping and treatment methods for bamboo. The advantages of bamboo are discussed, such as tensile strength, fire resistance, elasticity, and cost-effectiveness. Some disadvantages are its need for preservation and issues with shrinkage and durability.
building materilas-1_architecture_Straw as a building material-physical aspects - Basics, Fire, moisture, insects and pests proof.
Plastering straw bale walls, straw bale roof.
HUDCO (Housing and Urban Development Corporation) is a national level institution focused on developing urban areas through low cost housing schemes and technical/financial consultation. Its vision is to be a leading organization for sustainable, green housing and its mission is to promote sustainable habitat development and enhance quality of life. HUDCO divides the population into economic groups and allocates 30% of funding to the economically weaker section. It offers various housing loan schemes and promotes construction techniques like mud blocks, stone patti, bamboo houses, and rat trap bond that are cost effective and sustainable.
Traditional Indian construction methods were highly energy efficient. Buildings were oriented and sited carefully, used thick insulating walls, incorporated verandahs, courtyards, and landscaping for natural cooling and ventilation. Roofs had slopes and waterproofing for drainage, and used locally available materials. Elements like domes, bungalow designs, and traditional attire required minimal energy for cooling or heating.
The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO) is a government-owned corporation in India mandated with building affordable housing and carrying out urban development. It was incorporated in 1970. HUDCO provides long-term financing and technical assistance for housing, urban infrastructure projects, and disaster rehabilitation. It has worked with prominent Indian architects and supported various government priority programs related to housing and urban development. HUDCO also promotes cost-effective construction techniques using local and sustainable materials.
Mud is an economical and sustainable building material that is abundant worldwide. It has low energy needs and is easily recycled. Various mud construction techniques exist, including cob, adobe blocks, rammed earth, and wattle and daub. Cob involves forming mud and straw mixtures by hand into walls, while adobe uses sun-dried brick formed from clay, sand, straw and water. Rammed earth compacts earth, gravel and lime into strong walls using wooden forms. Wattle and daub uses a lattice of wooden strips called wattle covered in daub, a sticky mud-based plaster. Mud architecture provides affordable housing and helps address issues of resources, energy use and the environment.
Woodless construction techniques using sun-dried mud bricks and vaulted or domed roofs were introduced to West Africa to reduce pressure on forests from traditional timber-intensive construction. Over 30 years, Development Workshop has adapted the techniques to local conditions through demonstration projects, training hundreds of builders annually, and supporting women potters. Thousands of woodless buildings have been built across the Sahel region, improving housing, saving trees, and boosting local economies through trained masons. Structured training programs and an emphasis on building sustainability and community engagement have helped establish woodless construction as a viable building method in the region.
Aerocon Panels | Aerocon Blocks | Aadam EnterprisesUdayaraj K
1. Aerocon panels are prefabricated sandwich panels made of fiber reinforced cement sheets on both sides of a lightweight concrete core, providing a lightweight and durable solution for partitions, mezzanine floors, prefabricated structures, and more.
2. The panels have advantages of being fast to install due to their tongue and groove joint system and factory curing. They are strong, fire resistant, termite resistant, and provide acoustic and thermal insulation.
3. Aerocon panels can reduce construction costs by up to 20% due to their light weight and speed of installation compared to traditional construction. They also provide additional floor area of up to 5% by allowing thinner walls.
Laurie Baker was an architect in India who pioneered the use of alternative and sustainable building techniques. He designed over 1,000 homes and other buildings using local and natural materials to reduce costs. Some of his techniques included using brick jalis for natural ventilation, mangalore roof tiles, and filler slabs. At the Centre for Development Studies in Trivandrum, he designed buildings that curved around the hilly landscape and trees, with courtyards providing microclimate control. Baker's work demonstrated affordable and environmentally-friendly architecture adapted to India's climate and traditional styles.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
Lsquare Eco-Products Pvt. Ltd. is a manufacturer of HonECOre paper honeycomb building panels since 2007. With a 70+ member team in Bangalore, they produce lightweight, prefabricated panels that provide an eco-friendly and low-cost solution for construction that can build houses in as little as 48 hours. Their chairman has extensive experience advising the Indian government. The HonECOre panels combine paper honeycomb with cement fiber boards, replacing traditional brick and mortar. Houses made from these panels have benefits like being lightweight, weatherproof, fire resistant, sound insulated, and easy to assemble modularly.
Rural architecture in Kashmir has evolved over time using locally available materials like stone, mud, bricks and wood. Traditional buildings are constructed by local people without architects and reflect the local culture and ability to house themselves. New materials like corrugated galvanized iron sheets have recently become popular roofing materials, replacing traditional wood and mud roofs. The type of materials used varies between different regions of Kashmir depending on factors like availability of resources and ability to withstand the climate.
Comparison of conventional and nonconventional constructionSruthy4
This document discusses sustainable and cost-effective construction techniques, including the use of stabilized compressed earth blocks, reconstituted stone blocks, bamboo reinforced beams, and funicular shell roofing. It notes that building material and labor costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs. Some techniques highlighted include using waste materials in blocks, foundations using under-reamed piles, and exposed brick masonry. The document also outlines past and future work studying non-conventional materials and applications.
This document discusses materials for low-cost housing construction in India. It describes natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and fiber cement that are locally available and affordable. It also discusses man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels, cement hollow blocks and rice husks that can be used. These alternative materials allow for reduced construction costs through local sourcing and efficient designs while maintaining structural integrity. The document concludes that widespread use of these sustainable low-cost materials could address housing shortages by lowering material costs.
This document discusses alternative building materials that can be used instead of conventional materials. It begins by outlining the need for alternative materials due to increasing demand for housing and the environmental impacts of conventional materials. It then lists several alternative materials like hollow concrete blocks, fly ash bricks, rice husk ash, ferrocement, and plastic wood. For each material, it provides details on what it is and its advantages over conventional materials. Overall, the document promotes using alternative materials for construction to address housing needs in a more sustainable way.
Bamboo prefabricated houses are presented as an eco-friendly and affordable alternative to conventional construction. Key points include:
- Houses are made of engineered bamboo boards that meet durability and quality standards. They can be erected quickly using minimal labor.
- Suitable for disaster-prone areas due to light weight and durability against earthquakes, winds, and rain. Also used for farm houses needing fast construction.
- Modular design allows easy transport and relocation. Houses provide natural insulation and are cost-effective compared to other materials.
Floating houses are constructed using durable materials in factories to avoid moisture issues. They are assembled from large elements or modules and placed onto pontoons before being floated to their final location. This allows construction to occur away from the environmentally sensitive final site. The floating platforms use steel pontoons filled with insulating foam that are anchored to the seabed, making the structures extremely stable even in windy conditions. The construction method has environmental benefits like leaving no footprint and allowing easy relocation of structures at the end of their lifespan.
Floating houses are constructed using durable materials in factories to avoid moisture issues. They are assembled from large elements or modules and placed onto pontoons before being floated to their final location. This allows construction to occur away from the site with less environmental impact. Pontoons are made of steel and filled with EPS for buoyancy and stability even in windy conditions. The houses are then anchored securely to withstand local conditions like waves and ice.
Kashmir has a humid climate with severe winters and mild summers. Rural buildings in Kashmir are constructed traditionally using local materials like stone, mud, bricks and wood. These vernacular buildings reflect the local culture and are optimized for the climate. They use thick stone and mud walls for insulation and pitched timber roofs to prevent snow accumulation. Urban areas have denser development with multi-story structures using timber frame construction like dhajji or brick masonry with timber bands called taaq. Traditional heating and cooking methods use efficient wood-burning stoves and water heaters built into walls.
Multi hazard disaster resilient with bamboo-based systemUjwal Ujwal
This document discusses using bamboo as a sustainable building material for disaster resilient construction. It outlines various ways bamboo can be used as walls, floors, roofs, scaffolding, columns, beams, and foundations. Bamboo has advantages like strength, flexibility, earthquake resistance, light weight, cost effectiveness and durability. However, it requires preservation treatments to prevent decay from fungi and insects. The document concludes that bamboo is a renewable resource that can promote economic development and environmental protection as a wood substitute for construction.
Unconventional materials presented include pervious permeable concrete, hempcrete, wood composite polymer, autoclaved aerated blocks, fiber reinforced concrete, and polymer modified mortar. Hempcrete is a combination of chopped hemp and binder comprising natural hydraulic lime and a small amount of cement. It is suitable for uses such as timber frame infill, insulation, and floor slabs. Wood composite polymer is manufactured by combining wood or plant fibers with polymers to create a strong, durable, and water-resistant composite material. Autoclaved aerated concrete is a lightweight precast building material produced using a mixture of cement, lime, sand, water and an expansion agent that creates air pockets, resulting in a strong cellular
This document discusses using earthbag construction techniques to build a home for construction workers. Earthbag construction is an inexpensive natural building method that uses sturdy sacks filled with sand or soil to form walls. Earthbag homes provide excellent insulation and are strong, protecting residents from weather elements while being stable, cool in summer and warm in winter. The document includes plans showing layouts for earthbag homes and auxiliary structures like sheds.
El documento presenta una lista de plantas nativas de América con sus nombres comunes y científicos, así como la familia a la que pertenecen. Se mencionan más de 50 especies de plantas, principalmente hierbas, con información taxonómica básica de cada una. Las familias más representadas son Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae y Araceae.
This document discusses national identity and heritage-making in post-conflict Sudan. It explores how fifty years of war between differing visions of Sudanese identity led to struggles at the margins of society. It also examines Sudan's national museums policy and how emphasizing heritage could both promote peace but also potentially subvert concepts of national identity.
Woodless construction techniques using sun-dried mud bricks and vaulted or domed roofs were introduced to West Africa to reduce pressure on forests from traditional timber-intensive construction. Over 30 years, Development Workshop has adapted the techniques to local conditions through demonstration projects, training hundreds of builders annually, and supporting women potters. Thousands of woodless buildings have been built across the Sahel region, improving housing, saving trees, and boosting local economies through trained masons. Structured training programs and an emphasis on building sustainability and community engagement have helped establish woodless construction as a viable building method in the region.
Aerocon Panels | Aerocon Blocks | Aadam EnterprisesUdayaraj K
1. Aerocon panels are prefabricated sandwich panels made of fiber reinforced cement sheets on both sides of a lightweight concrete core, providing a lightweight and durable solution for partitions, mezzanine floors, prefabricated structures, and more.
2. The panels have advantages of being fast to install due to their tongue and groove joint system and factory curing. They are strong, fire resistant, termite resistant, and provide acoustic and thermal insulation.
3. Aerocon panels can reduce construction costs by up to 20% due to their light weight and speed of installation compared to traditional construction. They also provide additional floor area of up to 5% by allowing thinner walls.
Laurie Baker was an architect in India who pioneered the use of alternative and sustainable building techniques. He designed over 1,000 homes and other buildings using local and natural materials to reduce costs. Some of his techniques included using brick jalis for natural ventilation, mangalore roof tiles, and filler slabs. At the Centre for Development Studies in Trivandrum, he designed buildings that curved around the hilly landscape and trees, with courtyards providing microclimate control. Baker's work demonstrated affordable and environmentally-friendly architecture adapted to India's climate and traditional styles.
Construction is a building method that uses bales of straw (commonly wheat, rice, rye, oats straw) as structural elements, building insulation or both. This construction method is commonly used in natural building or “brown” construction projects.
This document discusses alternatives to traditional load-bearing and non-load bearing walls for construction. It describes compressed agricultural fiber (straw) walls, insulated concrete walls, and rammed earth walls as sustainable alternatives. Compressed agricultural fiber walls are made from straw, which is fire and pest resistant as well as biodegradable. Insulated concrete walls use expanded polystyrene forms filled with concrete and rebar. Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting local soil, cement, and sand into forms to create very thick, thermally massive walls. The document encourages exploring sustainable building materials and techniques to address global housing needs and environmental challenges.
Lsquare Eco-Products Pvt. Ltd. is a manufacturer of HonECOre paper honeycomb building panels since 2007. With a 70+ member team in Bangalore, they produce lightweight, prefabricated panels that provide an eco-friendly and low-cost solution for construction that can build houses in as little as 48 hours. Their chairman has extensive experience advising the Indian government. The HonECOre panels combine paper honeycomb with cement fiber boards, replacing traditional brick and mortar. Houses made from these panels have benefits like being lightweight, weatherproof, fire resistant, sound insulated, and easy to assemble modularly.
Rural architecture in Kashmir has evolved over time using locally available materials like stone, mud, bricks and wood. Traditional buildings are constructed by local people without architects and reflect the local culture and ability to house themselves. New materials like corrugated galvanized iron sheets have recently become popular roofing materials, replacing traditional wood and mud roofs. The type of materials used varies between different regions of Kashmir depending on factors like availability of resources and ability to withstand the climate.
Comparison of conventional and nonconventional constructionSruthy4
This document discusses sustainable and cost-effective construction techniques, including the use of stabilized compressed earth blocks, reconstituted stone blocks, bamboo reinforced beams, and funicular shell roofing. It notes that building material and labor costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs. Some techniques highlighted include using waste materials in blocks, foundations using under-reamed piles, and exposed brick masonry. The document also outlines past and future work studying non-conventional materials and applications.
This document discusses materials for low-cost housing construction in India. It describes natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and fiber cement that are locally available and affordable. It also discusses man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels, cement hollow blocks and rice husks that can be used. These alternative materials allow for reduced construction costs through local sourcing and efficient designs while maintaining structural integrity. The document concludes that widespread use of these sustainable low-cost materials could address housing shortages by lowering material costs.
This document discusses alternative building materials that can be used instead of conventional materials. It begins by outlining the need for alternative materials due to increasing demand for housing and the environmental impacts of conventional materials. It then lists several alternative materials like hollow concrete blocks, fly ash bricks, rice husk ash, ferrocement, and plastic wood. For each material, it provides details on what it is and its advantages over conventional materials. Overall, the document promotes using alternative materials for construction to address housing needs in a more sustainable way.
Bamboo prefabricated houses are presented as an eco-friendly and affordable alternative to conventional construction. Key points include:
- Houses are made of engineered bamboo boards that meet durability and quality standards. They can be erected quickly using minimal labor.
- Suitable for disaster-prone areas due to light weight and durability against earthquakes, winds, and rain. Also used for farm houses needing fast construction.
- Modular design allows easy transport and relocation. Houses provide natural insulation and are cost-effective compared to other materials.
Floating houses are constructed using durable materials in factories to avoid moisture issues. They are assembled from large elements or modules and placed onto pontoons before being floated to their final location. This allows construction to occur away from the environmentally sensitive final site. The floating platforms use steel pontoons filled with insulating foam that are anchored to the seabed, making the structures extremely stable even in windy conditions. The construction method has environmental benefits like leaving no footprint and allowing easy relocation of structures at the end of their lifespan.
Floating houses are constructed using durable materials in factories to avoid moisture issues. They are assembled from large elements or modules and placed onto pontoons before being floated to their final location. This allows construction to occur away from the site with less environmental impact. Pontoons are made of steel and filled with EPS for buoyancy and stability even in windy conditions. The houses are then anchored securely to withstand local conditions like waves and ice.
Kashmir has a humid climate with severe winters and mild summers. Rural buildings in Kashmir are constructed traditionally using local materials like stone, mud, bricks and wood. These vernacular buildings reflect the local culture and are optimized for the climate. They use thick stone and mud walls for insulation and pitched timber roofs to prevent snow accumulation. Urban areas have denser development with multi-story structures using timber frame construction like dhajji or brick masonry with timber bands called taaq. Traditional heating and cooking methods use efficient wood-burning stoves and water heaters built into walls.
Multi hazard disaster resilient with bamboo-based systemUjwal Ujwal
This document discusses using bamboo as a sustainable building material for disaster resilient construction. It outlines various ways bamboo can be used as walls, floors, roofs, scaffolding, columns, beams, and foundations. Bamboo has advantages like strength, flexibility, earthquake resistance, light weight, cost effectiveness and durability. However, it requires preservation treatments to prevent decay from fungi and insects. The document concludes that bamboo is a renewable resource that can promote economic development and environmental protection as a wood substitute for construction.
Unconventional materials presented include pervious permeable concrete, hempcrete, wood composite polymer, autoclaved aerated blocks, fiber reinforced concrete, and polymer modified mortar. Hempcrete is a combination of chopped hemp and binder comprising natural hydraulic lime and a small amount of cement. It is suitable for uses such as timber frame infill, insulation, and floor slabs. Wood composite polymer is manufactured by combining wood or plant fibers with polymers to create a strong, durable, and water-resistant composite material. Autoclaved aerated concrete is a lightweight precast building material produced using a mixture of cement, lime, sand, water and an expansion agent that creates air pockets, resulting in a strong cellular
This document discusses using earthbag construction techniques to build a home for construction workers. Earthbag construction is an inexpensive natural building method that uses sturdy sacks filled with sand or soil to form walls. Earthbag homes provide excellent insulation and are strong, protecting residents from weather elements while being stable, cool in summer and warm in winter. The document includes plans showing layouts for earthbag homes and auxiliary structures like sheds.
El documento presenta una lista de plantas nativas de América con sus nombres comunes y científicos, así como la familia a la que pertenecen. Se mencionan más de 50 especies de plantas, principalmente hierbas, con información taxonómica básica de cada una. Las familias más representadas son Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae y Araceae.
This document discusses national identity and heritage-making in post-conflict Sudan. It explores how fifty years of war between differing visions of Sudanese identity led to struggles at the margins of society. It also examines Sudan's national museums policy and how emphasizing heritage could both promote peace but also potentially subvert concepts of national identity.
The document discusses the Arab Ministerial Council for Electricity's efforts to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency in Arab countries. It outlines the council's strategy for establishing national energy efficiency action plans and targets in each Arab nation by having them name a national entity to oversee the process, prepare 3-year plans involving stakeholders, and adopt necessary bylaws and regulations, with the overall goal of reducing energy consumption across the region. The document also notes that some countries have already confirmed their intention to participate to the Arab League and takes steps to implement this strategy.
Built Heritage Conservation System in Peru - peruHector Abarca
This document provides an overview of restoration in Peru through a historical lens. It discusses:
1. Pre-Inca civilizations that inhabited Peru thousands of years ago and left architectural ruins.
2. The Inca Empire that ruled Peru from the 13th to 16th century and built elaborate structures like Machu Picchu.
3. The Spanish conquest of Peru in the 16th century and the introduction of Catholicism.
4. The development of architecture and cities during the Spanish Viceroyalty that blended Inca and Spanish influences.
5. Current challenges around preserving Peru's cultural heritage in the face of natural disasters, development pressures, and lack of resources. The document outlines Peru
Digital documentation techniques like 3D scanning and photogrammetry were used to create a virtual reconstruction of the Jawbone Arch, an historic stone arch in Edinburgh, Scotland. A point cloud and mesh were generated from scans to digitally preserve the arch's form and allow for lighting simulations. The project helped demonstrate how digital tools can aid in cultural heritage conservation efforts.
Andalusia: Challenges and Conservation of HeritageVIVA_EAST
Challenges and conservation of tangible and intangible heritage in historic centres: the case study of Andalusia (Spain)
Presented during the VIVA EAST Thematic Seminar on Intangible Heritage, Cahul, Republic of Moldova, Sept. 2012
Social and Cultural impacts of Large Dam: the case study of the Merowe dam in...Jean-Gabriel Leturcq
The document summarizes the Merowe Dam project in Sudan, including its history, impacts, and criticisms. It discusses how the dam displaced over 55,000 people and submerged over 3,000 archaeological sites. Critics argue the feasibility studies underestimated resettlement and environmental issues. The document calls for a negotiated approach and inclusion of local communities in dam projects based on principles of recognizing rights and assessing risks.
This document provides an overview of an Architectural Conservation course, including:
- The course covers conservation basics, principles, history, and practices at both the building and urban scale.
- Conservation involves maintenance and may include preservation, restoration, reconstruction, and adaptation.
- Key methods of conservation include preservation, maintenance, restoration, adaptation, and reconstruction.
- Conservation aims to retain the cultural significance of historic places and includes tangible and intangible heritage.
AN APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF BUILT HERITAGE - DELHI MASTER PLAN PROVISIONS.Purushottam Uttarwar
Urban Development and Conservation of Built Heritage are two sides of a same coin in a historic city like Delhi.Delhi is an ancient city with rich historical mile stones and heritage. Historically Delhi has been a capital city for many dynasties and rulers. Each ruler and dynasty left its impression and foot prints in the form of monuments, heritage buildings and capital complexes. The rulers have been conscious of Delhi’s past. Their desire to protect the past has influenced protection and conservation of built heritage. Archaeological survey and Public Works Department of British India began this task in the later 19th century and after independence ASI has become protector of India’s heritage. At a later date Master Plan documents attempted to make provisions for protection and conservation of built heritage. Right from the first Master Plan of Delhi 1962 to the Master Plan of Delhi 2021, each document contributed and perfected conceptual frame work, approach and policies for protection and conservation of monuments in Delhi.c. Master Plan for Delhi -2001: In the second Master Plan the aspect of conservation is dealt under a different subheads. Environment is section that talks about the conservation of the walled city. The section on Special Areas also mentions restoring the glory of the Walled City. Urban villages, which are an important component of the heritage are under the section of Shelter, it rightly mentions that heritage development should be a part of the overall development. The Master Plan was in accordance with the conservation thought of the day. Due to scattered scheme of conservation thoughts, implementation was a difficult task.
In the 90’s, MCD and NDMC published lists of buildings, which were ‘Protected’. In absence of any legislation or procedures, these monuments remained protected theoretically only.
Prof Heather Viles at IW Cafe Scientifique - Science and conservation in Cult...onthewight
Science can contribute significantly to heritage conservation in several ways. For bioconservation, scientists help identify species, habitats, and sites for protection, establish natural baselines, inform conservation methods, and monitor success. For geoconservation, geologists and geomorphologists identify landforms for protection, understand landscape dynamics, aid management, and support interpretation. For cultural heritage, science helps understand context, enable surveys, examine deterioration, identify threats, and apply geomorphological theory. Integrating scientific insights across domains can better achieve the goal of holistic heritage conservation.
The majority of India’s architectural heritage and sites are unprotected. They constitute a unique civilisational legacy..This unprotected heritage embodies values of enduring relevance to contemporary Indian society.The objective of conservation is to maintain the significance of the architectural heritage or site.
Significance is constituted in both the tangible and intangible forms. The tangible heritage includes historic buildings of all periods,their setting in the historic precincts of cities and their
Relationship to the natural environment.The overarching objective for undertaking unprotected architectural heritage and sites is to establish the efficacy of conservation as a development goal.
Reconstruction in Nepal - priorities and impressions - March 2017Magnus Wolfe Murray
The document discusses reconstruction priorities in Nepal following the 2015 earthquakes. It identifies key issues such as preserving cultural heritage in housing designs, promoting the use of local construction materials to boost the economy and jobs, ensuring rebuilt structures are earthquake resistant through retrofitting, and addressing the needs of displaced communities. It provides examples of rebuilding efforts and challenges, including the use of traditional designs that are not safe, the distance and high costs that prevent construction in remote areas, and the risk of further landslides. It argues that an integrated approach is needed that considers cultural preservation, livelihoods, local industry, and resettling vulnerable groups to areas safe from hazards.
15 day travel itinerary from Kolkata to world heritage sites #myunescotripGoUNESCO
Megha malpani creates a 15 day itinerary for travel to world heritage sites in West bengal, Delhi, Agra, Maharashtra.
World heritage sites covered -
Sundarbans National Park
Humayun’s Tomb
Red Fort
Qutub Minar
Taj Mahal
Agra Fort
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
Ajanta Caves
Ellora Caves
Elephanta caves
This document provides an overview of a lecture on architectural conservation. It defines architectural conservation as protecting the material, historical, and design integrity of built heritage through planned interventions. It discusses the different approaches of preservation, conservation, restoration, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. Techniques for conserving ancient stone structures like cleaning, consolidating, and protecting with water repellents are outlined. The criteria for selecting sites for the UNESCO World Heritage List are presented, including representing cultural or natural significance or outstanding universal value. Students are assigned to document a visited site and submit a report on a selected Indian monument on the World Heritage List.
The document discusses four case studies on the adaptive reuse of historic buildings and structures based on different schools of thought. It focuses on the restoration of the Bhaudaji Lad Museum in Mumbai and the adaptive reuse of traditional pol houses in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The pol houses showcase the rich culture and traditions of the past but now face issues due to modernization. The case study proposes sensitively adapting the structures for new uses while preserving original fabric to promote heritage conservation and generate funds for maintenance. This allows the buildings to be sustainably reused in a way that benefits both inhabitants and preservation of cultural heritage.
The document discusses heat insulation and waterproofing of buildings. It describes traditional methods used in India like surkhi or brick bat coba that provided some insulation and drainage but often fail due to lack of skilled labor and materials. Modern alternatives discussed include thermocol, vermiculite concrete, and ceramic coatings. The key areas to waterproof are roofs and bathrooms, yet builders often neglect waterproofing. Proper curing and modern waterproofing methods are needed to ensure building durability and prevent damage from water seepage.
This case study documents the construction of an improved rural house in Dinajpur, Bangladesh by SAFE, a local NGO, to demonstrate more resilient construction techniques. Key features of the new house include a cement-stabilized mud foundation and plinth, borax treatment of bamboo posts, concrete footings for structural posts, cross-bracing of walls, and cement-lime washing of lower walls. The bamboo frame house has a lean-to roof of corrugated iron secured with sapra technique and bamboo matting insulation to increase protection from environmental hazards while reducing costs.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
Integrated recovery & low-carbon reconstruction - and update from Pakistan Magnus Wolfe Murray
An update of our / DFID's shelter and WASH projects in Northern Sindh. This time with a calculation of carbon dioxide emissions reductions (!)
And all about building with lime..
The purpose of writing this paper is to understand the viability of a material like mud in contemporary time, as I had
a question that is it viable to think that mud is contemporary material or not, it was the only available building material in the
history, Even today it is available in many areas of world and people do build their dwelling using it, but when the modern
materials were introduced such as reinforced concrete, steel, and bricks. These materials triumphed over it. Keeping the
question in mind, I decided to investigate mud wall construction techniques. To explore the idea, I have gone through different
books and articles. So keeping it in mind, I decided to comparative analysis of mud wall construction techniques and some
perception.
This document discusses environmentally friendly and low-impact shelter options for post-disaster reconstruction. It begins by outlining the high environmental impact of modern construction materials like cement and bricks. It then provides examples of alternative materials and designs used in DFID-funded projects in Pakistan, including earth bags, vaulted mud structures, and compressed stabilized earth blocks. These alternatives significantly reduce carbon emissions, deforestation, and other environmental impacts compared to conventional construction, while still providing robust and affordable shelter. The document emphasizes measuring and mitigating environmental impact to reduce future climate vulnerability and promote sustainability.
The document introduces solar tiles as the most innovative solar product. Solar tiles can generate electricity through solar power while serving the same roofing function as traditional tiles. They have benefits like better heat isolation and waterproofing than normal tiles. Solar tiles also have a longer lifespan of 50 years and allow roofs to generate power without changing their architectural style. The document argues that solar tiles are especially suitable for roof construction in buildings and can help reduce installation costs compared to other solar options.
The document summarizes shelter projects in Southern Sindh, Pakistan following flooding in 2012. It describes distributing emergency shelter kits that can be used as temporary shelters and later roofing kits when families rebuild walls. The kits cost £58 each and include materials for a safe roof. It also discusses challenges of emergency shelter, encouraging flood-resistant rebuilding, and doing no environmental harm. It highlights stories of families like Keila receiving materials to rebuild safely and training local partners provide on resilient construction techniques.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
This document discusses green roofs and their benefits. It provides examples of four different types of green roof designs: 1) Wave House with various plant varieties in a sine wave design; 2) Mill Valley Cabins with succulent sedum in bands; 3) Ecospace sustainable garden studios with flat or mono-pitched mossy roofs requiring little maintenance; 4) Mobius Villa eco dwelling in China with a figure 8 design featuring a living green roof and solar panels. Green roofs provide benefits like reducing air pollution, managing stormwater, insulating buildings, and extending the life of roof materials.
The document discusses different types of dome structures including geodesic domes, ribbed domes, and braced rib domes. A geodesic dome is a sphere-like structure composed of a network of triangular components that gives it strength using minimal materials. Ribbed domes consist of identical radial components connected at the crown and base, while braced rib domes add intermediate bracing between the ribs. Examples provided of structures that use dome designs include the Montreal Biosphere, Epcot Center, and the Eden Project.
This document discusses the use of bamboo in modern architecture. It begins by noting the need for more sustainable and environmentally-friendly building designs. It then outlines the objectives of studying modern bamboo construction techniques and why bamboo is incorporated into modern architecture. Two case studies of bamboo buildings are presented - the Green School in Bali, which uses a vortex bamboo structure, and the Earthen School in Pakistan, which combines earth and bamboo in its design. Recent developments in composite bamboo-steel construction are also examined.
Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocksijtsrd
India is one of the highly populated countries of the world. It ranks the second in population next to China. Besides this, major section of the people live below poverty line. Due to over population, poverty, high land value & house deficit, major cities like Delhi & Mumbai are covered by slums. These slums not only make our country aesthetically bad but also the people living in such slums are deprived from basic facilities like proper sanitation, health care, and proper housing. The provision of affordable housing for these poor people needs to be facilitated by certain provisions. This can be possible only by introducing such technologies and materials that can be beneficial for building low-cost houses. Researchers worldwide have made significant efforts to find sustainable and affordable technologies to arrest the situation. Appropriate solution for affordable housing will vary from one location to another. Some general rules, however, apply to construction methods and housing systems. This project aims for developing a technology called dry stacking or mortar less buildings made from interlocking blocks. Mortarless brick construction, usually employing interlocking bricks, is growing in popularity round the world, indicative of acceptability. Mortarless techniques demonstrate the following advantages: increase of construction productivity, reduction in construction duration and labor and reduced construction cost. Because of its technological simplicity and local resource dependence, mortarless-block construction is more appropriate to many local communities than conventional mortared-brick techniques. Mohammad Vekas Wani | Mr. Chitranjan Kumar"Behaviour of Interlocking Hollow Concrete Blocks" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14173.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/14173/behaviour-of-interlocking-hollow-concrete-blocks/mohammad-vekas-wani
The document summarizes a technical seminar on roof treatment held by South Eastern Railway. It discusses various types of roofs used in Indian Railways and causes of leakage. It also describes treatments for flat roofs and pitched roofs. Guidelines are provided for leak proof flat roofs, including proper roof design with adequate slope, drainage, detailing at roof-wall junctions, and periodic maintenance of waterproofing.
The document provides an introduction to roofs and floors. It discusses the key components and functions of roofs, including the supporting structure, outer protective layer, insulation, and drainage. It also discusses subfloor construction and different floor covering materials. The main functions of roofs are to provide protection from weather elements and insulation, while allowing for proper drainage. Floors require a sturdy subfloor and covering to provide a safe walking surface that can support expected loads.
Sea walls are hard engineering structures built along coastlines to physically stop waves from hitting the shore. They are expensive to build, costing between £1000-5000 per meter, and require significant material. While protecting property and absorbing wave energy, sea walls can accelerate erosion elsewhere, damage beaches, disrupt sediment flow, and have ongoing maintenance costs with a lifespan of only 30-50 years. Rock armour and gabions are alternatives that use rock blocks and wire cages to dissipate wave energy at a lower initial cost but with disadvantages like appearance and limited scale of protection. Revetments are sloped variations of sea walls that are more effective at dissipating wave energy but are also very expensive to build and maintain while taking up more space and
Recovery and resilience after floods in Pakistan - November 2014Magnus Wolfe Murray
Really heavy rains for no more than 7 days in central Pakistan in September 2012 nearly 500,000 homes were completely destroyed, leaving almost 3.5m homeless and destitute. Most of these people had barely recovered from floods in August 2010. I am proud to say that DFID (UK tax payers money) has been the largest donor year on year in shelter, agriculture recovery and water-sanitation across this area, reaching almost a million people. I have started to include photos of these amazing people, because they are just that, and so inspiring and positive, always.
local vernacular materials are used and make housejitu9918
The document discusses vernacular settlement practices in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, India. It examines construction methods, materials, community engagement, and planning approaches. Some key features discussed include Koti Banal/Kaath Kuni style multi-story wooden and stone structures, dry stone construction without mortar, and mud wall construction using locally available materials. The document concludes by outlining considerations from vernacular practices that could inform contemporary construction at the settlement, cluster, and site levels, such as clustering buildings around open spaces and orienting structures for solar access and views.
This document summarizes a major project presentation on developing low-cost roofing tiles using agricultural waste. The project team used materials like fine aggregate, corn cob, red soil, clay, and rice husk to create prototype roof tiles. They explored methodologies for incorporating corncob powder and rice husk ash to partially replace fine aggregate. The tiles were evaluated based on their compressive strength and profiles including flat, Roman, pantile, and barrel shapes. Key advantages included improved strength properties and reduced permeability. Transportation and ensuring fully burnt rice husk ash were identified as potential disadvantages.
Water retention lanscape and agro-forestry in Northern LebanonMagnus Wolfe Murray
This document proposes a landscape regeneration and food security project in Northern Lebanon. It provides background on the region, which hosts many Syrian refugees with lack of water for agriculture. The project aims to increase water retention through dams and ditches to collect rainfall, enabling more productive agriculture and jobs. It discusses designing water retention landscapes, training refugee and local families in organic gardening, vertical gardens, biogas systems, and establishing a team to support other families. The goal is to improve food security, livelihoods, and disseminate effective water retention strategies to stabilize the region.
Lime stabilized construction: a manual and practical guideMagnus Wolfe Murray
A culmination of three years work in Pakistan to develop skills and knowledge in building flood resistant shelters with lime as the key stabilising ingredient. Thanks to Bee Rowan founder of Strawbuild UK and Stafford Holmes, lime master and consultant for their work to develop this. Illustrations by Julliette (in England) and to IOM for really nice layout, editing and design of the book. This is a really valuable piece of work - but if you want to undertake a similar programme it definitely makes sense to bring in technical consultants like Bee and Stafford to help guide the process.
A strategy for social stability in Tripoli, Lebanon (CARE International)Magnus Wolfe Murray
The document outlines a strategy for CARE International in Lebanon to improve social cohesion and living conditions in Tripoli through community regeneration projects. It proposes initiatives to enhance livelihood opportunities, provide legal support to refugees, and make physical improvements and repairs to rented homes. The goal is to create better economic opportunities and living conditions for vulnerable Lebanese and refugee communities through community engagement, shelter upgrades, livelihood programs, and legal assistance for refugees.
Paulo Mellet's Productive ecological sewage water treatment systems Magnus Wolfe Murray
In tribute to the most inspiring man who i have encountered on planet so far, a wonderful friend and constant source of brilliant ideas and resources. We are so much poorer without his presence now he has passed away, yet so much richer for knowing him, from learning from him. Your work will live on in everything I do. Go well my friend.
DFID provided emergency shelter and helped build resilience to floods in Pakistan from 2011-2013. Over 300,000 people received temporary shelter costing £11 per person. DFID then helped 45,000 families construct more durable flood-resistant homes costing £260 per family. Additional programs promoted livelihoods through kitchen gardens and wheat assistance, helping over 128,000 families avoid debt. Moving forward, DFID planned to work with governments and communities to further develop and validate resilient housing designs incorporating local materials like lime, as well as linked water, sanitation, and livelihoods programs to strengthen long-term resilience to future floods.
Wetlands are areas of land that are saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that replicate natural wetland functions to treat wastewater. They use plants, soil, and microbes to break down pollutants and pathogens. Common types include surface flow, subsurface flow, horizontal flow, reed beds, and vertical flow wetlands. Constructed wetlands provide cost-effective wastewater treatment and help improve water quality.
The document calls for designs for an improved cooking stove for women in Pakistan to address health risks from open fires and deforestation. It provides criteria for the design, which must use local materials, have no cost, reduce smoke, be fuel efficient, and include mud or metal. Submissions are due by September 15th, 2012 and should be sent to the provided email.
This document outlines guidelines for disaster-resilient construction in flood-prone areas of Lower Sindh, Pakistan. It discusses findings from research on structures damaged in floods, including weaknesses in wall and roof construction. It recommends using improved traditional techniques like strengthened adobe walls and conical roofs made of bamboo. The guidelines propose designs for shelters that prioritize human safety during floods, use sustainable local materials, and comply with disaster risk reduction criteria. Specific recommendations include reinforced adobe walls, bamboo-framed roofs, ring beams, and plinths to protect structures from flood waters.
The document discusses the potential of Moringa leaves to address malnutrition. It notes that Moringa grows in regions with high rates of malnutrition and contains significant nutritional value, with some nutrients exceeding common foods. Research in Senegal found Moringa leaf powder helped prevent and cure malnutrition in pregnant women and children. The document outlines other potential uses of Moringa including for human health, livestock, plant growth enhancement, and biogas production.
1) The document discusses various sanitation solutions implemented in response to flooding in Pakistan, including basic pit latrines, pour flush latrine blocks with septic tanks, and laundry pads.
2) It evaluates the costs and sustainability of different approaches, noting that more expensive permanent solutions like latrine blocks with septic tanks may be worthwhile if multiple households can access them.
3) Issues around operation and maintenance of complex systems like pour flush latrines are also raised, highlighting the need for sustainable water sources and drainage.
The document summarizes the construction of a biogas digester. Local workers dug a pit and laid gravel and bricks to form the tank. Pipes were installed for sewage and biogas. A wooden platform and earth dome were constructed over the tank, which was then reinforced with concrete. Pipes were connected to link toilets to the new digester.
The standard cooking stove in Pakistan uses 3 stones with a pot on top, which is very inefficient and causes most heat to be lost. This requires families to locally find firewood, leading to deforestation. The smoke from these stoves also causes health issues, with women constantly suffering from smoke in their eyes and coughing on a daily basis. There is a need for a better stove design that uses local materials and is inexpensive and efficient to address these problems. The design should eliminate smoke, use local resources like mud and metal, and maximize heat extraction from available fuels to provide a sustainable alternative to the current stoves.
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4. Without a ring beam the heavy girders “point load” onto specific points on the wall causing it to crack, buckle then collapse
5. This conventional / brick and mortar wall is vulnerable because there is NO ring beam beneath the heavy steel girders!
6. A typical house in lower Sindh. The top of the wall is not protected by the roof – making it vulnerable to monsoon rain getting in, weakening and eventually causing the walls to collapse. By extending the eaves further out this would be resolved
7. This house has already been rebuilt – without technical advice so the building is once again vulnerable to collapse in heavy rains. For this reason, technical training is one of the best ways to build resilience to future floods / heavy rains. Training should take place in as many communities as possible, using “hands-on” learning, re-building at least one house properly – as reference for the rest of the community. Rain will flash in here and weaken the wall Point loading by this beam will cause collapse of the weakened wall
8. A typical roof in lower Sindh: weak and bearing directly onto the walls (& no ring beam to distribute the weight).
9. An extended eave, built by local people during Heritage Foundation training. This will prevent rain flooding into the top of the wall. The ring beam runs below these bamboo girders , now out of site, covered in earth plaster
10. Bamboo rafters placed at around 50cm centres on top of the bamboo girders. This roof offers greater structural integrity than the popular model of two steel girders and widely spaced bamboo rafters. It is also much cheaper. Girder Rafter
11.
12. These roofs are far stronger than typical roofs made from steel girders and bamboo poles (partially because of the shorter distances between each girder & rafter). So they can be used as “refuge platforms” in case of future flooding (or to grow food, store stuff, etc.). This is a good example of innovation, building resilience and value for money!
13. Local kids with architecture students from Karachi who should be proud of their voluntary work within these communities. And Carmen, from UN-OCHA whose coordination facilitated this programme
14.
15. Critical DRR measures: house on raised platform, lime-strengthened external plaster, roof protruding over walls with longer eaves than usual
21. Yasmeen Lari, co-founder of Heritage Foundation – who have been working with bamboo and lime for 5 years in Kashmir, Swat valley and Sindh
22.
23. The critical elements to affordable, flood resistant and sturdy homes: bamboo and lime (also have far lower environmental impact than brick, other timber and cement)
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25.
26. These houses have been in the water for over 3 months – and are still standing. This is testament to the capacity of well-built earthen walls to withstand flooding. As the pitched roofs have sufficient eaves, the top of the walls were also protected, preventing collapse.
28. In the same community this roof has collapsed. Probably due to poor wall construction and lack of ring beam; water may well have infiltrated through thatch roof into top of wall.
29. Typical construction technique in many parts of Sindh: walls are built around wooden posts, plastered with earth. These posts should be raised off the ground or placed in a lime-concrete bed to protect them from fungus and rotting.
30. A reed house from the same community already under reconstruction. This will be covered with mud plaster on both sides of the walls, upon which the roof will be placed. Strategic technical advice provided now could greatly increase the resilience of this building.
31. This shows how heavy roof beams without a ring beam have caused the walls to buckle and crack. They are also trunks from mature trees – which led to further deforestation in the area, something that should be avoided.